presentation week 1 final

8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final

1/37

Global Issues: Challenges of

Globalization

Week 1


2/37

From International Relations

to Global IssuesInternational Relations

- is essentially concerned with interaction

among worlds state governments and actors

-modern state began in Europe in 1648 in thePeace of Westphalia which ended the ThirtyYears War


3/37


to Global Issues- States and nations are used interchangeably;

they are not exactly the same

a) a state is a legal and political unit that mustbe internationally recognized, be politicallyorganized, and be a populated geographic areathat has sovereignty

Note:sovereignty is the ability of the state to be independent from thecontrol of another state

All states have ideologies (=system of values, beliefs and ideas)


4/37

b) nation, meanwhile, speaks of a groupof people who have strong emotional,

cultural, linguistic, religious andhistorical ties

- Scholars and practitioners in

international relations prefer to usenation-state


to Global Issues


5/37


to Global Issues- International relations generally would like

to answer three questions

a) contexts in which states operates; howthese contexts shape or influence thedecisions governments make

b) major objectives of states and ininternational politics

c) Explanations as to the choices of the

states


6/37


to Global Issues-at the heart of those questions lies the

concept of powerpower is the ability to get others to do things they wouldordinarily do or to behave in ways they would prefer to avoid

- Core understanding of internationalrelations is the view of power struggleamong countriesState-centric model emphasizes that states as the dominant,almost exclusive actor in world politics


7/37

Core Principles

IR revolves around one key problem:

How can a groupsuch as two or more nations

serve its collectiveinterests when doing sorequires its members to forego their individualinterests?

Example: Problem of global warming. Solving it can onlybe achieved by many countries acting together.

Collective goods problem

The problem of how to provide something that benefitsall members of a group regardless of what each membercontributes to it


8/37

Core Principles

In general, collective goods are easier toprovide in small groups than large ones.

Small group: defection (free riding) is harder toconceal and has a greater impact on the overallcollective good, and is easier to punish.

Collective goods problem occurs in all groups

and societies Particularly acute in international affairs

No central authority such as a world government toenforce on individual nations the necessary measures to

provide for the common good


9/37

Core Principles

Three basic principles offer possiblesolutions for this core problem of

getting individuals to cooperate for thecommon good without a centralauthority to make them do so.


10/37

Dominance Solves the collective goods problem by establishing a

power hierarchy in which those at the top controlthose below Status hierarchy

Symbolic acts of submission and dominance reinforce thehierarchy.

Hegemon/superpower

The advantage of the dominance solution Forces members of a group to contribute to the common

good

Minimizes open conflict within the group Disadvantage of the dominance solution

Stability comes at a cost of constant oppression of, andresentment by, the lower-ranking members of the statushierarchy.

Conflicts over position can sometimes harm the groups

stability and well-being.


11/37

Reciprocity Solves the collective goods problem by

rewarding behavior that contributes to thegroup and punishing behavior that pursues

self-interest at the cost of the group Easy to understand and can be enforced without

any central authority

Positive and negative reciprocity

Disadvantage: It can lead to a downward spiral aseach side punishes what it believes to be thenegative acts of the other. Generally people overestimate their own good intentions

and underestimate those of opponents or rivals.


12/37

Identity Identity principle does not rely on self-

interest.

Members of an identity community care about

the interests of others in the communityenough to sacrifice their own interests tobenefit others.

Family, extended family, kinship group roots

In IR, identity communities play importantroles in overcoming difficult collective goodsproblems.

Nonstate actors also rely on identity politics.


13/37


14/37

IR as a Field of Study Practical discipline Theoretical debates are fundamental, but unresolved. IR is about international politics, but the field is

interdisciplinary: relates to economics, history,sociology, and others Usually taught within political science classes Domestic politics of foreign countries, although overlapping

with IR, generally make up the separate field of comparativepolitics.

Issue areas: global trade, the environment, etc. Conflict and cooperation mix in relationships among

nations Subfields

International security studies

International political economy (IPE)


15/37


16/37

Pluralism andInterdependence

-the transition from traditional internationalto global issues is based on the theory of

pluralism and interdependence- Its main concern is how human activities

are intertwined and interconnected

- The theory takes into consideration thenonstate actors

Note: nonstate actors are organizations that are not formally

associated with governments and play a crucial role in international

agenda


17/37

Pluralism and Interdependence

- In an increasing global society, humansecurity is strengthened

human security deals with everyday challenges humans face that

involve military issues

- Human security focuses on 7 aspects Economic security

Food security

Health security Environmental security

Personal security

Community security

Political security


18/37

Pluralism andInterdependence

- Global issues tackle the new period ininternational relations or post-international

politics- Global issues indicates how globalization

intertwines many aspects of human

activities and how essential it is to adoptan interdisciplinary approach in order tounderstand our world and its impact in our

lives


19/37

State Actors

Most important actors in IR are states.

State: A territorial entity controlled by

a government and inhabited by apopulation. State government exercises sovereignty

over its territory.

