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Presentation to theBoard on Physics and Astronomy

Office of Nuclear Physics Office of Science

Department of EnergyApril 24, 2008

Eugene A. HenryActing Associate Director of the Office of Science

for Nuclear PhysicsU.S. Department of Energy

OFFICE OF

SCIENCE

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Nuclear Physics Program Mission

Mission:To discover, explore and understand all forms of nuclear matter; to understand how the fundamentalparticles, quarks and gluons, fit together and interact to create different types of matter in the

universe, including those no longer found naturally

Priorities:• To understand how quarks and gluons assemble into the various forms of matter and to search for yet

undiscovered forms of matter• To understand how protons and neutrons combine to form atomic nuclei and how these nuclei have emerged

during the 13.7 billion years since the origin of the cosmos• To understand the fundamental properties of the neutron and develop a better understanding of the neutrino • To conceive, plan, design, construct, and operate national scientific user facilities; to develop new detector and

accelerator technologies • To provide stewardship of isotope production and technologies to advance important applications, research and

tools for the nation • To foster integration of the research with the work of other organizations in DOE

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SC Nuclear Physics Program is the Federal Steward

Responsible for Strategic Planning and Funding• Identify the scientific opportunities for discoveries and advancements

• Build and operate forefront facilities to address these opportunities

• Develop and support a research community that delivers significant outcomes

• Work with other agencies/countries to optimize use of U.S. resources

Goals are:• World-class facility research capabilities (to make significant discoveries/advancements)

• A strong, sustainable research community (to deliver significant outcomes)

• Forefront advanced technologies capabilities (for next-generation capabilities)

• A well-managed & staffed, strategic sustainable program (that ensures leadership/optimize resources)

Deliverables are:• New insights and advancements in the fundamental nature of matter and energy

• New and accumulated knowledge, developed and cutting-edge technologies, and a highly- trained next-generation workforce that will underpin the Department ’s missions and the Nation’s nuclear-related endeavors

• Isotopes for basic and applied sciences

DOE/SC is the largest supporter of nuclear physics in the US and operates large National User Facilities

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Nuclear Physics Program in the U.S.

LBNL

WASHWASHINTINT

LANLLANL

ORNL

ANL

TAMUTAMU

TUNLTUNLTJNAF

BNL

YALEYALE

MITMIT

LLNL

UniversityUser FacilityUniversity Facility/Center of Excellence Laboratory Facility

National User Facilities• RHIC (BNL)• CEBAF (TJNAF)• ATLAS (ANL)• HRIBF (ORNL)

Research Groups • 85 Universities• 9 National Laboratories

NP Workforce~720 Faculty & Lab Res Staff~400 Post-docs~500 Graduate Students~100 Undergraduate Students

Centers of Excellence• CENPA (U. of Wash)• INT (U. of Wash.)• TAMU (Texas A&M) • TUNL (Duke)• REC (MIT)• WNSL (Yale)

Other Laboratory Facilities• 88-Inch Cyclotron (LBNL)• 200 MeV BLIP (BNL)• 100 MeV IPF (LANL)• Hot Cell Facilities at BNL,

LANL, ORNL

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U.S. Nuclear Physics

Federal investments in the last decade have made the U.S. leaders in Nuclear Physics

• World leaders in two major subfields (Physics of QCD)

– Hot, dense nuclear matter (RHIC)

– Quark structure of matter (CEBAF & RHIC)

• Among the leaders in other subfields

– Nuclear structure/astrophysics (ATLAS, HRIBF and MSU (NSF))

– Neutrino science/fundamental symmetries (KamLAND, MiniBooNE, CUORE)

• These research capabilities are delivering today

– Scientific discoveries and advances in new technologies

– Attracting and training next generation scientists

International investments challenge this leadership in the future

• Heavy ion LHC program à RHIC (heavy ions) Hot, dense nuclear matter

• FAIR (Germany)/J-PARC (Japan) à CEBAF/RHIC (protons) Quark Structure of Matter

• FAIR (Germany)/RIKEN (Japan) à ATLAS/HRIBF/(MSU) Nuclear ISAC (Canada)/SPIRAL II (France) Structure/Astrophysics

Investments are needed for the U.S. to maintain leadership in this field

• Opportunities to address the forefront questions have been identified

• Plan to implement a U.S. leadership nuclear physics program is developed and being carried out

• Requires funding above Cost-of-Living (i.e..; investments)

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Scientific Opportunitiesand Priorities

Scientific frontiers and opportunities are identified by the scientific community

• Primary guidance has come from DOE/NSF Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC)

• Other guidance obtained from National Academy of Science (NAS), Interagency/International studies, facility PACs, etc.

