Download - Presentation Week 1 Final
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
1/37
Global Issues: Challenges of
Globalization
Week 1
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
2/37
From International Relations
to Global IssuesInternational Relations
- is essentially concerned with interaction
among worlds state governments and actors
-modern state began in Europe in 1648 in thePeace of Westphalia which ended the ThirtyYears War
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
3/37
From International Relations
to Global Issues- States and nations are used interchangeably;
they are not exactly the same
a) a state is a legal and political unit that mustbe internationally recognized, be politicallyorganized, and be a populated geographic areathat has sovereignty
Note:sovereignty is the ability of the state to be independent from thecontrol of another state
All states have ideologies (=system of values, beliefs and ideas)
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
4/37
b) nation, meanwhile, speaks of a groupof people who have strong emotional,
cultural, linguistic, religious andhistorical ties
- Scholars and practitioners in
international relations prefer to usenation-state
From International Relations
to Global Issues
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
5/37
From International Relations
to Global Issues- International relations generally would like
to answer three questions
a) contexts in which states operates; howthese contexts shape or influence thedecisions governments make
b) major objectives of states and ininternational politics
c) Explanations as to the choices of the
states
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
6/37
From International Relations
to Global Issues-at the heart of those questions lies the
concept of powerpower is the ability to get others to do things they wouldordinarily do or to behave in ways they would prefer to avoid
- Core understanding of internationalrelations is the view of power struggleamong countriesState-centric model emphasizes that states as the dominant,almost exclusive actor in world politics
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
7/37
Core Principles
IR revolves around one key problem:
How can a groupsuch as two or more nations
serve its collectiveinterests when doing sorequires its members to forego their individualinterests?
Example: Problem of global warming. Solving it can onlybe achieved by many countries acting together.
Collective goods problem
The problem of how to provide something that benefitsall members of a group regardless of what each membercontributes to it
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
8/37
Core Principles
In general, collective goods are easier toprovide in small groups than large ones.
Small group: defection (free riding) is harder toconceal and has a greater impact on the overallcollective good, and is easier to punish.
Collective goods problem occurs in all groups
and societies Particularly acute in international affairs
No central authority such as a world government toenforce on individual nations the necessary measures to
provide for the common good
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
9/37
Core Principles
Three basic principles offer possiblesolutions for this core problem of
getting individuals to cooperate for thecommon good without a centralauthority to make them do so.
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
10/37
Dominance Solves the collective goods problem by establishing a
power hierarchy in which those at the top controlthose below Status hierarchy
Symbolic acts of submission and dominance reinforce thehierarchy.
Hegemon/superpower
The advantage of the dominance solution Forces members of a group to contribute to the common
good
Minimizes open conflict within the group Disadvantage of the dominance solution
Stability comes at a cost of constant oppression of, andresentment by, the lower-ranking members of the statushierarchy.
Conflicts over position can sometimes harm the groups
stability and well-being.
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
11/37
Reciprocity Solves the collective goods problem by
rewarding behavior that contributes to thegroup and punishing behavior that pursues
self-interest at the cost of the group Easy to understand and can be enforced without
any central authority
Positive and negative reciprocity
Disadvantage: It can lead to a downward spiral aseach side punishes what it believes to be thenegative acts of the other. Generally people overestimate their own good intentions
and underestimate those of opponents or rivals.
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
12/37
Identity Identity principle does not rely on self-
interest.
Members of an identity community care about
the interests of others in the communityenough to sacrifice their own interests tobenefit others.
Family, extended family, kinship group roots
In IR, identity communities play importantroles in overcoming difficult collective goodsproblems.
Nonstate actors also rely on identity politics.
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
13/37
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
14/37
IR as a Field of Study Practical discipline Theoretical debates are fundamental, but unresolved. IR is about international politics, but the field is
interdisciplinary: relates to economics, history,sociology, and others Usually taught within political science classes Domestic politics of foreign countries, although overlapping
with IR, generally make up the separate field of comparativepolitics.
Issue areas: global trade, the environment, etc. Conflict and cooperation mix in relationships among
nations Subfields
International security studies
International political economy (IPE)
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
15/37
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
16/37
Pluralism andInterdependence
-the transition from traditional internationalto global issues is based on the theory of
pluralism and interdependence- Its main concern is how human activities
are intertwined and interconnected
- The theory takes into consideration thenonstate actors
Note: nonstate actors are organizations that are not formally
associated with governments and play a crucial role in international
agenda
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
17/37
Pluralism and Interdependence
- In an increasing global society, humansecurity is strengthened
human security deals with everyday challenges humans face that
involve military issues
- Human security focuses on 7 aspects Economic security
Food security
Health security Environmental security
Personal security
Community security
Political security
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
18/37
Pluralism andInterdependence
- Global issues tackle the new period ininternational relations or post-international
politics- Global issues indicates how globalization
intertwines many aspects of human
activities and how essential it is to adoptan interdisciplinary approach in order tounderstand our world and its impact in our
lives
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
19/37
State Actors
Most important actors in IR are states.
State: A territorial entity controlled by
a government and inhabited by apopulation. State government exercises sovereignty
over its territory.
