Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

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A New Ensemble of Global Navigation Systems-Competition or Cooperation?

Will Users Realize the full Benefit?

Professor Bradford Parkinson

Stanford University(GPS Chief Architect and original Program Director)

04/21/23

Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

GPS/GNSS - a Critical Component of the Global Information Infrastructure

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SatelliteOperations

SatelliteOperations

Power Grids

Power Grids

Personal NavigationPersonal Navigation

CommunicationsCommunications

AviationAviation

Fishing & BoatingFishing & BoatingOil ExplorationOil Exploration

Trucking & Shipping

Trucking & Shipping

Surveying & MappingSurveying & MappingPrecision AgriculturePrecision Agriculture

Disease ControlDisease Control

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Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

GPS Program Status

• 32 Operational Satellites on orbit as of Feb 15– GPS IIR(M): 4 Successful launches since Oct 07

• 2nd civil signal (L2C) and M-Code (L1M & L2M)

• 3rd civil signal (L5) turned on 10 April, 2009

– GPS IIF: Completed all functional/performance tests

• 3rd civil signal (L5) and Anti-jam flex power

– GPS IIIA: Awarded to Lockheed Martin Space Systems, May 08

• 4th civil signal (L1C) and removal of Selective Availability capability

• With OCX, improved accuracy

• Operational Control Segment (OCS) upgraded, Sep 07– Alternate Master Control Station fully functional

• Next Generation Operational Control Segment (OCX)– Needed for GPS III satellites & full functionality of modernized signals

– Awarded Phase A contracts to Northrop and Raytheon, Nov 07

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GPS Modernization: System-wide improvements in accuracy, availability, integrity, reliability and robustness against interference

GPS Modernization: System-wide improvements in accuracy, availability, integrity, reliability and robustness against interference

Keys to the Global Success of GPS

• Program Stability and Performance

• Policy Stability and Transparency

• Private Sector Entrepreneurship and

Investment

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What’s Next?

04/21/23 Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

04/21/23 Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

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GLONASS – (Russia)

PNT to Explode with Opportunities

Galileo(European)GPS

(USA)

Compass (Beidou China)

QZSS(Japan)

The Five Design Keys (& Barriers to Entry)

1. The CDMA signal (PRN or Spread spectrum)

2. Van-Allen qualified atomic clocks

3. Orbit prediction to a few meters (URE) in 20,000 miles of travel

4. Spacecraft that lasted about ten years (cost of ownership)

5. User Equipment that could (eventually) be miniaturized (<$)

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International Augmentations

Differential GPS Networks

International GNSS Service Global Differential GPS System

Space-Based Augmentation Systems

04/21/23 Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

New Signals are On the Way

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Summary - Spectrum of Modernized GPS Signals

L5ARNS/RNSS Band

L1ARNS/RNSS Band

L2RNSS Band

P(Y)

C/A

L2C

M

L5

L1C

Earlier GPSDual Frequency w/ Semi-codeless P(Y)

Block IIR-MLaunch 2005Dual Frequency L1 C/A & L2C

Block IIF/IIR-M+Launch 2008Three Frequency L1 C/A, L2C, & L5

Block IIILaunch 2013L1C, L2C, L5, & L1 C/A Code

L5

New!

04/21/23 Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

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GPS L2 GPS L1

1164

MH

z

Galileo E1 L1 E2Galileo E6Galileo E5A Galileo E5B

GPS L5 GLONASSG2

GLONASS G1

1188

MH

z

1214

MH

z12

17M

Hz

1239

MH

z

1260

MH

z12

61M

Hz

1300

MH

z

1559

MH

z

1563

MH

z

1587

MH

z

1591

MH

z15

93M

Hz

1610

MH

z

RNSS Band

Upper L-Band

RNSS Band

1151

MH

z

1237

MH

z

ARNS Band ARNS Band

RNSS BandRNSS Band

GLONASSG3 ?

