Restricted UN DP/BU W78/023 Terminal Report BURMA

Preservation and Restoration of National Monuments and Artifacts at Selected Sites

Project Findings and Recommendations

Serial No. FMWCLT/CH/84./241 (UNDP)

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

United Nations Deve I o p m e n t Programme

Paris, 1984

B U R M A

,. ,* PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION OF NATIONAL MONUMENTS AND ARTIFACTS AT SELECTED SITES

Project Findings and Recommendations

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

Report prepared for the Government of Burma by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) acting as Executing Agency for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) .

United Nations Development Programme

UNDP/BlJR/78/023 Terminal Report FMR/CLT/CH/84/241(UN) 25 July 1984 0 Unesco 1984 Printed in France

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraph No.

I, INTRODUCTION

11. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

I11 PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS I (-

I, '-

I+

c

Cultural Heritage of Burma: Beikthano Halin Sriksetra Thaton

Sale Mr o haung Ava Sagaing Amarapura Mingun P e w Rangoon Mandalay Timber Monasteries Art if ac t s

P a y

. Threatening Factors:

Climatic Aggression Seismic Threat Human Factors

Conservation Policy: Pagan International Assistance Progress of Work

Implementation of the Project: Pagan Inventory of Monuments Strengthening the Monuments at Pagan Regional Seismological and Seismotectonic

Geophysical and Geotechnical Soil Investigation

Seismic Parameters and Design Criteria Dynamic Properties of Structures Strengthening the Monuments Conservation of Mural Paintings and Stucco Carvings Photogrammetric Recording Other Sites Promotion of Interxfational Assistance

Investigation

in Pagan

( 4-103)

( 5-27) 6 7 8 9

10-13 14 14 16 17 18 19 20-21 22 23-24 25

(28-34 1 29-36 37 38-39

26-27

.( 40-50) 44-46 47 48-50

(51-101) 51 52-51 62-63

64-65

66-69 70-71 72-74 75-79 80-90 91-94 95-98 99-101

Follow-up of the Project 101-103

IV .

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTD)

Paragraph No,

RECOMMENDATIONS

Photogrammetric Recording Conservation of Timber Monasteries Promotion of International Assistance Inventory of Pagan Monuments Phase I1

ANNEXES

(104-110 104-105 106-107 108 109 110

Page No.

1 Bibliography 23

2 Inventory of Pagan Monuments: (24-26 1 A, Specimen of+.file-card for field recording 24 B, Layout of the Inventory: Honnment 89 25 C. Layout of the Inventory: honument 90 26

3 Reports on Project Progress: (27-34) A, Report on 13 September 1983 Tripartite Review 27-30 B. 31-34 ieport on meeting of 26 October 1983 in 'the

Office of the Director-General of the Department of Archaeologg

4 List of Consultants

5 Major items of equipment supplied by UNDP/Unesco

35-36

37

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Photo NO.

1 2

3

4

5 6

7

8

9

10

11

1

12

13

14

15

16

17,18 - 19

List of Photographs P w e No.

Temple 1966, Pa m e t Hwe, in 1977, from East (Pagan) Climatic agression: Temple 1966 collapsed after three

Earthquake of 8 July 1975 in Pagan: Temple 1622

Gawdawpalin Temple, March 1982: repair work under completion. This mmks the end of repairs for the

38

days of heavy rain, 22 Ootober 1983, from East 38

Gawdawpalin after the shock 39

44 monuments on the priority list Gawdawpalin Temple repaired , November 198 2

Temple 1202 Abeyadana, February 1983

witness to an extremely leaky roof (6 October 1983)

39 39

40 Pagan, illicit excavations by gold diggers n e w

Timber monasteries, mornunerrts in distresa: monastery in Nyaung.U during the rainy season. Buckets and bowls bear

40

Monastery in Pakhanghyi crumbling down after a few yews without maintenance (20 W c h 1983) 41 Sale, Monastery Yoke Sone Kyaung: the east tower (pyathat) in critical condition (9 October 1983) 41 Legaing, Monastery Yoke Sone Kyaung: east tower dangerously leaning from south-east (8 October 1983). 42 Legaing, Monastery Yoke Sone Kyaung: detail of the fine woodcarving adorning the endangered monument' (8 October 1983) 42 Mandalay, Monastery Shwedaadaw, south face. Fine wood- ca.rving; one sculpture from the door is already lost- (November 198 3 ) . Sagu, Monastery Hman Kin Kyaung. Teak tiles still in place on the roof. Such wooden roofs should be restored when repairing a monastery instead of the present

Mandalay. The great mat and wall around the royal city are fenced in. As this fence is already destroyed in places (mainly on the north side), it can as well be removed: the city wall is by itself a sufficient protection and the view would be greatly enhanced (19 August 1982) 43 Dynamic testing of Gawdawpalin Temple 1622 by the team from 1211s (Skopje) Station for recording and processing

The station is linked by cables with three seismometers disposed at various places on the monuments

42

corrugated iron sheets (8 October 1983) 43

ambient vibration (Pwan) 44

(18 November 1982) 44

Pagan, Temple 1323 Kubyaukgyi, workshop on conservation of mural paintings in the south corridor organized by Mrs. D. Zari (Rome), 17 February 1983 45

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List of Figures

Figure No.

1 - Historical sites in Burma

2 - Inventory of Pagan Monuments Sector covered by Volume I (monuments 1 to 255)

Page No.

46

47

UNDP/BUR/78/023 - Preservation and Restoration of National Monuments and Artifacts at Selected Sites

TERMINAL REPORT

I. INTRODUCTION

1. The historical site of Pagan in central Burma, the capital of a long line of kings from the 11th to the 13th centuries, abounds with

heritage for the nation. Most of the monuments, of which there are over two thousand, are maaonry structures in different stages of preservation. The responsibility for the care and conservation of the significant structures devolves upon the Department of Archaeology. The task of saving these monuments, together with their architectural and artistic decorations, from decay and the vicissitudes of time, was aggravated by the occurrence, on 8 July 1975, of an earthquake of the magnitude of 6.8 on the Richter scale which affected in varying degrees a great number of the monuments in the locality. This earthquake made the problem of preservation critically urgent, since the structural damage it caused to the Pagan monuments made it likely that the severe rains that occur frequently in the region would quickly penetrate the buildings and destroy them altogether. Unesco provided the initial services of a consultant to assess the damage and make recommendations for future restoration work,

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.I- numerous religious edifices constituting an immense wealth of cultural

2. Within this framework, the Government of Burma requested UNDP for technical assistance on 14 May 1979 and the project document was signed by Unesco, as executing agency, UNDP and the Government by November 1980, However, the work plan submitted in May 1981 was not approved until December 1981 when the first meeting of the Implementation Committee took place. The project document allowed for three and a half years of technical assistance (1980-1983) and for a total UNDP contribution of US# 497,800. The Government's contribution was set at K 2,535,400. the project was officially terminated in December 1983, with a planned Phase I1 which still awaits the approval of the Government.

The first phase of

11. OBJECTIVES OF TIIE PROJECT

Immediate Objectives

3- According to the project document, the'immediate objectives of project BUR/78/023 were the following:

.. (a) to carry out a survey of monuments, artifacts, and other items considered part of the cultural heritage of Burma, and determine priorities for preservation and restoration activities; priority was to be given to the monuments and murals at Pagan damaged by the earthquake of 1975; to carry out selected preservation and restoration activities, including restoration of monuments, artifacts, and murals;

(b)

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(c) to undertake specialized training of technical personnel with emphasis on application of suitable techniques in the above fields;

supplies, and other inputs from external assistance sources, for the preservation and restoration of the monuments and murals at Pagan; and to propose a plan of action for further promotion of international assistance for the preservation and restoration of the cultural heritage of the country.

(d) to mobilize and coordinate expertise, equipment,

(e>

111. PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS

4. years, with preparatory work in 1980 leading to a work plan and three full. years of implementation, from 1981 to 1983, the project was, in fact, only fully effective for two years (1982 and 1983). The reduction from three working years to two meant that some of the planned activities were only partially carried out, or are at present (1984) only in the preparatory stage, making a follow-up necessary. On the other hand, certain commitments within the budget allocated can still be carried out, despite a notable discrepancy between estimated and actual costs of equipment.

Although the project was planned to cover a period of three and a half

Cultural Heritage of Burma

5. All Burma’s most important historical sites were visited during the project, Generally speaking, they are the sites of ancient cities which were once royal capitals, either of the Burmese kingdom (Pagan, Ava, Amarapura, Mandalay, etc.) or of more or less independent kingdoms (Mrohaung,

second largest town in Burma, all these sites have lost their political importance, and most of them are in fact no longer urb’anized. Furthermore, the ancient houses, palaces and civil architecture constructed of wood and bamboo have now totally disappeared. Only religious monuments (temples and stupas) built of bricks or stone now remain; these m e often isolated in the rural landscape, In addition, city moats and brick walls still survive 3-several sites.

6. Beikthano (visited 19821, a Pgu city dating from the 1st to 5th

wall, on a rough quadrangle with each side measuring about three km, encloses the site of the palace and there are several brick structures (stupas, monasteries, etc.) among cultivated fields. Artifacts found there include Pyu symbolic coins, pottery, and burial urns. The site can be reached from the Prome-Magwe asphalt road, though during the rainy season the branch road is often impassable for the bast two and a half kilometres. A museum dedicated to this site was set up at Taungdwingyi (20 km to the east) but the collection was lost when the entire city was destroyed by a fire several years ago.