Recognized as sovereign by other states Population forms a civil society; group
identity
Seat of government with a leaderheadof government or head of state
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
20/37
State Actors
The international system: Set of relationships among the worlds states, structured
according to certain rules and patterns of interaction. Modern international system has existed for less than 500
years. Nation-states Major source of conflict: Frequent mismatch between
perceived nations and actual borders. Populations vary dramatically.
Great variation in terms of the size of states total annualeconomic activity Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Great powers Most powerful of these states are called superpowers
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
21/37
Figure 1.1
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
22/37
State Actors Not formally recognizedas states
Taiwan: operatesindependently but claimedby China
Formal colonies and
possessions: Puerto Rico(U.S), Bermuda (British),Martinique (French),French Guiana, theNetherlands Antilles(Dutch), the Falkland
Islands (British), and Guam(U.S.) Hong Kong (reverted from
British to Chinese rule) The Vatican (Holy See)
ambiguous status
Including various suchterritorial entities withstates brings the worldtotal to about 200 stateor quasi-state actors.
Other would-be states: Kurdistan (Iraq), Abkhazia
(Georgia), and Somaliland(Somalia) may fully controlthe territory they claim butare not internationallyrecognized
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
23/37
Nonstate Actors State actors are strongly influenced
by a variety of nonstate actors.
Called transnational actors when theyoperate across international borders
Intergovernmental organizations
(IGOs) Examples: OPEC, WTO, African Union,
UN
Vary in size from a few states to thewhole UN membership
Nongovernmental organizations(NGOs) Private organizations; no single
pattern
Examples: Amnesty International, RedCross
NGO, House of Peace
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
24/37
Nonstate Actors
Multinational corporations Companies that span multiple countries
Substate actors Exist within one country but either influence that
countrys foreign policy or operate internationally,or both
Example: State of Ohio (entirely a U.S. entity)
operates an International Trade Division
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
25/37
Table 1.2
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
26/37
Levels of Analysis Many actors involved in IR
Leads to complexity of competing explanations and theories
Response: IR scholars sorted out the influences,actors, and processes, and categorize them intodifferent levels of analysis Perspective on IR based on a set of similar actors or
processes that suggests possible explanations to whyquestions
Individual, domestic(state or societal), interstate,globallevels of analysis
Example of applying different levels of analysis War in Iraq
No correct level for a given why question. Levels of analysis help suggest multiple explanations
and approaches to consider in trying to explain an
event.
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
27/37
Table 1.3
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
28/37
Interdependence andglobalization
Interdependence- a political andeconomic situation in which two states
are simultaneously dependent on eachother for well-being
Globalizationthe integration of markets,politics, values and environmentalconcerns across borders
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
29/37
Periods of globalizationFirst wave of globalization is as old as human civilization
Second wave of globalization is associated with the Europeanconquest of Asia, Latin America and Africa
Third wave of globalization which began in 1870 and declinedaround 1914 was marked by breakthrough in technologicaldevelopments, global production of primary commodities and massmigration; 1914-1945
Fourth wave of globalization was from 1945 to 1980 spurred by
retreat of nationalism and protectionism and the strengthening ofinternationalism and global cooperation, led by U.S.
Fifth wave of globalization is the current period characterized byunprecedented interdependence among nations and the powerfulnonstate actors
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
30/37
Causes of Globalization
Natural desire of man
Revolutions in transportation
Financial market integration
Advances in military and medicaltechnology
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
31/37
Forms of globalization
Economic and trade globalization
Financial globalization
Political globalization
Military globalization
Cultural globalization
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
32/37
Resistance to globalization
Mainly coming from U.S.A. and France
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
33/37
Globalization Globalization: Three conceptions of/schools of
thought on this process compete.1. Globalization as the fruition of liberal economic
principles/global marketplace
2. Perspective characterized by skepticism: Worlds majoreconomies are more integrated today than before WWI.North-South divide increasing with globalization; distinctand rival regional blocs; fragmenting of larger units intosmaller ones
3. Globalization as more profound than the skeptics believe,yet more uncertain than the view of supporters of liberaleconomics.
Globalization is changing both international securityand IPE, but IPE more quickly and profoundly.
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
34/37
Figure 1.2
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
35/37
Table 1.5
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
36/37
Myths/Debates(?) globalization(1) Downward pressure on wages
- a more significant factor is technology
(2) The race to the bottom- Globalization has not caused the worlds multinational corporations to simply scour the globe in
search of the lowest-paid laborers.
(3) Globalization is irreversible-In the long run, globalization is likely to be an unrelenting phenomenon. But for significant periods of
time, its momentum can be hindered by a variety of factors, ranging from political will to availability ofinfrastructure
(4) Openness to globalization will, on its own, deliver economicgrowth
- Integrating with the global economy is, as economists like to say, anecessary, but not sufficient, condition for economic growth.
(5) The shrinking state
-Technologies that facilitate communication and commerce have curbedthe power of some despots throughout the world, but in a globalizedworld governments take on new importance in one critical respect,namely, setting, and enforcing, rules with respect to contracts andproperty rights.
-
8/13/2019 Presentation Week 1 Final
37/37
Global Issues: Challenges of
Globalization
Week 1