The Frontiers of Nuclear Physics

Quantum ChromodynamicsFrom the Structure of Hadrons to the Phases of Nuclear Matter

NucleiFrom Structure of Nuclei to Exploding Stars

In Search of the New Standard ModelNeutrinos and Fundamental Interactions

Investments in new capabilities are prioritized in the LRP

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Implementing the Recommendations of the LRP

The program has taken significant steps during the past year to implement the Long Range Plan

• Michigan State University was announced as the site and operating institution for the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams inDecember 2008

• Luminosity and detector upgrades are underway for RHIC

• The 12 GeV CEBAF Upgrade project CD-3 was approved September 2008; construction isstarted

• The Fundamental NeutronPhysics Beamline project CD-4Awas approved September 2008

The CUORE Double Beta Decay Neutrino Experiment MIE is preparingFor CD-2

PHENIX Barrel and Forward Vertex Detector

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NP has Five Subprograms

• Medium Energy– Primarily explores the the frontier of quantum chromodynamics– Spin structure of the proton– Parity violating processes relevant to the New Standard Model

• Heavy Ion– Investigates the frontier of quantum chromodynamics via studies of hot, dense nuclear matter

• Low Energy– Studies nuclear structure and nuclear astrophysics– Investigates the properties of neutrinos, and uses cold neutrons and nuclei to test the Standard Model

• Theory– Explores all three frontiers of nuclear physics– Encompasses the Nuclear Data Program

• Isotope Production and Applications– Produces, prepares and distributes isotopes for commercial applications and research– Research and development relevant to isotope production

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Medium Energy Subprogram

• Focuses primarily on questions having to do with Quantum Chromodynamics and the behavior of quarks and gluons inside protons and neutrons

– Interior landscape of the nucleons– Properties of strongly interacting matter– Transition from quarks and gluons to pions and nucleons– Role of gluons and gluon self-interactions in nucleons and nuclei

• Addresses some aspects of nuclei and nuclear astrophysics– Nature of the nuclear force that binds protons and neutrons into stable nuclei

• Examines certain aspects of fundamental symmetries and nuclei– Matter vs anti-matter asymmetry in the visible matter of the universe– The unseen forces present at the dawn of the universe,

but that have disappeared from view as it has evolved

Understanding the coupling of protons andneutrons inside nuclei• High momentum protons are 20 times more

likely to pair up with neutrons than other protons inside nuclei

• Better understanding of pairing inside nuclei• Could have a significant impact on the structure

of neutron stars

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CEBAF at JLab Provides Polarized 6 GeV Electron Beams

World’s Premier Facility for studies of:• Quark structure of matter• Nuclear structure and weak interactions

with polarized electrons

Core Competencies utilized by others• SRF cavities for SNS• Improvements in cryogenics (efficiencies)• FEL and ERL for USN/USAF• SRF cavities for FRIB• SRF cavities for ILC R&D• Technology transfer

Premier NP User Facility• User community of ~1350• Outstanding science

Accelerator Core Competencies

• Nucleon weak coupling• Quark structure of the nucleon• Quark flavor masses

Technology Transfer

CEBAF Jefferson LaboratoryCEBAF Jefferson Laboratory

SNS SC RF cavities at JLAB

Developed most powerful FEL

Single crystal Niobium gives promise for high gradients for acceleration (ILC)

Dillon Gamma Camera used in scanning for breast cancer

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Heavy Ion Subprogram

• Focuses primarily on questions having to do with Quantum Chromodynamics and the behavior of hot, dense nuclear matter

– Phases of hot, dense nuclear matter– Roles in the cosmos– Transition from quarks and gluons into pions and nucleons– Key features of QCD and their relation to the nature of gravity

and spacetime

Properties of a “Quark Soup”• Behavior of the quenched far side jet in Au-Au

collisions is interpreted as evidence for a near perfect Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) liquid

• Density is estimated to be 100 times the density of normal nuclear matter

• String theory methods have been found useful in estimating viscosity and entropy density of the QGP--is this coincidence?

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RHIC at BNL - Heavy Ion Beams and High Energy Polarized Protons

RHIC Brookhaven National LaboratoryRHIC Brookhaven National Laboratory

World’s Premier Facility for studies of:• Hot, dense nuclear matter• Structure of the proton

Unique Capabilities utilized by Others• NASA (NSRL)• DOE NE (BLIP)• NASA, others (SEU, commercial)

Core Competencies utilized by others• Synchrotron for SNS• Magnets/Tier I Center for LHC• USN work for ERL• Technology transfer

Premier NP User Facility

• User community of ~1200• Outstanding Science

NSRL (NASA)BLIP (DOE IPA)

Capabilities used by others

Tandem van de Graff(SEU, micro-filter) • “Perfect” QGP liquid

• Connection to string theory• Proton’s spin (gluons)

Accelerator Core Competencies • Synchrotron and component for SNS• Magnets for LHC• ERL for USN• Designs for medical synchrotrons

Instrumentation Core Competency• World-class Instrumentation Group• Awake Animal Imaging• Micro-electronics/detectors for PET• etc.