- P e p , etc.). With the exception of Mandalay, now an active city and the

The major sites are:

__.---centuries AD, which has been partly excavated since 1959. A massive city P

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7. from the 2nd to 6th centuries AD, was partly excavated in 1929-30 and from 1962 to 1967. The city wall and moat are on a rectangular plan, about 3 km by 1.6 km, with the palace site in the center. There are brick structures, burial urns, a stone inscription in Pgu characters, stone sculptures, votive tablets, symbolical Pyu coins, gold ornaments, etc.

a. Sriksetra (visited 1982), one of the ancient Pyu capitals (5th to 9th centuries AD), has been excavated sporadically since 1907 and more

. r- intensively since 1964. The city wall and moat, with several gates, are roughly circular with a diameter of approximately four kilometers. Several religious brick structures, both inside and outside the city wall, are still standing (Lemgethna and Bebe temples, Zegu, Bawbawggi, Payaggi stupas, etc.) and in the centre brick terraces mark the site of the royal palace. The city site is now a rice field plain, rising gradually towards the south where bushes and forest predominate, The railway line from Rangoon to Prome cuts across the site, with a station at Hmazaw, a village near the palace site. The site museum, with a valuable display of Pyu artifacts, is located in this village, Their presentation is adequate, but labels and information boards should be duplicated in English if it is decided that Sriksetra should be designated as a centre for cultural tourism.

- Halin (not visited), another Pyu city north of Mandalay, dating

,. re

r-

9. Thaton (not visited), an ancient Mon capital from about the 4th century BC to the 11th century AD, has a rectangular city wall and moat of approximately 2-4 km by 1.2 km, with the palace site in the centre, There are ruined structures built of laterite stone, including several items of more recent periods,

10. PaRan (base of the project), was the capital city of the First Burmese Kingdom from 1044 to 1287 AD, listed by the Department of Archaeology, scattered in an area of about 13 km by 6 km, including Pagan proper at the bend of Irrawaddy river and Nyaung U, which is now the administrative and commercial regional centre. The airport which has daily flights from Rangoon and Mandalay is located near Nyaung U, and Pagan is connected to Rangoon by an asphalt road, either via Prome or via Meiktila (730 km) . 11 0 . The monuments of Pagan display great constructive unity. They share the same architectural and decorative patterns and a general use of brick masonry. They also tend to be constructed along the same lines. There is, however, wide diversity in terms of type, scale, shape and decoration:

There are 2,217 monuments at present

Inside this archaeological area are several villages,

(a) type: the main distinction is between stupas and temples, A stupa is a solid monument, usually a bell-shaped dome resting on receding terraces and crowned by a conical spire, Concealed at the core of the masonry is a small cavity which shelters relics or precious ritual artifacts. Temples can be entered; they often have spacious interiors, housing one or several Buddha images, Other tgpes of monuments are monasteries, ordination halls or underground. structures, boundary walls with entrance pavillions, etc.;

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shape: plans are usually based on the square, either for the terraces of stupas or for the temples, though pentagons and octagons are occasionally used. The internal space of temples is designed either around a central vaulted shrine housing the Buddha image, or around a central masonry core framed by a vaulted corridor, with Buddha images set in niches. These two basic features can be added to provide a central shrine surrounded by an ambulatory corridor, and the whole composition can be completed by entrance halls and porches, resulting in foreparts on one or several sides. The majority are single-storey temples, but two-storey temples are not uncommon;

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scale: the range of sizes is very wide, from monuments no larger than a one-room hut to impressive stupas like Shwezigon or Dhammayazika, or to the famous Thatbginnyu temple featuring four levels of corridors and two tiers of receding terraced roofs with a total height of 61 m - equivalent to a modern 20-storey building;

decoration: the final silhouettes of these monuments depend upon the features incorporated in their upper parts (e.g., spires, towers, corner stupas, urns and turrets), Distinctive stucco carvings outside and mural paintings inside contribute to make each one of the 2,217 monuments unique in its way.

12 0 Around the village of Pagan, the city walls are sti’ll preserved, They enclose only a small part of the whole archaeological area. The palace of King Kyantzittha-was located here, in what is now a vacant lot.

13 Pagan is now, with Mandalay, one of the most visited sites in Burma. there are several restaurants and guest houses in Pagan village, The building of another international hotel is now being contemplated,

A well-designed and comfortable hotel was built here in I974 and

14 . on the Irrawaddy River, is now an industrial site with a large fertilizer plant. lo3 monuments dating from the latest phase of the Pagan period (13th century AD) are registered there; these are mostly brick temples on the Pagan pattern, some of thenr-wkth well-preserved mural paintings. In addition, Sal; has several fine timber monasteries which are in urgent need of repair.

15 Mrohaunq (not visited). from the 15th to the 18th centuries AD. Stone fortification walls and several stone religious monuments (Shitthaung temple, Htukkanthein temple, Andaw temple, Ratanabon and Sakya Manaung stupas).

- Sal; (visited on severala-ccasions), a city 50 km south of Pagan

,

This was the royal capital of Arakan

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16 . Ava (visited 1982) was the capital of the Burmese kings from 1364 to 1841 ADTBecause of its proximity to Mandalay, Ava is easily reached by tourists, except during the rainy season when the road is flooded, The city wall and moat are well-preserved and still impressive. Inside the city, few buildings remain in the pleasant agricultural landscape shaded by great trees. and brick buildings with heavy loss of life. The capital was abandoned shortly after, and the timber buildings were 'dismantled and taken away. The 1818 Maha Aungmye Bonzan monastery and the old watchtower are among the few remaining masonry structures at Ava,

'7 c The earthquake of 23 March 1839 destroyed most of the stone

+(-

17 0 SaRainq (visited 1982), across the Irrawaddy River from Ava, was a capital for brief intervals after 1315. Numerous stupas and monasteries adorn its hill, which is impressively situated on a bend of the river. On the whole, Sagaing can be said to be more attractive for tourists than for scholars, with its fine panoramas and glimpses of Buddhist life. This is because most of the monuments have been heavily repaired or transformed by religious and private initiative, with little control possible by the Department of Archaeology. Nevertheless, there are some significant monuments, like the Tupayon stupa (including inscribed stone stellas) or the Aung Myi stupa and the half-under-ground Tilawka Gu, adored with mural paintings.

18 . 1782 to 1823 the road to Ava and Sagaing, It is therefore frequently visited by tourists. Here again, only a few buildings remain as most were dismantled and moved to Mandalay when the new capital was founded in 1857. city wall and moat are today barely visible and only the most venerated monuments are regularly maintained, specifically the Patotawgyi and Kgauktawgyi pagodas. The four porches of the latter, built in 1847 on the model of the Ananda temple in Pagan, contain fine mural paintings with representations of various Burmese religious monuments and numerous well-documented scenes from contemporary daily life. These paintings are in good condition and should remain so provided there is regular maintenance of the building.

Amarapura (visited 19821, capital of the Burmese Kingdom from and again from 1841 to 1857, is now a suburb of Mandalay on

Even the

19 Minwn (visited 1982). Above Mandalay and on the other side of the Irrawaddy River, Mingun is easily accessible by boat. Several monuments here were built by King Bodapaya between 1790 and 1819, including the gigantic Mingun Pagoda, which was intended to be the tallest Buddhist monument in the world. It was never completed, and the many large cracks

1839 earthquake. bell weighing 90 tons, said to be the largest in the world, and the Hsinbyume pagoda, built in 1816 on an original pattern to symbolize the heavens of Sulamani. in 1874, is now in a satisfactory state of preservation, carefully maintained.

I* in the still impressive ground floor bear witness to the intensity of the Nearby stands the building which shelters a giant bronze

This pagoda, extensively damaged in 1839 and restored It is also

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20 . Pegu (visited 1982) was intermittently the capital of Lower Burma (Hamsavati Kingdom) from 1369 to 1635 AD, and of the last Mon Kingdom from 1740 to 1757. and merchants by the name of the Kingdom of Pegu; it is usually identified by this name on ancient maps.

In fact, Burma was long known to early European travellers

21 . rail, and is still an active city. The major monument there, famous throughout Burma, is the Shwemawdaw Pagoda, a stupa enlarged and restored on several occasions, the latest being after the earthquake of 1930. Other monuments are the Shwethalyaung Image (reclining Buddha) and the Kalyain Sima (ordination hall), now a modern building around which are preserved ten stone pillars being important inscriptions in Pali and Mon.

Pegu is easily reached from nearby Rangoon either by road or

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22 m Rangoon (Dagon), the present capital of Burma, is also an ancient site. has an ancient nucleus though it has been enlarged anO repaired many times.

23 1857 AD, was the last capital of the Burmese kings before the colonial period, To the north of the town, the royal city is a perfect, fortified, square with sides of two kilometres in length. The city wall, with brick battlements-and timber towers, is beautifully preserved along with its moat and gates. The royal palace was enclosed by an inner wall, at the exact centre of the fortified city. Only the terraces of the palace remain now, as the whole complex was destroyed by fire during the Second World War.

The Shwedagon Pagoda, a stupa whose present height is 99.36 metres,

Mandalay (visited 1981 and 19821, founded by King Mindon in

24 Outside the royal city, the most interesting monuments are several timber monasteries; Mandalay has a large number of these, represent a final phase in the long evolution of Burmese timber architecture, and as they are today, they give an excellent idea of the former royal palace which--wasbuilt in the same style and with the same techniques and materials. The best preserved monasteries are the Shwe Naadaw and Shwe Inbin, which receive a certain amount of maintenance, and some others like the Kin Win Min Gyi, the Pyi Kgaung, the Myia Gyin Kyaung and the Shwe Gyin.

25 * Timber monasteries: All over Burma, numerous timber monasteries were erected in cities and villages. due to neglect and the survival of the remainder is seriously threatened. The earliest date from the 18th century AD, though most w e from the 19th century. The best examples visited by the mission were:

They

Many have disappeared in recent years

a. b. C.

d. e. the On Don at Bimanma; f. the Pakhangyi monastery; g.

the monasteries in Mandalay (see para 23 & 24 above); the Maha Aungmge Bonzan at Ava; the Ayirawuntha Yakesan and Phongye at Sagaing; the Yoke Sone and Lay Tha in Salg;

the Hman Kin, Thon Htat and Kan 00 at Sagu; and . h. the Yoke Sone at Legaing.