Compass B6

B1Compass B5B

B2

Coming: a Plethora of Signals

04/21/23 Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

Latest Signal Verified – L5

Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

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• L5 spectrum captured by Stanford 45.7m dish antenna. • Antenna gain as high as 52 dB, • L5 signal high above the noise floor in frequency.

• Clear L5 spectrum - both main lobe and two side lobes

04/21/23

Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

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Levels of Cooperation - New Systems:Can’t we just get along?

• Degrees of “Getting Along”– Compatible

• Lets not hurt each other

– Interoperable• I’ll try yours, you can try mine

– Interchangeable• Any four will do

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Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

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GPS and Galileo/Compass/GLONASS-

The Users Viewpoint• Real Measure: Interchangeability “Mix and Match” with the same

ranging accuracy

– Enabled by L1C - defined, implemented, and operable – including all

details

– Seamless WAAS/EGNOS/+ ?

– True clock Synchronization (Common Clock) and common grid

• Payoff – Availability, Accuracy and Robustness for

Worldwide Users

04/21/23

Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

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Achieving Interchangeability

• Simplest: Common Clock and Geodetic System– Probably Implies a common Control System– Nationalistic Resistance

• A New Proposal – Cross-Augmentation Reference System (CARS)– Each Satellite Broadcasts WAAS like

Corrections to allow it to be seamlessly operated as a part of the “other” constellation

04/21/23

Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

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GPS/Galileo CARS Example– Cross Augmentation Reference System

• GPS Monitor Stations track Galileo satellites (L1C)– Form WAAS-like Corrections for GPS satellites to

operate as Galileo Ranging sources (Clock and Position – Include integrity?)

– Include corrections as part of the GPS message – Result: GPS satellite is seamlessly useable as a part

of the Galileo Constellation

ANY Four Satellites will do: A step beyond Interoperable-CARS is truly “interchangeable”

04/21/23

Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

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CARS : GPS/Galileo ExampleFirst Step: Monitor the “other” constellation signals

GPS Control Segment

GPS

GPS GPS

GPS

Galileo

Galileo

Galileo

Galileo

• GPS Reference Receivers Monitor all L1C signals

• GPS Master Control Calculates a WAAS/EGNOS correction for each GPS satellite –for operation in the Galileo Constellation

04/21/23

Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

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GPS Control Segment

GPS

GPS GPS

GPS

Galileo

Galileo

Galileo

Galileo

CARS : GPS/Galileo ExampleSecond Step: Send Augmentation Corrections to Each “own” satellite to allow it to be “seen” (used) as a member of the other constellation

•Thus, any GPS satellite can operate as full member of the other constellation

• Note:

• Corrections are slowly changing (low data rate)

• Each GPS satellite only broadcasts its own correction to the Galileo reference

• Each constellation controls this use04/21/23

Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

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And Galileo would do the same for GPS (etc. for other GNSS Systems)

• Advantages:– Satellites are truly Interchangeable– Avoids issue of which time or which Geodetic

System– Very Low Rate message, low overhead– Very efficient – corrections broadcast only for the

satellite being used– Each Satellite Provider has some control over use of

their system– User can have highly accurate PNT in coordinates of

their choosing

04/21/23

Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

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Implementation of CARS

• Bi-Lateral Agreements

• Technical Working Group to adapt WAAS

or EGNOS-like format for message

– Include Integrity?

– Ionospheric correction probably not necessary

04/21/23

Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

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Conclusion

• We are entering an era with incredible

opportunities in Worldwide PNT

• With a concerted effort of cooperation, all

users should receive benefits:

economic, safety and convenience

• The ultimate goal is interchangeability

– CARS would enable this

04/21/23

Thank you –

Questions?04/21/23 Presentation to Chinese

Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"21

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U.S. Policy Promotes Global Use of GPS/GNSS Technology

• No direct user fees for civil GPS services– Provided on a continuous, worldwide basis

• Open, public signal structures for all civil services– Promotes equal access for user equipment manufacturing,

applications development, and value-added services

• Encourages open, market-driven competition• Protection of radionavigation spectrum from disruption and

interference • Service improvements for civil, commercial, and scientific

users worldwide • Global compatibility and interoperability with GPS

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U.S. Objectives in Working with Other GNSS Service Providers