Fast kicker system designed and built for the SNS Awake animal imaging

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Low Energy Subprogram

• Focuses primarily on overarching questions in nuclei and nuclearastrophysics– Nature of the force that binds protons and neutrons into stable nuclei and rare isotopes– Origin of simple patterns in complex nuclei– Nature of neutron stars and dense nuclear matter– Origin of the elements in the cosmos– Reactions that drive star and stellar explosions

• Investigates aspects of fundamental symmetries and nuclei– Nature of neutrinos, their masses and the role they have played in shaping the universe– Domination of matter over anti-matter in the visible matter of the universe– The unseen forces present at the dawn of the universe, but that have disappeared from view as it

has evolved

Precision measurement of the charge radiusof helium nuclei, and understanding fundamental forces binding them together• Laser trapping and spectroscopy used to

measure the charge radii of rare nuclei 6He and 8He

• Good agreement with recent ab initio theoretical calculations incorporating 3-body forces

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ATLAS and HRIBF Provide Stable and Radioactive Beams

HRIBF Re-acceleratesRare Isotope Beams

• User Community:– ~700 users including international and

NSF-supported researchers• Core Capabilities:

– ATLAS: Superconducting Radiofrequency technology for heavy ion accelerators; gas cell heavy ion catchers

– HIRIBF; development of ISOL technology for radioactive ion beams

• Capabilities:– ATLAS: stable beams (1<A<238) with energies > 8

MeV/u– HRIBF: >175 radioactive ion beams with energies

above the Coulomb barrier for Sn• Programs:

– ATLAS: NS at the proton drip line, N=Z and heavy nuclei; CNO cycle breakout and cosmogenicgamma-ray emitters; precision mass measurements

– HRIBF: delayed proton decay, NS at the proton drip line, closed-shell neutron rich nuclei; CNO cycle breakout, rp - and r-processes

• New Capabilities:– ATLAS: CARIBU source of complementary RIBs;

HELIOS spectrometer for reaction studies with RIBs in reverse kinematics; Canadian Penning Trap for precision mass measurements

– HRIBF: High Power Target Laboratory and Injector for Radioactive Ion Species 2; new endstation for study of rare isotopes including beta-delayed neutron decay; ORRUBA spectrometer for proton reactions with rare isotope beams (in collaboration with Rutgers/NNSA)

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Facility for Rare Isotope Beams

• Recommended by the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee, the DOE 20-Year Facilities Plan, and the National Academies

• Funding Opportunity Announcement called for proposals due July 21, 2008

• Followed overall approach of the successful FOA for the GTL BioCenters tailored to the needs of the scope associated with the establishment of a facility

• Conducted peer review with Merit Review Panel

• In December 2008 identified a site that can proceed with facility design and construction - made a single award for the establishment of an FRIB not to exceed $550,000,000

• Michigan State University selected for award

• Cooperative Agreement is being developed

• R&D, NEPA and Conceptual Design activities supported in FY 2009

FRIB provides world leading capability for nuclear structure, nuclear astrophysics and fundamental interaction studies

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Research and Experiments with Neutrinos

KamLAND inJapan

CUORE inItaly

KATRIN in Germany

NP plays a key role in the studies of neutrinos includingunderstanding their oscillation properties, if they are their own anti-particles, and determining their masses

• SNO and KamLAND have made precision measurementsof oscillation parameters in the 1-2 sector

• KamLAND made a first ever measurement of neutrinos originating in the earth

• NP researchers collaborate on three neutrino experiments:– Upgraded KamLAND to measure low energy solar neutrinos– CUORE to search for neutrino-less double beta decay– KATRIN to determine the neutrino mass (down to ~300 meV)

by measuring the shape of the tritium beta decay spectrum

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Theory Subprogram

• Addresses all three of the field’s scientific frontiers– Quantum chromodynamics– Nuclei and Nuclear Astrophysics– Fundamental Symmetries and Neutrinos

• The Nuclear Data Program activities are within this subprogram

– Compilation, evaluation, and dissemination of nuclear structure and reaction data

– Coordination with international nuclear data activities

Three body forces required to calculate themasses of heavy Helium nuclei• Ab initio calculations of Helium masses carried

out as part of SciDAC-2 show a systematic deviation compared to those measured

• Deviation attributed to three-body forces missing in these calculations

• Coupled cluster calculations are being carried out for medium mass nuclei with up to 40 and 48 protons and neutrons