Recognized as sovereign by other states Population forms a civil society; group

identity

Seat of government with a leaderheadof government or head of state


20/37

State Actors

The international system: Set of relationships among the worlds states, structured

according to certain rules and patterns of interaction. Modern international system has existed for less than 500

years. Nation-states Major source of conflict: Frequent mismatch between

perceived nations and actual borders. Populations vary dramatically.

Great variation in terms of the size of states total annualeconomic activity Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Great powers Most powerful of these states are called superpowers


21/37

Figure 1.1


22/37

State Actors Not formally recognizedas states

Taiwan: operatesindependently but claimedby China

Formal colonies and

possessions: Puerto Rico(U.S), Bermuda (British),Martinique (French),French Guiana, theNetherlands Antilles(Dutch), the Falkland

Islands (British), and Guam(U.S.) Hong Kong (reverted from

British to Chinese rule) The Vatican (Holy See)

ambiguous status

Including various suchterritorial entities withstates brings the worldtotal to about 200 stateor quasi-state actors.

Other would-be states: Kurdistan (Iraq), Abkhazia

(Georgia), and Somaliland(Somalia) may fully controlthe territory they claim butare not internationallyrecognized


23/37

Nonstate Actors State actors are strongly influenced

by a variety of nonstate actors.

Called transnational actors when theyoperate across international borders

Intergovernmental organizations

(IGOs) Examples: OPEC, WTO, African Union,

UN

Vary in size from a few states to thewhole UN membership

Nongovernmental organizations(NGOs) Private organizations; no single

pattern

Examples: Amnesty International, RedCross

NGO, House of Peace


24/37

Nonstate Actors

Multinational corporations Companies that span multiple countries

Substate actors Exist within one country but either influence that

countrys foreign policy or operate internationally,or both

Example: State of Ohio (entirely a U.S. entity)

operates an International Trade Division


25/37

Table 1.2


26/37

Levels of Analysis Many actors involved in IR

Leads to complexity of competing explanations and theories

Response: IR scholars sorted out the influences,actors, and processes, and categorize them intodifferent levels of analysis Perspective on IR based on a set of similar actors or

processes that suggests possible explanations to whyquestions

Individual, domestic(state or societal), interstate,globallevels of analysis

Example of applying different levels of analysis War in Iraq

No correct level for a given why question. Levels of analysis help suggest multiple explanations

and approaches to consider in trying to explain an

event.


27/37

Table 1.3


28/37

Interdependence andglobalization

Interdependence- a political andeconomic situation in which two states

are simultaneously dependent on eachother for well-being

Globalizationthe integration of markets,politics, values and environmentalconcerns across borders


29/37

Periods of globalizationFirst wave of globalization is as old as human civilization

Second wave of globalization is associated with the Europeanconquest of Asia, Latin America and Africa

Third wave of globalization which began in 1870 and declinedaround 1914 was marked by breakthrough in technologicaldevelopments, global production of primary commodities and massmigration; 1914-1945

Fourth wave of globalization was from 1945 to 1980 spurred by

retreat of nationalism and protectionism and the strengthening ofinternationalism and global cooperation, led by U.S.

Fifth wave of globalization is the current period characterized byunprecedented interdependence among nations and the powerfulnonstate actors


30/37

Causes of Globalization

Natural desire of man

Revolutions in transportation

Financial market integration

Advances in military and medicaltechnology


31/37

Forms of globalization

Economic and trade globalization

Financial globalization

Political globalization

Military globalization

Cultural globalization


32/37

Resistance to globalization

Mainly coming from U.S.A. and France


33/37

Globalization Globalization: Three conceptions of/schools of

thought on this process compete.1. Globalization as the fruition of liberal economic

principles/global marketplace

2. Perspective characterized by skepticism: Worlds majoreconomies are more integrated today than before WWI.North-South divide increasing with globalization; distinctand rival regional blocs; fragmenting of larger units intosmaller ones

3. Globalization as more profound than the skeptics believe,yet more uncertain than the view of supporters of liberaleconomics.

Globalization is changing both international securityand IPE, but IPE more quickly and profoundly.


34/37

Figure 1.2


35/37

Table 1.5


36/37

Myths/Debates(?) globalization(1) Downward pressure on wages

- a more significant factor is technology

(2) The race to the bottom- Globalization has not caused the worlds multinational corporations to simply scour the globe in

search of the lowest-paid laborers.

(3) Globalization is irreversible-In the long run, globalization is likely to be an unrelenting phenomenon. But for significant periods of

time, its momentum can be hindered by a variety of factors, ranging from political will to availability ofinfrastructure

(4) Openness to globalization will, on its own, deliver economicgrowth

- Integrating with the global economy is, as economists like to say, anecessary, but not sufficient, condition for economic growth.

(5) The shrinking state

-Technologies that facilitate communication and commerce have curbedthe power of some despots throughout the world, but in a globalizedworld governments take on new importance in one critical respect,namely, setting, and enforcing, rules with respect to contracts andproperty rights.


37/37

Global Issues: Challenges of

Globalization

Week 1

presentation week 1 final

Documents