• Ensure compatibility ― ability of U.S. and non-U.S. space-based PNT services to be used separately or together without interfering with each individual service or signal– Radio frequency compatibility– Spectral separation between M-code and other signals

• Achieve interoperability ― ability of civil U.S. and non-U.S. space-based PNT services to be used together to provide the user better capabilities than would be achieved by relying solely on one service or signal– Primary focus on the common L1C and L5 signals

• Ensure a level playing field in the global marketplace

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U.S. pursuing through both Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation

U.S. pursuing through both Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation

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Goal of Civil InteroperabilityIdeal interoperability provides users a PNT solution using signals from different GNSS systems– No additional

receiver cost or complexity

– No degradation in performance

Interoperable = Better Together Than Separate

Interoperable = Better Together Than Separate04/21/23 24Presentation to Chinese

Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

Private Sector Competition

• Competition in GNSS receiver/application markets leads to greater innovation, lower costs

• Fair competition means no preferential treatment for any particular companies– Equal (if not open) access to markets and information

• Freedom of choice desired for end users– Standards and other governmental measures should not

effectively mandate use of one GNSS over another• U.S. agreements with other GNSS providers include

language on fair trade and open markets– Working Group “B” established under GPS-Galileo

Agreement to discuss non-discriminatory approaches to trade in civil applications markets

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International Public Sector Cooperation

• Bilateral to include– Europe– Russia – Japan– India– Others

• Multilateral– International Committee on GNSS– Asia Pacific Economic

Cooperation– ICAO, IMO, and ITU

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U.S. - Europe Cooperation• 2004 U.S.-EU agreement provides foundation for cooperation

• Four working groups were set up under the agreement:– Technical, trade and security issues working groups have met

• Improved new civil signal (MBOC) adopted in July 2007

• First Plenary Meeting successfully held in October 2008

Oct. 22, 2008 , EU-U.S. Plenary delegations meeting under the auspices of the GPS-Galileo Cooperation Agreement

Signing ceremony for GPS-Galileo Cooperation Joint Statement, Oct. 23,

2008(Michel Bosco, European Commission; Kenneth Hodgkins, U.S. Dept of State)

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U.S. - Russian Federation Cooperation

• U.S.-Japan Joint statement on GPS cooperation in 1998– Japan’s Quasi Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) designed to be fully

compatible and highly interoperable with GPS– U.S. working with Japan to set up QZSS monitoring stations in Hawaii

and Guam in exchange for data access• U.S.- Russia Joint Statement issued in Dec 2004

– Negotiations for a U.S.-Russia Agreement on satellite navigation cooperation underway since late 2005 held:

– Considering adopting two new civil CDMA signals at L1, L5 to be interoperable with GPS

• U.S.-India Joint Statement on GNSS Cooperation in Feb 2007– Important topic is ionospheric distortion/solutions to this phenomena – Technical Meeting focused on GPS-IRNSS compatibility and

interoperability held in January and July 200804/21/23 28Presentation to Chinese

Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

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International Committee on GNSS

• Promotes GNSS use and integration into infrastructures, particularly in developing countries

• Encourages system compatibility, interoperability• Membership: GNSS providers, international

organizations and associations• Providers Forum

– United States, Europe, Russia, China, India, Japan– Focused discussions on compatibility, interoperability

• Next meeting: Sep 2009 in St. Petersburg, Russia

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Summary

• U.S. Space-based PNT Programs, Policy Implementation and Diplomatic efforts are progressing well– Continuing to improve GPS and Augmentation Systems

– International cooperation is a priority for the U.S.

• Compatibility, Interoperability, Market-Driven Competition

• GNSS use continues to expand with many new applications emerging

As new space-based GNSS emerge globally, public sector

cooperation is the key to “success for all”

As new space-based GNSS emerge globally, public sector

cooperation is the key to “success for all”04/21/23 Presentation to Chinese

Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"