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26 . Artifacts: Numerous artifacts of every craft (sculpture, wood-carving, pottery, coins, textiles, etc.) are preserved in a wide variety of places such as monasteries, libraries, and in public or private collections. Artifacts in the care of the Department of Archaeology in site museums at Pagan and Sriksetra are generally well catalogued and in a reasonable state of conservation, though some preservation problems (e.g. for bronze and textiles) are not completely solved. The Mandalay Museum has also a fine collection, but its premises are inadequate, being small, ill-lit and without storage and conservation facilities.

27 At present, the National Museum in Rangoon is in a temporary location, and the setting up of a new museum worthy of the Burmese cultural heritage is now planned in Government programmes for the Capital, The organization of such a museum will be a complex task; in addition to exhibition space, it must provide for storage rooms, conservation laboratories, archives and other essential facilities. Furthermore, it will be difficult to include this specific activity in the project, as museums are not under the aegis of the Department of Archaeology, which was the official counterpart agency in the project. It is therefore suggested that the idea of a specific project be explored with Unesco, ICOM or other bilateral assistance.

Threatening Factors - 28. Conservation of monuments is a long-term permanent process based on regular inspection, timely repair and adequate maintenance. Of course, final and total protection for any given structure is out of the question, and therefore the present project aims at launching conservation activities through specific training, provision of necessary equipment, and selection of the most suitable techniques.

29 Climatic aggression: The tropical climate of Burma militates against the successful conservation of monuments for a variety of reasons. During the monsoon season, the addition of hot temperatures and extremely high relative humidity leads to the rapid growth of parasitic vegetation, the development of fungus, algae and lichen, and increased insect activities,

30 The danger is more acute in regions of high rainfall like Arakan (475 cm annually at Akgab) or Rangoon (247 cm annually) than in Mandalay

is in the central dry zone, where relative humidity is considerably lower and rainfall does not exceed an average of 62 cm per year. Even there,

and the rainfall can be heavily concentrated over a few days. This can be disastrous for ancient monuments.

' (80 cm). Luckily, Pagan, the greatest concentration of monuments in Burma,

,. however, the monsoon is very irregular (only 25 cm in 1982, for instance)

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31 The following table shows the degree of rainfall in millimetres for Pagan-Nyaung U during a normal year and for the years 1982 and 1983:

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total - Normal year 0.1 0.2 3 15 83 88 47 85 134 115 40 11 624 mm Days of rain - 0 - 1 4 5 4 5 8 6 2 1 36 days'.

1982 0 = 0 2 58 25 1 36 102 25 = Days of rain - 0 - 1 2 5 - 5 10 3 - - 26 days

1983 D - 1 4 47 43 33 62 158 186% - - 534 mm Days of rain - - 0

- 249 mm 4 ,

33 days 1 3 1 0 7 8 = - - 1 3

Note: (XI up to 23 October 1983. - 32 The following monuments were damaged in Pagan after three days of heavy rain (around 18 cm) during the first week of October 1983:

1. 2.

3* 4. 5. 6, 7. 8. 9. 10 . 11.

12 . 13

Temple 1966 Pa Khet Hwe - collapse (see photos 1 and 2) Temple 230 Shwe Moat Htaw = collapse Temple 227 Guni Zedi - collapse Temple 224 - collapse of arches Temple 223 = collapse of porch .

Temple 221 - collapse of vault Temple 233 Loka Chanta - collapse of porch Monastery 299 Tazaung Kyaung = &-lapse of two side walls Temple 748 Sulamani - loss of stucco carving Temple 1812 Htilominlo - partial collapse of pediment and Stupa 1439 Mingalazedi - partial collapse of boundary and terrace walls Temple 239 - partial damage Temple Ma Lone Phyit - partial collapse of boundary wall.

arches

33 This damage was mostly sustained by secondary monuments whish had not been repaired since the 1975 earthquake and were in a weak condition. Nonetheless, some partial damage (e.g. in Sulamani and Htilominlo) was also done to great temples through normal maintenance.

34 rainwater, The bricks are of sound quality, but the present mortar is merely dried mud. which has dissolved with time. The only way to prevent such damage is by regular maintenance of superstructures (roofs, terraces, wall heads), the repair of cracks, the eradication of parasitic vegetation and the pointing of brick joints with lime mortar.

Damage of this kind is caused by the impregnation of masonry by

The original mortar was mixed with a vegetal resin

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35 Damage is greatly increased by concentrated downpour of rain, which, even in the dry zone, can occur frequently and may reach 7 mm. in the first five minutes of a storm (see J. Dumarqayle report on Mandalay). Gutters and evacuation systems are completely overwhelmed by this, with the result that water stands around the structures for several days afterwards.

36 The climatic threat is particularly dangerous for timber structures. A very few years of neglect result in roof leakage, which induces rapid decay of woodwork and eventual total destruction. This process, when begun, is almost impossible to stop, as the teakwood, generally used in these structures,' has no resistance -to white ants once rot has set in.

37 Seismic threat: Burma stretches over part of an active intercontinental seismic fault, known as the Anatolia-Zagros-Hindukush- Karakorum-Himalaya-Arakan fault, where numerous; severe earthquakes have been generated. The major local seismic source in Burma is the Wuntho-Pegu-Sagaing fault, stretching from north to south across central Burma for more than 1,500 km. Destructive earthquakes occurred here in 1839, 1912, 1917 and 1930. In respect to historic monuments, the most damaging earthquakes were in Ava, Sagaing and Mingun in 1839 and in Pagan in 1975. Under the present project, a regional seismicity investigation was carried out to determine seismic parameters in the Pagan and Mandalay regions.

38 Human factors: The following factors constitute a danger for ancient rn'onuments:

(a) Living monuments, which still have significant importance as centres of pilgrimage and foci of local religious life, are apt to be altered or modernized by their trustees without any allowance for historic conservation. At the Shwezigon pagoda, for instance, most of the peripheric timber structures have been destroyed and replaced by reinforced concrete buildings, which completely spoil the setting of the ancient stupa. Other examples are numerous in Sagaing,

Unguarded monuments, besides being difficult to maintain, are frequently looted of their decorative features, This is particularly true in the case of timber monasteries, which are often isolated, so fine pieces of woodcarving are easy to take away. There is, of course, great demand for such artifacts in the antique markets of neighbouring countries. Even in Pagan, remote monuments are sometimes damaged by treasure hunters looking for precious stones and jewelry concealed in their foundations.

(b)

39 - Another problem in Pagan is the recent development of illicit digging into archaeological layers, which are widely and systematically

- 10 - panned for gold dust, Bite’s archaeological value, besides ruling out any prospect for future excavation. Moreover, the view of the entire landscape has been spoiled, with the areas around the monuments scarred by constant digging. At the request of the local branch of the Archaeological Department, the township council of Pagan-Nyaung U has officially forbidden this activity, which has now been almost totally atopped,

This has resulted in the complete destruction of the

Conservation Policy

40. The conservation of registered monuments in Burma is the responsibility of the Department of Archaeology, Ministry of Information and Culture. The central office is in Rangoon, with branch offices in other locations, the major ones being Pagan and Mandalay,

41.

This paragraph uhich appeared in the provisional version, and uhich contained elements already existing in other parts of the report, has been deleted in the present definitive version,

42, The task of these experts would be to prepare the precise specifications for any conservation work required on the ancient monuments (extent of work, methods, materials, etc.) before it was commissioned; to supervise its implementation by the Construction Corporation; and to make a thorough check on the final result.

43. This paragraph uhich appeared in the provisional version, and which

contained elements already existing in other parts of the report, has been deleted in the present definitive version.

44 concentration of more than 2,000 monuments here, and above all to the emergency situation resulting from the 1975 earthquake. earthquake, Burmese agencies involved in the restoration of Pagan monuments have been coordinated by an Advisory Board. been commissioned by the Department of Archaeology under priorities set up by this Board and carried out by a special unit of the Construction Corporation with specialized professional management. The head of this unit has received training in Burma and abroad in the conservation of monuments, In addition, the Department of Archaeology in Pagan is empowered to undertake emergency or regular conservation work on a limited scale, using its own specialized team and equipment.

PaKan: Conditions are entirely different in Pagan owing to the

Since the

Important repair works have

45 Immediately after the earthquake, emergency measures were broadly successful in preventing further damage - the rainy season wa6 very intense in 1975 and would have caused more damage to cracked monuments had the most vulnerable monuments not been promptly covered by tarpaulins. Cracks on terraces and roofs were also provi~ionally patched up and sites cleared of debris. In this way, valuable archaeological relics, which had been dislodged by the earthquake, were collected for inventory and safe storage.

46. Initially, the Advisory Board listed 33 monuments are priorities for the first phase of repair; the list was later enlarged to include 44 monuments. The choices were made on the basis of the monuments' religious and archaeological importance and on an assessment of the structural condition of the buildings, Repair work was undertaken on certain other monuments by the trustees of Pagoda Councils, under the supervision of the Department of Archaeology, as soon as the public had donated sufficient funds.