Evaluated NuclearData

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Isotope Development and Production for Research and Applications Subprogram

Developed the production of high specificactivity 177Lu used in peptide radio-labeling• Emits low energy beta particles, reducing

radiation side effects• Provides tissue-penetration range appropriate

for smaller tumors, and colon, bone, liver, and lung cancer

• Distributed worldwide for testing

• Supplies radioisotopes and stable isotopes for research and applications for the Nation– Transferred from the Office of Nuclear Engineering to NP with the 2009 Appropriation– Produces, processes, packages and delivers isotopes for those isotopes not produced commercially– Re-establishing research and development of isotope production and the production of research isotopes– Pricing policy for research isotopes being developed; commercial isotopes are sold at full cost recovery– Serves a broad community of Federal agencies in addition to DOE—NIH, NIST, EPA, NNSA, DHS…

– Responding to several reports, studies and workshops– Advancing Nuclear Medicine through Innovations,

NAS report identifying several areas warranting attention– Workshop on The Nation’s Needs for Isotopes: Present and Future,

NP sponsored workshop

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Nuclear Physics Develops Advanced Instrumentation and Techniques

Materials Testing and Modification Trace-isotope analysis Ion implantation Surface modifications Flux-pinning in high-Tc

superconductors Free-electron lasers Cold and ultracold neutrons Single-event efforts Microphone filters

Energy Production and Exploration

Nuclear reactors Oil-well logging R&D for next generation nuclear

reactors

Art and Archaeology Authentication Nuclear dating

Environmental Applications Climate-change monitoring Pollution control Groundwater monitoring Ocean-current monitoring Radioactive-waste burning

Safety and National Security Airport safety and security Large-scale x-ray scanners Nuclear materials detectionArms control and nonproliferation Stockpile stewardship Tritium production Space-radiation health effects Semi-conductors in radiation

environmentsFood sterilization

Material Analysis Activation analysis Accelerator mass spectrometry Atom-trap trace analysis Forensic dosimetryProton-induced x-ray emission Rutherfold backgroundingIon-induced secondary-ion emission Muon spin rotation

Medical Diagnostics and Therapy Radiography Computerized tomography Positron emission tomography MRI (regular) MRI (with polarized noble gases) Photon therapy Particle-beam therapies

36Cl

Imaging lungs with polarized Xe

Searching for SNM with cosmic rays

Nuclear Data for next next generation reactors

Accelerator mass spectrometry of sea water to monitor deep currents

Determination of ages of Egyptian aquiferswith ATTA

Tests of micro-electronics for space applications

ORNL

ANL

LBNL

U of VATJNAF

LANL

BNL

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Budget

FY 2008 FY 2009

Nuclear Physics Approp. Approp.

Medium Energy Nuclear Physics 112,027 121,752

Heavy Ion Nuclear Physics 186,626 200,373

Low Energy Nuclear Physics 83,623 94,618

[Facility for Rare Isotope Beams] 0 7,000

Nuclear Theory 34,411 39,376

Isotope Development and Production

for Research and Applications 0 24,900

416,687 474,019

Construction

12 GeV CEBAF Upgrade 13,377 28,623

EBIS 4,162 2,438

Total Nuclear Physics 434,226 512,080

20%

14%

3%55%

6% 2%

Lab Research 1/

Univ Research

Other Research 2/

Facility Operations 3/

Construction Projects

Other 4/ 1/ Includes Lab Research and MIEs2/ Includes Accelerator R&D and Generic Rare Isotope Beam R&D 3/ Includes Scientific User Facilities Operations and Other Facility Operations4/ Includes BNL GPE and FRIB Other Project Costs (R&D & Conceptual Design)

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Office of Nuclear Physics Funding

The FY 2009 Appropriation for NP is $512,080,000 and includes the transfer of the Isotopes Program to NP, and an increase in construction. Research and operations increase by about 9%.

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Bevalac Ops

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Research

The U.S. nuclear physics program today is a world-leader or among the leaders in all the major scientific thrusts of nuclear physics today because of past investments.

Sustained funding is needed to operate the facilities and support the research community to realize the benefits of the past investments and achieve the planned goals.

Investments in expanded research capabilities are needed to remain competitive and maintain a leadership role in the future.

In the context of the a doubled budget for the Office of Science over next ten years –there an opportunity for NP to implement a world-class program that will deliver new insight into the nature and structure of matter – that will have significant impact outside of nuclear physics.

Within a doubling budget profile, the NP program can support a robust research program and deliver the planned facilities and capabilities.

Summary