prevent diabetes now! joanne mercer, rn, public health nurse

Prevent Diabetes NOW!

Joanne Mercer, RN, Public Health Nurse

Overview

What is diabetes?

What are the complications?

What are the risk factors?

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

What is your own risk of type 2 diabetes?

How can I prevent type 2 diabetes?

Food consists of 3 major nutrients:

- Carbohydrates- Protein- Fat

All 3 nutrients are required for life for different reasons.

How do our bodies use food to get the energy we need to

function?

We all eat a mixture of different foods

glucose + other stuff

Our main source of energy

Circulating in our blood}

Glucose circulating in our blood vessels

But we need the glucose to go from our blood to the cells in our body’s tissues, this is where the

energy gets used.

Blo

od

body tissue body tissue

So how?

With insulin – a hormone that helps move glucose from the

blood into the body tissue

Bloo

d

body tissuebody tissue

insulinglucose

Stomach

Pancreas

Insulin is produced in an organ called the pancreas

Diagram: http://www.clker.com/clipart-digestive-system-2.html

Blo

od

body tissuebody tissue

glucose insulin

If the pancreas does not produce insulin or does not produce

enough insulin, glucose builds up in our blood instead of being used

for energy.

This is diabetes

Complications of Type 2 Diabetes

Vision Loss

Cardiovascular/Heart Disease

Kidney Disease

Nerve Damage and Amputations

Type 1 versus Type 2 Diabetes

Type 1

CANNOT be prevented

Most often in children and young adults

Pancreas does not produce insulin

Person will need insulin

Cause is not known

Type 2

CAN be prevented

Most often in adults. Sometimes in children and young adults

Pancreas does not make enough insulin or insulin does not work properly

Manage with healthy diet, physical activity, medications, and sometimes insulin

Gestational Diabetes

• Occurs during pregnancy

• Goes away after birth

• Baby will not be born with diabetes

Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes

AGE Over the age of 40

FAMILY HISTORY Parent, brother, sister or children with diabetes

ETHNICITY AboriginalAfrican, CaribbeanEast Asian (Chinese, Vietnamese, Filipino, Korean, etc..)South Asian (East India, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, etc.)Other Non-White (Latin American, Arab, West Asian, etc.)

Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes

Physically inactive

Overweight or obesity

High blood pressure

High cholesterol

Pre-diabetes

Smoking

Diabetes and Smoking

Smokers are at least 50% more likely than non-smokers to get type 2 diabetes.

Among people who have diabetes, those who smoke are more likely to develop:

Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario (2007). Integrating Smoking Cessation into Daily Nursing Practice. Revised. Toronto, Canada: Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario.

Signs & Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes

Unusual thirst Frequent urination Weight change

(gain or loss) Feeling tired Blurred vision

Signs & Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes

Frequent or recurring infections

Cuts and bruises that are slow to heal

Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet

Trouble getting or maintaining an erection

Seek Medical Attention

In some cases, a person can have diabetes but NOT have any signs or symptoms.

Regular check-ups with a health care provider are an important factor in preventing or managing diabetes.

Question 1

As you get older, your risk of developing diabetes goes up.

1.Select your age group: 40-44 years = 0 points 45-54 years = 7 points 55-64 years = 13 points 65-74 years = 15 points

Question 2

Males are at a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes.

2. Are you male or female? Male = 6 points Female = 0 points

Question 3

Body shape and size can affect your risk of type 2 diabetes.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is the ratio of your weight to your height. Body fat stored around the abdomen (rather than the hips and thighs) is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes.

3. How tall are you and how much do you weigh?

Body Mass Index (BMI) Chart

What is your BMI?

White (BMI less than 25) = 0 points Light grey (BMI 25 to 29) = 4 points Medium grey (BMI 30 to 34) = 9 points Black (BMI 35 and over) = 14 points

Body Mass Index (BMI) is the ratio of your weight to your height. Body fat stored around the abdomen (rather than the hips and thighs) is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes.

Question 4

4. Using a tape measure, place it around your waist at the level of your belly button.

Measure after breathing out (do not hold your breath).

This is not the same as the ‘waist size’ on your pants.