47 International assistance: The vast extent of the damage placed an overwhelming burden on the Department of Archaeology in Pagan, which found itself dramatically short of manpower and equipment. Soon after the earthquake, Unesco provided the services of an architect-restorer (see Pichard, The Restoration of Pagan, Unesco technical report, Paris, 19761, On his recommendation, urgently-needed equipment was provided by Unesco in the years that followed. An important contribution was made by the Japanese Government, in the form of several lorries and a quaxititg of specialized equipment, In 1976, the French Government sent an architectural photogrammetric team from the Institut Ggographique National, which recorded sixteen selected Pagan monuments and submitted drawings to the Department of Archaeology. French fellowships were provided for four Burmese civil engineers, two for restoration of historic monuments and two for architectural photogrammetry. - - _ Lastly, the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany gave financial support for the restoration of one temple (1791 Ywa Haung-gyi),

48. Board have now been repaired by the Special Works Unit of the Construction Corporation (Gawdawpalin temple, the last of them, was completed in 1982). The Pagan branch of the Department of&chaeology has completed repairs on a further 71 monuments; these were generally of modest size, but of great archaeological or artistic interest. In addition, 24 other monuments have been repaired by their respective Trustees, bringing the total of repaired monuments to 139 (1982).

Progress of work: The 44 monuments selected by the Advisory

49 Nonetheless, the work done has been restricted to masonry repair work, the filling of cracks, reconstruction of collapsed elements with bricks and mortar, refitting and edging of loose stucco and plaster parts, etc. Basic structural reinforcement has been undertaken in only a very few cases.

These monuments have now regained their former appearance.

50 a view to strengthening the structures and ensure the stability of severely weakened walls, vaults, terraces and towers, and to build up their

A massive further effort has now become urgently necessary with

- 12 = resistance to future earthquakes. project has been to prepare and initiate this follow-up action.

One of the main objectives of the present

Implementation of the Project

51. PaRan: In accordance with the project document, priority was

important initiatives have now been launched on the site: given to the monuments of Pagan in the implementation of the project. Three I.

(a> an inventory of monuments; 3 ,

(b) structural reinforcement against future earthquakes; and (c) conservation of mural paintings and stucco.

52 Inventory of monuments: The protected monuments of Pagan are catalogued in a manuscript list, in Burmese, which is kept in the conservation office. For each monument, this list provides a registration number, its name when applicable (many secondary structures have no names), a very brief description, and an indication of its location by reference to another monument or to a village (e.g., llSouth-East of Wetkyi-in"). list contains a number of discrepancies in its handling of lesser monuments, making it difficult to identify them in the field. compiled in l9Ol and gradually completed over the years. monuments were usually numbered by reference to another one, e.g., No. 227a and 22'7l1, in the vicinity of temple No. 227. When, after many decades, the list was finally judged to be complete, all monuments were given another number from 1 to 2217. Thus, there are now two distinct numbers for each monument, respectively called the "old list number" and the "new list numb er" .

This

The first list was Newly listed

s

53 The net result is highly confusing. For instance, the Gunee temple in Nyaung U has the number 108 in the "old list" and number 135 in the "new listtt, whilst Gunee temples in Pagan are registered under No. 364 m and 765 (South Gunee) and No, 364 n and No. 766 (North Gunee). In many cases, both old and new numbers have been inscribed on the monuments themselves. one or both of these numbers.

Studies or monographs about Pagan monuments usually refer to

54 The need for a more precise inventory has been felt for a long time. Apart from the main monuments on which some documentation exists (architectural surveys, photographs, etc.), there are many others which are listed without any precise data. This is a dangerous state of affairs, considering that Pagan is so seriously threatened by earthquakes, and that some of these monuments might disappear or become heavily damaged at a momentls notice.

55 e In addition to clarifying monument numbers, the completed inventory will locate each monument beyond daubt and supply a description of its type, size, and major characteristics. The field work for the inventory will also offer a perfect opportunity to make a systematic photographic survey of all monuments, which will be extremely valuable for any future restoration work.

- 13 - 56 Work on the new inventory began in 1982. The first step was the preparation of an archaeological map of the Pagan area, at 1 : 10,000 scale, based on a controlled aerial photo-mosaic provided by the Survey Department. Each inventoried monument is plotted on this map and, in addition, a coordinated grid system introduced on a one km. square base, The grid crosses at Shwezigon stupa, a very conspicuous and well-known monument which bears the number one on the registration list. The two grid lines crossing at Shwezigon have been given coordinates ten kilometres for the east- west line and fifty kilometres for the north-south line.

57 To avoid giving a third number to monuments, the completed inventory will follow the registration list, with minor corrections where necessary. The inventory number of each monument is therefore the "new list number", with the "old list number" given in brackets, for correlation with earlier references.

. '-

58 The inventory includes for each monument:

(a) identification number, and name if any; (b) location - grid coordinates; (c) tgpe and size, number of storeys, setting; (d) characteriatica of plan; (e) description of upper parts; (f) construction details and materials; (g) survey of decoration (sculpture, mural painting,

(h) construction date if known, or construction period; (i ) earlier references ; (j) ground plan, and, eventually, other floor plans; (k) photographs (outside and inside where relevant),

59 File-cards were printed for the field recording which began in 1982. By the end of the project (November 1.9831, monuments 1 to 255 had been inventoried, plotted on the map and photographed. This work is, of course, still in progress.

stucco carving);

60.

monuments No. 1 to 255 forming a well-defined unit around Nyaung U (see map, Fig. 2). followed by one page devoted to each monument (see Annex 2). there will be two pages for the largest and most complex structures, The--- volume will end with an index and a map of the inventoried area.

61 The Director of the Ecole Franqaise d'ExtrSme-Orient (EFEO) has agreed to publish the Inventory of Pagan Monuments in the EFEO collection. However, given EFEO's present budgetary limitations, it will be necessary to find a complementary source of funds to cover publication costs. It is therefore recommended that a meeting be organized between Unesco and EFEO to explore the possibility of a joint contribution with a view to providing the Burmese Government with a reasonable number of free copies, Based on the layout given in Annex 2, printers in Thailand, India and France have been

The publication of the completed inventory will be made in several volumes, of which the first will shortly be ready. This will cover -- ___

This first volume will include a brief introduction, Eventually,

4

- 14 - invited to tender for the printing contract,

62 . StrenRthenina the Monuments at Pagan: Also within the framework of the project, the Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS), from Kiril and Metodij University, Skopje, Yugoslavia, was given a subcontract to develop the methods for improving the ability of Pagan monuments to resist future earthquakes. This task was carried out by a team from IZIIS under the leadership of Professor Predrag Gavrilovic

research activities in Skopje. from November 1982 to July 1983, and involved both field work in Pagan and L i .

63. 15 December 1982. Preparatory steps, carried out by Burmese agencies, included: soil and masonry tests a6 well as architectural surveys of the selected monuments, partly implemented by photogrammetric methods with equipment and training provided by the project. Soil investigations included the drilling of seven bore-holes, down to an average depth of 20 metres, at specific locations, along with the collection and testing of soil samples. Masonry tests were performed by the Rangoon Institute of Technology in five monuments, samples being tested under normal and diagonal compression stress. After disregarding atypical values, results fall in the range of 25 to 35 kg/cm2 for maximum compression bearing capacity. As might be expected, the compression bearing capacity of the bricks was substantially higher (between 92 and 179 kg/cm2), and the diagonal shear-bearing capacity, which involves the tensile resistance of the mortar, was extremely weak+ around 0.20 kg/cm2, The engineering characteristics of Pagan masonry can thus be seen as a result of the use of high quality bricks with very poor mortar. This weakness of mortar is probably more acute now than at the time of construction, as the mud of the original mortar is said to have been mixed with a vegetal resin which has vanished with time, as would be the case with any organic material.

64 . Regional Seismslopical and Seismotectonic Investigation: After assessment of the geological structure of central Burma a,nd a study of its different morphstectonic units, an evaluation sf the seismotectonic activity was carried out. Taking into account the seismic activity of Burma, based on historical and instrumental records, geometrical shapes of potential seismic sources have been defined: firstly, the main linear source is the Sagaing fault, representing a contact zone between the Shan plateau and the Himalaya belt, stretching on a North-South direction for more than 1500 km, r’

and along which earthquakes of magnitude 7 to 8 can be expected; secondly, an area source to the east of the Sagaing fault, where shallow and

addition, it has been found that 80% of the potential seismic activity is located north of the latitude of Pagan (210 N).

65 Burma was then formulated, incorporating a large number of relevant parameters. From this model, computation of expected maximum ground acceleration was carried out. The results show a high seismicity level, and expected maximum ground acceleration reach, for Pagan, 240 cm/sec/sec for 50 years return period, 300 for 100 years, 460 for 500 years and 530 for

The field investigations went on in Pagan from 15 November to

intermediate earthquakes can be expected with a magnitude up to 7. In 4

A complex mathematical model of the seismic activity of central

- 15 - 1000 years. the Sagaing fault, is even higher with 250, 320, 480 and 560 cm/sec/sec respectively.

The seismicity in the Mandalay region, which lies directly on

66. Geophysical and Geotechnical Soil Investigation in Pagan: These seismic ground accelerations are transmitted to the foundations of monuments by superficial soil layers of which the characteristics, thickness and depth vary from site to site within the Pagan archaeological area. Thus, detailed geotechnical investigation was carried out at various

order to assess the influence of local soil conditions and their possible behaviour in future earthquakes,

L - sites, principally around the monuments selected for strengthening, in

67 The Pagan area is an alluvial terrace of the Irrawaddy, consisting of quaternary sand and less frequently gravel, and of clayey sediment deposits. In the first ten metres from the surface, silty and sandy materials, with frequent thin layers of loosely cemented aggregate and weathered silt stone prevail. Geophysical investigations show that the depth of these quaternary sediments varies between 30 and 60 metres,

68. The investigations included measurement of propagation velocities of longitudinal and transversal seismic waves (refraction seismic profiles), and of ground vibration under microtremors, Using these records, a mathematical model was developed for each site, on which seismic records of different earthquakes were applied to simulate under seismic conditions.

the behaviour of the soil

69 The final results take the form of a single coefficient, the Dynamic Amplification Factor (DAF), specific to each site, which provides a precise evaluation of the expected maximum ground acceleration for each monument. Thus, it has been found that the basic ground acceleration will .

be increased by the soil characteristics along the Irrawaddy River, from Lokananda stupa (DAF 1,151 to Kyaukku Umin (DAF 1,151, with a maximum increase around Innpaya stupa (DAF 1,401 and Alopyi temple (DAF 1,351 and will be diminished in the Minnanthu area (DAF 0,651. This conclusion correlates with the observed damage of the 1975 earthquake, which affected the monuments around Minnanthu far less than elsewhere; it'is important to know that this was not a particular feature of the last earthquake but a permanent characteristic resulting from soil conditions,

70 Seismic Parameters and Design Criteria: In the current methodology of earthquake engineering, the use of statistically computed earthquake data for a given return period is directly connected with the period of use

80 years of use, after which they become obsolete, and it will then be uneconomical to give them the ability to withstand earthquakes which have been found to have an occurrence probability of once in five centuries (though of course such an earthquake could easily strike in the next ten gears ,,.). Generally speaking, the anticipated active life of the building will determine the seismic return period to be considered, allowance being made for the specific importance of particular buildings in case of emergency (e.g., hospital, fire stations, etc.) or for the potential induced risk (e.g., large dams, nuclear power plants, etc.), for which a Peater measure of protection is justifiable.

