Prevent Diabetes NOW!
Joanne Mercer, RN, Public Health Nurse
Overview
What is diabetes?
What are the complications?
What are the risk factors?
What are the symptoms of diabetes?
What is your own risk of type 2 diabetes?
How can I prevent type 2 diabetes?
Food consists of 3 major nutrients:
- Carbohydrates- Protein- Fat
All 3 nutrients are required for life for different reasons.
How do our bodies use food to get the energy we need to
function?
We all eat a mixture of different foods
glucose + other stuff
Our main source of energy
Circulating in our blood}
Glucose circulating in our blood vessels
But we need the glucose to go from our blood to the cells in our body’s tissues, this is where the
energy gets used.
Blo
od
body tissue body tissue
So how?
With insulin – a hormone that helps move glucose from the
blood into the body tissue
Bloo
d
body tissuebody tissue
insulinglucose
Stomach
Pancreas
Insulin is produced in an organ called the pancreas
Diagram: http://www.clker.com/clipart-digestive-system-2.html
Blo
od
body tissuebody tissue
glucose insulin
If the pancreas does not produce insulin or does not produce
enough insulin, glucose builds up in our blood instead of being used
for energy.
This is diabetes
Complications of Type 2 Diabetes
Vision Loss
Cardiovascular/Heart Disease
Kidney Disease
Nerve Damage and Amputations
Type 1 versus Type 2 Diabetes
Type 1
CANNOT be prevented
Most often in children and young adults
Pancreas does not produce insulin
Person will need insulin
Cause is not known
Type 2
CAN be prevented
Most often in adults. Sometimes in children and young adults
Pancreas does not make enough insulin or insulin does not work properly
Manage with healthy diet, physical activity, medications, and sometimes insulin
Gestational Diabetes
• Occurs during pregnancy
• Goes away after birth
• Baby will not be born with diabetes
Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
AGE Over the age of 40
FAMILY HISTORY Parent, brother, sister or children with diabetes
ETHNICITY AboriginalAfrican, CaribbeanEast Asian (Chinese, Vietnamese, Filipino, Korean, etc..)South Asian (East India, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, etc.)Other Non-White (Latin American, Arab, West Asian, etc.)
Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
Physically inactive
Overweight or obesity
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Pre-diabetes
Smoking
Diabetes and Smoking
Smokers are at least 50% more likely than non-smokers to get type 2 diabetes.
Among people who have diabetes, those who smoke are more likely to develop:
Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario (2007). Integrating Smoking Cessation into Daily Nursing Practice. Revised. Toronto, Canada: Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario.
Signs & Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes
Unusual thirst Frequent urination Weight change
(gain or loss) Feeling tired Blurred vision
Signs & Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes
Frequent or recurring infections
Cuts and bruises that are slow to heal
Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet
Trouble getting or maintaining an erection
Seek Medical Attention
In some cases, a person can have diabetes but NOT have any signs or symptoms.
Regular check-ups with a health care provider are an important factor in preventing or managing diabetes.
Question 1
As you get older, your risk of developing diabetes goes up.
1.Select your age group: 40-44 years = 0 points 45-54 years = 7 points 55-64 years = 13 points 65-74 years = 15 points
Question 2
Males are at a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes.
2. Are you male or female? Male = 6 points Female = 0 points
Question 3
Body shape and size can affect your risk of type 2 diabetes.
Body Mass Index (BMI) is the ratio of your weight to your height. Body fat stored around the abdomen (rather than the hips and thighs) is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes.
3. How tall are you and how much do you weigh?
Body Mass Index (BMI) Chart
What is your BMI?
White (BMI less than 25) = 0 points Light grey (BMI 25 to 29) = 4 points Medium grey (BMI 30 to 34) = 9 points Black (BMI 35 and over) = 14 points
Body Mass Index (BMI) is the ratio of your weight to your height. Body fat stored around the abdomen (rather than the hips and thighs) is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes.
Question 4
4. Using a tape measure, place it around your waist at the level of your belly button.
Measure after breathing out (do not hold your breath).
This is not the same as the ‘waist size’ on your pants.
Question 4
MEN
Waist circumference: inches OR cm
Less than 94 cm or 37 inches = 0 points Between 94 -102 cm or 37- 40 inches = 4 points Over 102 cm or 40 inches = 6
points
Question 4
WOMEN
Waist circumference: inches OR cm
Less than 80 cm or 31.5 inches = 0 points
Between 80-88 cm or 31.5-35 inches = 4 points Over 88 cm or 35 inches = 6 points
Question 5
Your level of physical activity and what you eat can affect your risk of developing diabetes.