Question 4

MEN

Waist circumference: inches OR cm

Less than 94 cm or 37 inches = 0 points Between 94 -102 cm or 37- 40 inches = 4 points Over 102 cm or 40 inches = 6

points

Question 4

WOMEN

Waist circumference: inches OR cm

Less than 80 cm or 31.5 inches = 0 points

Between 80-88 cm or 31.5-35 inches = 4 points Over 88 cm or 35 inches = 6 points

Question 5

Your level of physical activity and what you eat can affect your risk of developing diabetes.

5. Do you usually do some physical activity such as brisk walking for at least 30 minutes each day?

Yes = 0 points No = 1 point

Question 6

6. How often do you eat vegetables or fruits?

Every day = 0 points Not every day = 2 points

Question 7

High blood pressure, high blood sugar, and pregnancy-related factors are associated with diabetes.

7. Have you ever been told by a doctor or nurse that you have high blood pressure OR have you ever taken high blood pressure pills?

Yes = 4 points No, or don’t know = 0 points

Question 8

8. Have you ever been found to have high blood sugar either from a blood test, during an illness, or during pregnancy?

Yes = 14 points No, or don’t know = 0 points

Question 9

9. Have you ever given birth to a large baby weighing 9 pounds (4.1 kg) or more?

Yes = 1 point No, or don’t know = 0 points

Question 10

Some types of diabetes run in families.10.Have any of your blood relatives ever been

diagnosed with diabetes?

Check ALL that apply. Mother =2 points Father =2 points Brothers/Sisters =2 points Children =2 points Other =0 points No/don’t know =0 points

Question 11

11. Please check off which of the following ethnic groups your biological (blood) parents belong to?

Choose only one score, the highest.

White (Caucasian) = 0 points

Aboriginal = 3 points

Black (African, Caribbean) = 5 points

East Asian = 10 points

South Asian = 11 points

Other non-white = 3 points

Question 12

Other factors are also related to developing diabetes.

12. What is the highest level of education that you have completed?

Some high school or less =5 points High school diploma =1 points Some college/university =0 points University or college degree =0 points

What’s your Score?

Add up your points from questions 1 to 12

TOTAL SCORE

What’s your risk?

Lower than 21 LOW RISK

Your risk of having pre-diabetes or type 2

diabetes is fairly low, although it always pays

to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

21-32 MODERATE RISK

Based on your identified risk factors, your risk of

having pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes is moderate.

You may wish to consult with a health care provider

about your risk of developing diabetes.

What’s your risk?

33 and over HIGH RISK

Based on your identified risk factors, your risk of

having pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes is high.

You may wish to consult with a health care

provider about getting your blood sugar tested.

What’s your risk?

The Good News Is…

Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed!

What Things CAN you Change ?

Be more physically active.

Eat healthier foods more often.

Achieve a healthy weight that is right for you.

Lower high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels.

See your health care provider.

Be tobacco free.

Diabetes: True or False

People with type 2 diabetes cannot eat sweets.

True False


Type 2 diabetes is life-threatening.

True False


People who have type 2 diabetes have:

• Too much insulin

• Too much blood sugar (glucose)

• Both of the above

• Neither of the above


Which of the following is a common

symptom of elevated blood sugars?

Excessive thirst

Vomiting

Diarrhea

All of the above


You can have type 2 diabetes without any symptoms.

True False


Children don’t get type 2 diabetes.

True False


Type 2 diabetes can be prevented.

True False


Regularly drinking which of the following may reduce your risk of type 2 diabetes?

• Coffee

• Red wine

• Orange juice

• None of the above


Which of the following is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes?

• A high-sugar diet

• A high-salt diet

• Obesity

• All of the above


Type 2 diabetes increases the risk for:

• Blindness

• Arthritis

• Prostate cancer



Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of:

• Depression

• High blood pressure

• Gum disease


Contact Toronto Public Health

For general information

about Toronto Public

Health programs and

services:

Phone: 3-1-1

24 Hours a day

Want more information?

The Public Health Agency of Canada Canada's Food Guide Online CANRISK

www.phac-aspc.gc.ca

Canadian Diabetes Association www.diabetes.ca

Want more information?

Stand Up to Diabetes www.health.gov.on.ca/en/ms/diabetes/en/

EatRight Ontario-Speak with a Registered Dietitianwww.eatrightontario.ca

Canadian Society for Exercise and Physiology (CSEP) for Canadian Physical Activity Guidelineswww.csep.ca/english/view.asp?x=804

Smokers Helplinewww.smokershelpline.ca

prevent diabetes now! joanne mercer, rn, public health nurse

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