L anticipated for a building: new buildings are generally intended for 50 or

- 16 - 71 - In the case of historic monuments, such criteria are not applicable. defined for a building which has been standing for eight or ten centuries; on the other, it is neither economically nor technically possible to provide it with a total resistance against a potential earthquake occurring right on its site. Ultimately, financial availability depends upon each country's possibilities and priorities. In a case such as Pagan, where a great number of monuments are concentrated in a relatively small area, one must decide between giving the greatest possible protection to one or, at best, a few monuments, or giving reasonable protection to a greater number of them. The selection of design criteria for the strengthening of Pagan monuments is intended to pinpoint the optimum compromise. decided to give them the ability to resist, without damage, a basic seismic acceleration of 300 cm/sec/sec (which corresponds in Pagan to a 100 years return period earthquake), and to sustain, with some damage but without collapse, a basic seismic acceleration of 500 cm/sec/sec (which is expected with a return period of between 500 and 1000 years).

On the one hand, a limited life expectancy cannot be easily

It

I,

It has been

72 Dynamic Properties of Structures: Experimental testing of structures was carried out by the IZIIS team on l5 selected monuments, few being monuments of exceptional value.

monuments of various sizes and configurations. Each represented a type whose study provided data which could be used in the repairing of a whole range of comparable structures all around Pagan.

The testing yielded results which could be applied both to their own strengthening, and to that of other

.~

73 * induced by wind and microtremors) were recorded at significant levels and on two perpendicular profiles. Field equipment for such tests is easy to carry and consists of three seismometers linked by cables with a signal amplifier, a magnetic tape recorder, a Fourier analyzer and a tracing table, which provide initial on-site processing (amplitude and phase spectra).

On each monument; full-scale ambient vibrations (naturayly

74 - FOP all tested structures, the computed dynamic properties include resonant frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratio. Using these data, mathematical models for dynamic response analysis were established, and a general. relationship for calculation of dynamic properties of other structures was developed. Results show that the first natural frequencies of monuments depend upon the height and eccentricity (length-width ratio) of their geometrical elements. Fundamental frequencies range from 2 to 6.5 Ha (i.e. fundamental periods of vibration are between 0.15 and 0.5 second), the highest monuments like Thatbyinnyu or Gawdawpalin having the longest period, around a half second. Mode shapes indicate that the deformation for linear elastic range are of the bending type, and the damping capacity was found to range from 5 to 11. per cent, and will be still higher in case of actual earthquake, a very positive factor which probably explains why the majority of the monuments are still standing after centuries despite the high level of local seismicity.

- 17 - 75 Strengthening the Monuments: The aim of the proposed strengthening is to increase the seismic resistance of the monuments without altering their basic structural system. Structural and dynamic analysis confirms that the present bearing capacity and deformability of the structures do not satisfy the selected criteria for seismic resistance. Moreover, weak points in the structures are localized where abrupt changes occur in their rigidity, resulting in non-linear deformations. This applies mostly in the upper parts of buildings, i.e., terraces and sikharas. On the other hand, the lower massive parts are, in most cases, near the requested resistance, and can attain it after an improvement of the bonding strength of the mortar by partial injection of masonries,

76 purposes. The behaviour of each structural element has been evaluated, using the criteria and data defined above, and selection of the most suitable methods for strengthening was carried out, the first goal being to conserve the structural integrity of the building under seismic conditions, This will allow the monument to behave as a single body instead of separating into several elements, each with its own dynamic characteristics; as was the case in the last earthquake, when the separation between two elements led to large cracks in the masonry and, in the worst cases, resulted in dislocation and collapse,

77 Several techniques will be used concurrently for the actual strengthening:

‘ d

r .

Five monuments have been studied in more detail for strengthening

(a)

(b) strengthening of vital masonry elements by confinement

improvement of the bonding capacity of the mortar by cement injection ;

into light belts of reinforced concrete or reinforced grouting,.to increase the ductibility of these structures ; assuring structural integrity by either reinforced concrete belts or by steel ties inserted in mortar and combined with local masonry injection, the steel ties being slightly prestressed in order to be immediately active, thus preventing the opening of cracks in the masonry; local reinforcement of vulnerable parts.

(c)

(d)

The strengthening project has been drafted out by IZIIS for four monuments

application to other monuments. .: and the methodological steps laid out in detail for their future

78 - involve additional training, expertise and equipment. Burmese engineers were present in Skopje during the final phase of the research, and experiments as well as field training will be an important part of subsequent activities. Full scale testing will be performed on ruined structures in Pagan, such as cement injection of some brick walls and

The strengthening process will be implemented in Pagan and will

- 18 = assessment of their physical characteristics before and after treatment, in order to verify the desiga hypothesis and to select accurately the most efficient material, density and depth of injection, The relevant equipment will have to reach the site in advance.

79 The complete technical report by IZIIS, in six volumes, covers ”‘

Burmese agencies involved in the conservation of Pagan monuments and will

extensively each methodological step and gives a complete presentation of recorded data and dynamic evaluation. The report has been sent to the

be further available for consultation at specialized international information centres such as Unesco, ICOMOS or ICCROM, In addition, copies will be given to a few leading centres of earthquake engineering research around the world, as this exhaustive and scientific approach to the problem of the conservation of historic monuments and ancient masonry buildings will be of considerable interest to specialists in this field, Repair and Strengthening the National Monuments in Pagan - Burma, 6 vols., by P. Gavrilovic, et al, Skopje University, 1983).

L I

(Methods for

80 Conservation of Mural Paintings and Stucco Carvings: A great number of Pagan temples contain, mural paintings, both on walls and under vaults. Exterior brick masonry tends to be plastered with a lime stucco, usually finely carved into moundings and ornamented decoration on pediments, cornices and pilasters. All these decorative features have heavily suffered during the 1975 earthquake, as much of the plaster work fell and was definitively lost.

81. Far the past 13 years, the chemist-conservator from the Department of Archaeology has been chemically treating the paintings at Pagan, The techniques used (applications of polyvinyl acetate resin in solution in toluene (576) for consolidating the paint film, arid the application of filet borders around exposed edges of paintings to prevent insect attack and to help re-attach loose areas of plaster) are those commonly advocated and employed by conservation technicians in several countries.

0

82 . Although the chemist-conservator was able to make a significant contribution towards the conservation of the Pagan paintings, it must be acknowledged that all protective systems in this field are more or less short-lived, The relentless action of the environment requires that continuous research be carried out to improve the methods and techniques of conservation, and it must be noted that certain advances in the field have been made in the last years and can be relevant to preservation problems in Pagan.

83 It has been found that the use of water, water and ammonia or alcohol alone was insufficient for cleaning the paintings before application of resin, Thus, the dirt on the surface has formed a non-porous film preventing penetration of the resin. Moreover, the resin fixes the dirt and makes later cleaning much more difficult. Tests conducted during the first consultant mission by the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and the Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) specialists in several Pagan temples showed that these

paintings were extremely difficult to clean, but that effective cleaning was nevertheless possible with the aid of recently devised techniques and products. The best results were achieved using cellulose paper compresses with admixtures of ammonium carbonate and idranat (ETDA). After cleaning, the application of a consolidative resin such as polyvinyl acetate or paraloid B-72 would be done with sufficient penetration and without forming a shiny unsightly film on the final surface.

*.

.- 84. The restricted use of fileting on the edges was also recommended, with emphasis on injection of adhesives and a more discreet treatment of edges.

85 For the external stucco work, conservation must be coordinated with repairs of the monuments (cornices, etc.). Removal of algae and treatment against plant and grass growth should be tried at the same time. Detached areas of stucco must be reattached either by injections of adhesive, or by the use of mechanical devices, or both. During the project, several tests were performed on selected monuments in Pagan.

86 . subcontract from the project. The objective here was to set up a permanent team based in Pagan, with skilled technicians working on each monument in turn under close supervision by trained specialists from the Department of Archaeology, Rangoon. A pilot monument, the Kubyauk gyi temple (No. 1323) in Myinkaba village, was selected for the training of this team, through periodical workshops conducted by ICCROM restorers.

87. The first preliminary mission was implemented bg lilr Paul Schwartzbaum and Mr Ottorino Nonfarmale in February 1982. Sixteen monuments were inspected and tests for conservation treatment were carried out on two temples. Samples were taken to identify the original pigments and-determine the stratigraphy of the mural paintings. Analyses were performed by Dr L. Laezarini in Venice.

Two missions were performed in Pagan by ICCROM restorers under

88 . The second mission consisted of actual conservation work on the pilot monument, under the direction of Mrs Donatella Zari. U Ba Tint, chemist-conservator at the Department of Archaeology, Rangoon, and his assistant U Aye Maung, joined the workshop with four trainees from Pagan.