5. Do you usually do some physical activity such as brisk walking for at least 30 minutes each day?
Yes = 0 points No = 1 point
Question 6
6. How often do you eat vegetables or fruits?
Every day = 0 points Not every day = 2 points
Question 7
High blood pressure, high blood sugar, and pregnancy-related factors are associated with diabetes.
7. Have you ever been told by a doctor or nurse that you have high blood pressure OR have you ever taken high blood pressure pills?
Yes = 4 points No, or don’t know = 0 points
Question 8
8. Have you ever been found to have high blood sugar either from a blood test, during an illness, or during pregnancy?
Yes = 14 points No, or don’t know = 0 points
Question 9
9. Have you ever given birth to a large baby weighing 9 pounds (4.1 kg) or more?
Yes = 1 point No, or don’t know = 0 points
Question 10
Some types of diabetes run in families.10.Have any of your blood relatives ever been
diagnosed with diabetes?
Check ALL that apply. Mother =2 points Father =2 points Brothers/Sisters =2 points Children =2 points Other =0 points No/don’t know =0 points
Question 11
11. Please check off which of the following ethnic groups your biological (blood) parents belong to?
Choose only one score, the highest.
White (Caucasian) = 0 points
Aboriginal = 3 points
Black (African, Caribbean) = 5 points
East Asian = 10 points
South Asian = 11 points
Other non-white = 3 points
Question 12
Other factors are also related to developing diabetes.
12. What is the highest level of education that you have completed?
Some high school or less =5 points High school diploma =1 points Some college/university =0 points University or college degree =0 points
What’s your Score?
Add up your points from questions 1 to 12
TOTAL SCORE
What’s your risk?
Lower than 21 LOW RISK
Your risk of having pre-diabetes or type 2
diabetes is fairly low, although it always pays
to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
21-32 MODERATE RISK
Based on your identified risk factors, your risk of
having pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes is moderate.
You may wish to consult with a health care provider
about your risk of developing diabetes.
What’s your risk?
33 and over HIGH RISK
Based on your identified risk factors, your risk of
having pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes is high.
You may wish to consult with a health care
provider about getting your blood sugar tested.
What’s your risk?
The Good News Is…
Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed!
What Things CAN you Change ?
Be more physically active.
Eat healthier foods more often.
Achieve a healthy weight that is right for you.
Lower high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels.
See your health care provider.
Be tobacco free.
Diabetes: True or False
People with type 2 diabetes cannot eat sweets.
True False
Diabetes: True or False
Type 2 diabetes is life-threatening.
True False
Diabetes: True or False
People who have type 2 diabetes have:
• Too much insulin
• Too much blood sugar (glucose)
• Both of the above
• Neither of the above
Diabetes: True or False
Which of the following is a common
symptom of elevated blood sugars?
Excessive thirst
Vomiting
Diarrhea
All of the above
Diabetes: True or False
You can have type 2 diabetes without any symptoms.
True False
Diabetes: True or False
Children don’t get type 2 diabetes.
True False
Diabetes: True or False
Type 2 diabetes can be prevented.
True False
Diabetes: True or False
Regularly drinking which of the following may reduce your risk of type 2 diabetes?
• Coffee
• Red wine
• Orange juice
• None of the above
Diabetes: True or False
Which of the following is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes?
• A high-sugar diet
• A high-salt diet
• Obesity
• All of the above
Diabetes: True or False
Type 2 diabetes increases the risk for:
• Blindness
• Arthritis
• Prostate cancer
• All of the above
Diabetes: True or False
Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of:
• Depression
• High blood pressure
• Gum disease
• All of the above
Contact Toronto Public Health
For general information
about Toronto Public
Health programs and
services:
Phone: 3-1-1
24 Hours a day
Want more information?
The Public Health Agency of Canada Canada's Food Guide Online CANRISK
www.phac-aspc.gc.ca
Canadian Diabetes Association www.diabetes.ca
Want more information?
Stand Up to Diabetes www.health.gov.on.ca/en/ms/diabetes/en/
EatRight Ontario-Speak with a Registered Dietitianwww.eatrightontario.ca
Canadian Society for Exercise and Physiology (CSEP) for Canadian Physical Activity Guidelineswww.csep.ca/english/view.asp?x=804
Smokers Helplinewww.smokershelpline.ca