89. A second workshop was planned in the same monument for January- February 1984. However, owing to delay in the approval of the proposed UNDP project (BUR/81/032), this mission had not been implemented at the time of writing.

90 . Training abroad for the leaders begun in November 1983 with a study tour in Rome and Bangkok, on actual restoration sites, for U Ba Tint,. A six-month fellowship is planned in 1984 for U Aye Maung at ICCROM.

- 20 - 91 Photogrammetric recordinq: The equipment for architectural phtogrammetry provided for under the project was selected in 1980 and 1981, and arrived in Burma in the first months of 1982. As there is no photogrammetry specialist on the staff of the Department of Archaeology, the laboratory was set up at the Rangoon Institute of Technology (RIT), in the Department of Structural Engineering, where previous experience in this field offered the best conditions for work as well as for maintenance of the equipment. The RIT team was joined by two Burmese engineers who had

.U

previously received specialized training through French fellowships. 5 .I

92 This team was able to start field work in Pagan in 1982 and to undertake photogrammetric recording for the architectural restoration of several monuments. The first drawings were delivered to the Skopje 12111s Institute which needed detailed surveys of the selected monuments for testing and analysis. The requested drawings were handed over to Dr Gavrilovic of the Institute on 23 November 1982.

93 The photogrammetry unit is now engaged in a systematic survey of the monuments in Pagan, and eventually in other sites as well if the need arises. The aim is to build up a documentary collection of photogrammetric records, as complete as possible, from which architectural measured drawings can be plotted when needed for restoration or conservation purposes. These records must be kept in a safe place, and duplicated if possible, under conditions of careful conservation and with a convenient filing and reference system.

94 The field work and recording will be carried out by sectors, according to priorities set up by the Department of Archaeology within each sector, with the option of recording any particular monument, regardless of sector, should this be urgently required. It is recommended that systematic 2hotogrammetric recording be started at the opposite end of the current inventory of monuments. Thus a maximum number of monuments would,be covered should another destructive earthquake occur.

95 Other Sites: Besides a first mission for conservation of timber monasteries, no specific conservation activity was planned in historical sites other than Pagan. However, it is evident that the training and experience gained by the agencies involved under the project when performing conservation activities in Pagan can benefit monuments in other sites as well.

96. Conservation of Timber Monasteries: As stated above (see para. 25) the timber monasteries in several cities and villages of central Burma are greatly endangered and will disappear in a short time if no proper action is initiated. The greatest concentration of these monasteries being in and around Mandalay, it is recommended that conservation activities begin here.

!

4

97. A consultant mission by Mr J. Dumarqag was carried out in 1983. His recommendations included the launching of restoration projects, beginning with small-sized structures in the Mandalay palace and the Ayirawun Yakessan monastery in Sagaing.

- 21 - 98 In the meantime, it is recommended that the most weakened structures be protected, even if the protection is only temporary (e.g., in Sal:, S a p , Pakhangyi, Ava, etc.). future, nothing will be 'left to restore.

If this step is not taken in the near

99 Promotion of International Assistance: Two preliminary steps could be extremely helpful in opening other sources of international assistance for the conservation of the cultural heritage of Burma. They are :

I . (a) that Burma becomes a member state of the International Centre for Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, Rome (ICCROM) ; and

Convention and submits the nomination of Pagan, and eventually other sites, to the World Heritage List.

(b) that Burma becomes a party to the World Heritage

The Department of Archaeology has information regarding ICCROM and the Convention, and will make efforts to participate in these activities.

100. . On various occasions, discussions were held with representatives of Italy, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom, and other countries on the possibility of conplementary programmes under bilateral or multilateral assistance. Although no definite offer can be contemplated at this time, there exist opportunities for such activities and further meetings should produce positive results.

101 In order to provide accurate information on the project activities and to point out the need for additional forms of assistance, the "Pagan Newsletter" was published in May 1982 and November 1983, and widely distributed in conservation circles. A second printing of the newsletter was necessary in 1982.

Follow-up of the Project

102. A new UNDP/Unesco project, BUR/81/032, has been prepared on schedule, in close cooperation with the Department of Archaeology. The project document includes a plan of action for 1984 and 1985, and activities were planned to follow the project BUR/78/023 without interruption and to enlarge their scope.

103 . However, owing to a delay in the approval of the project document by the Burmese authorities, the workshop on mural paintings conservation, scheduled with ICCROM specialists for January 1984, had to be cancelled. Other actions are planned but successful implementation of the new project depends on Government approval.

IV

- 22 - RECOMMENDATIONS

Photogrammetric Recordin6

104. It is recommended that the photogrammetric records be maintained in an archives/library in order to ensure proper conservation and the development of a professional reference system.

P'

105. It is also recommended that systematic photogrammetric recording i ., be started at the opposite end of the current inventory of monuments. In this way, a maximum number of monuments will have been covered, in the event of another serious earthquake,

Conservation of Timber Monasteries

106 It is recommended that conservation activities begin on timber monasteries, in and around Mandalay, as soon as possible,

107 e It is also recommended that the most seriously weakened structures be given temporary protection immediately.

Promotion of International Assistance

Two preliminary steps could be extremely helpful in opening other a08 . sources of international assistance for the conservation of the cultural. heritage of Burma. They are:

(a) that Burma becomes a member state of the International Centre for Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, Rome (ICCROM); and that Burma becomes a party to the World Heritage Convention and submits the nomination of Pagan, and eventually other sites, to the World Heritage List.

(b)

Inventory of Pagan Monuments

109 * It is recommended that a meeting be arranged for Unesco and EFEO (Ecole Franqaise d'Extr$me-Orient) to explore the possibility of a joint contribution, or support from other sources, to cover the inventory's publication costs, with a view to providing the Burmese Government with a number of free copies.

Phase I1

110. BUX/81/032, which was prepared with the close collaboration of the Department of Archaeology, be implemented,

It is strongly recommended that the proposed UNDP/Unesco project,

- 23 -

Bib li o m a p hg

1.

7 4

2.

I '.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Periodical progress reports by the National Coordinator (every six monthe).

Progress reports by the International Coordinator (April 1.981 - May 1983) submitted to the Government, UNDP and the Executing Agency on a six monthly basie.

Rangoon Institute of Technology : Report on testing of masonry blocks from selected temples of Pagan-Nyaung U, Rangoon, January 1983.

IZIIS (Skopje) technical reports: a. Programme for determination of seismic hazard, dynamic

properties and seismic criteria for repair and strengthening the national monumenta in Pagan. Skopje, December 1981.

b. The restoration of monuments in Pagan. Survey and selection of monuments for dynamic testing, study for repair and strengthening with assessment of seismic hazard in Pagan, by P, Gavrilovic, Skopje, March-April 1982.

c. Methode for repair and strengthening the national monuments in Pagan, Burma, by P. Gavrilovic et al, 6 volumes, Skopje, May 1983.

ICCROM technical reports: a. 14-23 February 1982 Mission report: technical assistance for

the conservation of mural paintings and stuccoes at.Pagan, by P. Schwartzbaum and 0. Nonfarmale, Rome, 1982. 29 January - 21 February 1983, Conservation of mural paintings, Pagan, Burma, by D. Zari and P. Schwartsbaum, Rome, 1983.

b.

Conservation of photographs: Mission report, 5-22 July 1982 : Archival storage and cataloguing .

of the photographic collection at the Department of Archaeology, Rangoon, by E. Ostroff, Paris, 1982.

Conservation of Timber Monasteries : Mission report, 8 March- 14 April 1983, by J. Dumarqay, Paris, 1983.

Pagan Newsletter 1982 (published in Pondicherry, M a y 1982). Paaan Newsletter 1983 (published in Pondicherrg, November 1983).

- 24 -

s 0

"G 0 si=e f 8

ANNEX 2

boundarywalls gates facing( I

centered 0 excentered 0 satelite 0 U

A.

central shrine 0 solld core 0 niches=

entrance halls fac.

8 P L A N square 5 sides other :

Inside stairs 0 porc fac. 4

Inventory of PaRan Monuments

Specimen of file-card for field recording:

C O R R I D O R S ~ ; 112

111 r\ barrel vault 314

DECORAT ION sculpture 0 perf. stonew.0 terracotta PI. 0 glazed PI. 0

square tower 0 U clrc. bellshape 0 0 other:

UPPER PART terraces ext. stairs

slop. roofs 0 blind tunn.

jataka 0 great fig.

remaining great scene faces patt. floral patt. mt. meru footprint

MURAL PAINTING stucco carving 0

on walls YO

on vaults 010 8

CONSTRUCTION brick 0 stone reinf. 0 timber beam 0 inscribed br. 0 Stone facing n

whitewashed 0 I I - other:

EPIGRAPHY inrcr. 0 ref.[-] date [ I Mon 0 PYU 0

Name of builder: Name of king:

Sanskrlt 0 Pali 0

Old B. 0 Burm. 0

n CONSTRUCTION DATE estimatd nrrind

r--m-- U from epigraphy 1-1

- 25 -

B.

".

4 CO?1FT.mc:13: : - brick - cveruge brick, 37.1 18 x 4.5 - fui; 'barmi vault ar:.corrldorE. - ccrbellet vauir on lsf flsor ram. - fla: srcnea cuovm doors.

r C O C S ~ ~ : ~ O ~ p ~ = i O e : 2 firs: hel: of 13 century LD (t).

h r

- 26 -

C.

'.

Layout of the Inventory : Monument 90

- 27 - ANNEX 3

Reports on Project Progress

A. Report on 13 September 1983 Tripartite Review

',. The Tripartite Review Meeting for BUR/78/023 - Preservation and Restoration of National Monuments and Artifacts at Selected Sites, was held on Tuesday 13 September 1983 at 2 p.m. at the Department of Archaeology,

L 1- 32-D, Prome Road, Rangoon.

The following officials were present:

Department of Archaeolom 1. U OakGar Director General 2. U Than Swe Archaeological Officer 3. U Nyunt Han Archaeological Officer

Chairman

Foreign Economic Relations D e p a r t m e 4. Daw San Hyint Additional Director 5. U Win Tint Assistant Director

United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization 6. Mr T.N. Upraity Regional Adviser on Culture 7. Dr P. Pichard International Project Coordinator

United Nations Development Programme 8. Mr Kevin McGrath Resident Representative ami. 9. Sao Hso Hom Programme Officer

Opening Remarks by the Chairman

The Chairman welcomed the participants and said that the discussions need not be restricted because of formalities. He urged everyone to contribute to the discussions so that a better awareness of the achievement and present status of the project might be gained.

Remarks by the Resident Representative ami., UNDP

The Resident Representative a.i. remarked that the present Tripartite Review Meeting was an opportunity to discuss major issues and outstanding problems. He gave a brief summary of the activities being

2 carried out in connection with each of the five immediate objectives of the project, and stated that UNDP was fairly satisfied that the activities were contributing to the realization of the project's objectives. He mentioned in connection with the objective which dealt with the mobilization of inputs from external sources that the Government had been urged to join ICCBOM and also to accede to the "World Heritage Convention", and had been provided with the necessary documentation and that it was now up to the Department to

- 28 - decide whether to take the matter up with the higher authorities.

He then mentioned that one point that could improve project implementation was prompt and positive action by the Ministry of Culture on visa applications for consultants who are scheduled to come into Burma to carry out their duties under the project.

I $

Finally, he suggested that another meeting between UNDP, Unesco, the Department of Archaeology and FERD be held towards the end of October

present mission, to review the achievements of the project at the conclusion of Dr Pichard's L, r

Remarks by Mr 1.N. Upraity, Unesco Regional Adviser on Culture

Mr Upraity conveyed Unesco's appreciation at being invited to participate in the project as Executing Agency, He stated that initially there had been delays on many fronts, but the project had been trying to make up and progress was now satisfactory and except in the training component, appeared to be meeting targets, The delays in getting the present project started prompted him to suggest that the new project should be expedited so that there would be no break in the activities. He had studied the draft project outline, he said, and felt that it could be supported with minor changes of format but without major changes in substance.

He then gave a general account of the overall performance of the project including budgetary figures and emphasized the need for.nanpower development.

Brief account of project activities by the International Project Coordinator

Dr Pichard, the International Project Coordinator, presented the activities under the following six headings and participants joined in and discussed matters as they arose.

1. Strengthening of monuments against future earthquakes:

The Department of Archaeology in cooperation with the Construction Corporation and the RIT completed field testing and soil testing in time for the IZIIS team from Skopje who then undertook an assessment of the seismicity in Pagan and Mandalay, analysis of soil in the Pagan area and dynamic testing of some structures, These activities combined with mathematical models and the use of computers have indicated the methodology for reinforcement, namely, by (a) local cement injections, (b) steel ties around monuments, and (c) reinforced concrete belts,

To carry out the strengthening, special training and equipment such as drills, bigger compressors and grouting machines would be needed. A bigger power line for a General Workshop for welding tie-rods would also be needed, The equipment would be ordered under the present project budget,

- 29 - 2, Photogrammetry:

The photogramme-ry equipment was rece-vel in 1982 and has been adequately housed and maintained in good condition at the RIT. Trainees in the use of the equipment were trained in France earlier under bilateral assistance. But the work of recording had to go on till all the monuments were recorded so that a complete inventory would still remain should there be a total destruction. the Government but it would cut travel time if the work was done by sector. The selection of the right candidate for the fellowship for the maintenance of the photogrammetric equipment was raised and it was suggested that the Implementation Committee should make sure that,in the future, guidelines would be given in requesting the cooperating departments to select candidates, so that the best qualified candidates would be chosen.

The monuments recorded for the Skopje team were perfectly done.

4.

The recording should be done according to priorities set by . '.

3. Conservation of Mural Paintings:

A preliminary mission was made by ICCROM in February 1982 and the first workshop was held in February 1983 by Mrs Zari with the participation of U Ba Tint and U Aye Maung of the Department of Archaeology. workshop was planned under the follow-up project in February 1984. suggested that a permanent team in Pagan should carry out conservation on -.'- the murals even if the specialists like U Ba Tint and U Aye Maung went up to Pagan only at regular intervals. It was made known that both U Ba Tint and U Aye Maung had been cleared to undertake their fellowships.

Another It was

4. Inventory of Pagan Monuments:

Dr Pichard showed a map.based on one provided by the Survey Department on which the inventory was being prepared. one kilometre grids and the monuments would be marked by numbers and floor plans .

The map would have

5- Other Sites:

Mr Dumarqay, Consultant on Wooden Monasteries, has submitted his report to Unesco which would be distributed to the Government. He had suggested that a permanent team of carpenters in Mandalay be employed directly by the Archaeology Department and that the preservation and restoration of timber monasteries be started with a small timber monastery in Sagaing.

The Archaeology Department stated that, since the engaging of 4 carpenters on permanent basis would incur unnecessary expenses they would

rather employ them on a piece-work basis. It was agreed that what mattered was that the Department should have control over the quality of work of the carpenters,

- 30 - 6. Mobilization of International Assistance:

The main activity under this heading was the publication of the Pagan Newsletter, Another newsletter was expected to be published soon. It was suggested that perhaps a more comprehensive publication should be attempted to present the activities undertaken by the project.

.I' An international overseas exhibition of Burmese Culture was again raised and the Director-General requested Unesco to present a more detailed proposal because the Department had not had experience in such an undertaking.

L., CI

Finally, there was a discussion on the project document for the follow-up project. The Director-General stated that the Implementation Committee had agreed to the draft project document and a finalized version could be submitted through FERD in the normal manner.

Conclusions and Recommendations

1. satisfactory progress.

Despite a slow start the project was considered to be making

2. Some of the budgetary allocations, especially those concerning consultant missions and fellowships,would need to be rephased into 1984.

3. Visa clearances for consultants should be speeded up.

4. Selection of candidates for fellowships should not only be expeditious but should ensure that the most qualified candidate was selected.

5. While appreciating present methods of getting personnel from other departments to assist in the preservation and conservation work, it is nonetheless recognized that consideration will have to be given to the creation of a basic corps of staff in the Department of Archaeology for specialized activities like conservation of mural paintings and preservation of wooden monasteries.

6. monasteries as they could deteriorate beyond repair within a few more years.

Timely action should be taken on the preservation of wooden

7. A publication on the Pagan Project to give wider information would be very useful.

8. expeditiously as possible.

9. Another meeting consisting of the Department of Archaeology, FERD, Unesco and UNDP to be held at the end of October 1983.

It was agreed that the new project document should be processed as

i

The Chairman thanked the participants for their contribution and the meeting rose at 4.30 p.m.

- 31 - B. Report on Meeting of 26 October 1983, held in the Office

of the Director-General, Department of Archaeology

The following officials were present at the meeting held on Wednesday, 26 October 1983 at 15.00 hours, in the office of the Director-General, Department of Archaeology:

Department of Archaeology i' 4

I '- U Oak Gar U Than Sue U Nyunt Han U Bo Kay

Director-General Chairman Archaeological Officer Archaeological Officer Archaeological Officer/ National Project Coordinator

Foreim Economic Relations Department

Daw San Myint Additional Director U Win Tint Assistant Director

United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization

Mr TON, Upraity Regional Adviser on Culture Dr P, Pichard International Project Coordinator

United Nations Development Programme

Mr Kevin McGrath Deputy Resident Representative Sao Hso Horn Programme Officer

The meeting was held in accordance with the recommendation of the Tripartite Review Meeting of the project of 13 September 1983.. that another meeting consisting of the Department of Archaeology, FERD, Unesco,ar,d UMD? should be held at the end of October 1983.

The Chairman opened the meeting by noting that the Tripartite Review Meeting of 13 September 1983 had made participants aware that there were matters needing further discussion and that he believed that discussions could solve problems. He also expressed his belief that with cooperation between all sides the project would be successfully implemented.

Mr Kevin McGrath thanked the Chairman on behalf of Mr Dessau, the Resident Representative, who unfortunately could not be present. He

see for himself what the project was trying to achieve. He then emphasized the following points:

1 explained that since the last meeting he had had a chance to visit Pagan and

1. He reminded those present that one of the aspects of project implementation would be the fielding of the ICCROM mission on conservation of mural paintings. It wa6 important to have the appropriate trainees ready in Pagan for the training workshop and to issue visas on time;

- 32 - 2.

3.

4.

5.

Regarding the fellowships, it should be borne in mind that each fellow should leave at the appropriate time;

Regarding prospects for external assistance he noted that there had been indications of interest, with one firm indication from the Italian Government;

He informed the meeting that there was at present in Burma a mission organized by the World Tourism Organization which was carrying out tourism feasibility studies including the drawing up of a Master Plan for Pagan. He suggested that the Department of Archaeology should meet with the mission;

He proposed that the meeting have a look at the new project document,particularly the inputs.

Mr Upraity expressed his appreciation for Government assistance already received and looked forward to Phase 11.

Dr Pichard, the International Project Coordinator, then briefly presented a report of what activities had taken place since the last meeting.

1. Inventory of Pagan Monuments

He had concentrated mostly on field work with U Bo Kay and U Aung Kyaing. An inventory covering the monuments numbered from 1 to 255 had been completed. He suggested that the work prepared so far could be published as the First Volume of the Inventory, The Inventory would normally allot one page for each monument, with a ground plan, a photograph and a short description of the most important features of the monument. Publication of other volumes would follow, Publication would be expensive, but if Unesco or external assistance could be mobilized 3,000 to 4,000 extra copies could be printed and given to the Government. A 1:10,000 scale map covering the sector where monuments No. 1 to 255 are located has also been completed and could be incorporated into the First Volume of the Inventory. Dr Pichard suggested that the inventory be published under his name and that of U Aung Kyaing. l4.r Upraity interjected that financing will have to be explored. He commented that the Kathmandu Valley Inventory was funded by the Austrian Government.

2. Photogrammetry RecordinE

Dr Pichard reported that this was being done by a team from RIT according to priorities set by the Department of Archaeology. Now that most of the priority monuments had been recorded, Dr Pichard suggested that future photogrammetric recording should be done by sectors, since this would increase efficiency. The photogrammetric equipment need not be packed, as when it has to be moved a great distance, and this would save a lot of time. It would also be logical to start the photogrammetric recording at the opposite sector from the inventory and work towards each other so that more monuments would be covered, should another disastrous

‘, .

- 33 - earthquake occur. It was agreed that photogrammetric recording could be carried out by sectors according to priorities set by the Department of Archaeology within each sector and with the understanding that should there be an urgent need to record any particular monument it would be done regardless of sector.

'. , 3. ICCROM Conservation Mission

A mission by ICCROM consisting of two specialists is scheduled f. to be fielded mid-January to mid-February. The Department of Archaeology

requested that the visa application be submitted early so that a visa may be obtained in time, UNDP agreed to ask for the CV of the Specialists to be able to submit visa applications as early as possible, even though the mission will have to be funded under the Phase I1 project, It was requested that the Department of Archaeology have scaffolding, electricity and materials ready at the Kubyaukgyi temple in Mginkaba and that at least ten suitable persons should be selected as trainees to be trained by the ICCROM mission in cooperation with U Ba Tint and his assistant U Aye Maung. It was also impressed upon the meeting that preparations should be made to enable U Aye Maung to proceed on hi6 fellowship immediately after the conservation work with the ICCROM team in Pagan. The Department of Archaeology foresaw no problem.

4, Strengthening of Monuments

Dr Pichard stated there would be a need for a transformer to provide power for a workshop at a central location to produce the steel ties and other strengthening material needed for strengthening the structures. The Department of Archaeology agreed to take the matter up with the concerned Ministry and Corporation,

5. Project Document for Phase I1

The Chairman suggested certain changes in the text which were agreed to and UNDP requested that the Archaeology Department provide a breakdown of the large amount in the Miscellaneous Component of the Government Counterpart Budget.

The Chairman informed the meeting that he was negotiating with the appropriate Government Department for serial photographing of the Pagan area and inquired whether the charges could be paid from the project budget. It was agreed that this was possible.

Conclusions and Recommendations

1. That the First Volume of the Inventory of Pagan be published with the data on monuments numbered 1 to 255 and that financing be explored.

5

2. That formal visa applications be submitted by UNDP as early as possible and that the Archaeology Department would do its best to have visas issued in time.

- 34 - 3. The Department of Archaeology would carry out a11 the necessary work to ensure fellows departed on time.

4. The Department of Archaeology would ensure materials and the appropriate number of trainees would be ready for the holding of the Conservation of Mural Painting Workshop in Pagan from 15 January to 15 February 1984.

50

for a centrally-located workshop to produce materials for strengthening Pagan monuments against earthquakeS

The Department of Archaeology would take up with the appropriate authorities the provision of a transformer to ensure adequate power supply L, .

6. covering Government Counterpart contribution and UNDP would process and send the final, project document to FERD as soon as possible,

The Department of Archaeology would provide a revised budget

The meeting rose at 5.30 p.m.

- 35 - ANNEX 4

List of Consultants

Name of Consultant/ Sub -C on t r ac t o r Object of Mission

Period of Mission To - From _.

GAVRILOVIC, Predrag Research Engineer from Skopje 15 -03 . 82 Institute. Preliminary survey

- testing dynamic behaviour - appropriate reinforcement - assessing seismic hasard

9. of monuments in Pagan for:

methods

in Pagan.

PICHARD, Pierre

< OSTROFF , EugSne d

J

Architect Restorer 22.01.82 a. Carry out a survey of monuments,

artifacts and other items needing preservation and restoration with a view to compiling a complete Inventory of Pagan Monuments.

and restoration activities for monuments, artifacts & murals.

for implementing the Work Plan for the project BUR/78/023.

to finalize propositions prepared by Skopje Institute

b. Carry out selected preservation 28.07.82

c. Undertake activities necessary

d. Mission to Ljublana and Skopje

e, Missions to Rangoon and Pagan

21’- 10 . 82

16.05 , 83

31.07 - 83 Same terms of reference as 01.11.83 (a), (b) and (c) 02.03. 84 Further mission foreseen in September 1984

Curator of Photography, 05.07 . 82 Supervisor, Division of Photography History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Mission to Pagan and Rangoon - Conservation of glass plates/ film negatives.

SWARTXBAUM, Paul Consultants from ICCROM 14.02.83 XARI, Donatella Mission to Pagan - Mural Paintings

28.03 . 82

27.03 , 82

01.09 , 82

03.12 . 82

27.05 - 83 31-08 -83 01.12.83 10 . 05.84

22.07.82

23 . 02 - 83

9 36 - Name of Consultant/ Sub-Contractor Object of Mission

Period of Mission To - From -

DUMARCAY, Jacques Architect Restorer 08.03.83 14.04.83 nr

Mission to Central Burma - Conservation of timber monasteries

Skopje Institute .I

Team of engineers and technicians from Inst. Earthquake Engin. & Engin. Seismology, Skopje. Provide the services of six consultants (one senior research engineer, two junior research engineers and three technicians) in the field of earthquake engineering for 30 days each which will undertake missions to Burma in order to carry out the testing of the dynamic behaviour of the fourteen monuments in Pagan indicated on pages 8 and 9 of the Work Plan of project BUR/78/023. Provide the services of one m/m of senior research engineer, 4.5 m/m of junior research engineer and 3 m/m of technician for the processing at the Institute of the data and material obtained from the survey mentioned in (a) above. Formulate and propose most suitable methods for the reinforcement of the monuments in Pagan.

December 1982

- 37 -

ANNEX 5

Major Items of Equipment-supplied by UNDPLUnesco

Photogrammetry equipment

Voltage stabilizer

Machine tools

Wagon drill

Diesel compressor

Photo equipment

Diazo printer and spares

Total Cost us#

151,180

2,034

6,810

6,934

10 9 937

3 9 033

4,900

- 38 -

Photo No. 1 - Temple 1966, Pa Khet Hwe, in 1977, from East (Pagan)

. .

..,, , . , . .. .

. .. . .. , .,

Photo No. 2 - Climatic aggression : temple 1966 collapsed aftef three days of heavy rain, 22 October 1983, from Eaet.

- 39 -

I

J

t

Photo No. 3 - Earthquake of 8 July 1975 in Pagan : Temple 1622 Gawdawpalin after the shock.

Photo No. 4 - Gawdawpalin temple, March 1982, repair work under completion. This marks the end of repairs for the 44 monuments on the priority list.

Photo No. 5 - Gawdawpalin temple repaired, November 1982.

- 40 -

Photo No.

Photo No.

6 - Pagan, illicit excavations by gold diggers near temple 1202 Abeyadana, February 1983.

3

7 - Timber monasteries, monuments in distress : monastery in Nyaung U during the rainy season. Buckets and bowls bear witness to an extremely leaky roof (6 October 1983).

- 41 -

Photo No. 8 - Monastery in Pakhanghyi, crumbling down after few years without maintenance (20 March 1983).

e

d

Photo No. 9 - Sal&, monastery Yoke Sone Kyaung, the east tower (pyathat) in critical condition (9 October 1983).

- 42 -

Photo No. 10 - Legaing, monastery Yoke Sone Kyaung, East tower dangerously leaning (from South-East, 8 October, 1983).

Photo No. 11 - Legaing, monastery. Yoke Sone Kyaung; detail of the fine woodcarving . adorning the endangered monument (8 October 1983)

Photo No. 12 - Mandalay, monaste6y Shwenandaw, south face. Fine wo.odcarving; one sculpture from the door is already lost (25 November 1983).

- 43 -

a

.Photo No. 13 - Sagu, monastery Hman Kin Kyaung. Teak tiles still in place on the roof. a monastery instead of the present corrugated iron sheets (8 October 1983).

Such wooden roofs should be restored when repairing

i

Photo No. 14 - Mandalay : the great moat and wall around the royal city are fenced in. (mainly on the north side), it can as well be removed : the city wall is by itself a sufficient protection and the view would be greatly enhanced (19 August 1982).

As this fence i6 already destroyed in places

- 44 -

.I 3

Photo No. 15 - Dynamic testing of Gawdawpalin temple 1.622 by the team from 1211s (Skopje) Station for recording and processing ambient vibration (Pagan).

Photo No. 16 - The station is linked by cables with three seismometers disposed at various places on the monuments (18 November 1982).

- 45 -

Photo No. 17 Photo No. 18

I'

Photo No. 19

Photo Nos. 17, 18 & 19 - Pagan, Temple 1323 Kubyaukgyi, workshop on conservation of mural paintings in the south corridor organized by Mrs D. Zari (Rome), 17 February 1983.

!.J i ,!'L, S, ! PAKHANG' i BlMANMAo -l ,-"...i

LEGAING SAGL

HISTORICAL SITES IN BURMA Figure 1

- 47 -

c . .. ... . ,. .. . .. . . . .

. . ... .. . . ... :. , .... _.. .. .::;.,. ,

: -.:.,.- . .

c

' MlNANTH(

5,Km

JNG U 1

N

I 2, 3, 4 , I I I I

/ I

1 I I I 1 . 1 Inventory of Pagan Monuments - Sector covered by Volume I

4