presentation in hydrology

8/18/2019 Presentation in Hydrology

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A T M O S P H E R E

C o m p o s i

t i o n

C h a r a c t e

r i s t i c s

A n d S t a b i l i

t y


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Atmosphere (New Latin atmosphaera, created in

the 17th century from Greek ἀτμός[atmos !"a#or! and $%&'& [sphaira!)#here!* i) a +ayer of

a)e) )urroundin a #+anet-

.t #rotect) u) from )un ray)-

.t i) com#o)ed of 7/0 nitroen, 10o2yen, 10 other a)e)


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Layer) of the atmo)#here3 4ro#o)#here

5trato)#here

6e)o)#here 4hermo)#here


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Troposphere 4he word tro#o)#here come)

from tropein, meanin to turn orchane- ++ of the earth8) weatheroccur) in the tro#o)#here-

4he +owe)t +ayer of the atmo)#herein which tem#erature decrea)e) ata con)tant rate a) a+titude

increa)e)- 4he tem#erature a"erae) 19:;

(997:; (>

71:=* at the tro#o#au)e-


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4he +ayer end) at the #oint wheretem#erature no +oner "arie) with

heiht- 4hi) area, known a) thetro#o#au)e, mark) the tran)ition tothe )trato)#here-

tro#o)#here a)e)--- continua++ymi2-


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5trato)#here the +ayer of the atmo)#here that i)

a?o"e the tro#o)#here and in whichtem#erature increa)e) a) a+titudeincrea)e)

o@one +ayer i) in the )trato)#here a) a+titude increa)e), the

tem#erature a+)o increa)e) from

>97:; to >A:;- .t) ?oundary ?efore me)o)#here i)

ca++ed B)trato#au)eC


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6e)o)#here the +ayer of the atmo)#here

?etween the )trato)#here and thethermo)#here and in whichtem#erature decrea)e a) a+titude

increa)e)- 4em#erature decrea)e) from >A:; to

>


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4hermo)#here Temperature increases as altitude

increases. Temperature changes from -93°C

up to 1,727°C


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tmo)#heric )ta?i+ity

4endency of air to remain in it)

oriina+ #o)ition ()ta?+e* or to ri)e(un)ta?+e*-

4he re)i)tance of the atmo)#here to

"ertica+ motion-


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3 condition of atmospheric

stability: ?)o+ute )ta?i+ity

?)o+ute in)ta?i+ity

;onditiona+ in)ta?i+ity


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DEF D.4.; LH5I E4I

•

.f the #arce+ of air i) +ifted, it) #re))ure i)decrea)ed, )ince #re))ure decrea)e) withheiht-

• .f the #arce+ of air i) +e)) den)e than the air

in it) )urroundin), it wi++ ?e #o)iti"e+y?uoyant and wi++ ri)e-

• .f the #arce+ of air i) more den)e than the airin it) )urroundin), it wi++ ?e neati"e+y?uoyant and wi++ )ink-

• .f the tem#erature of the #arce+ of air i) the)ame a) it) )urroundin), it wi++ ha"e the

)ame den)ity and wi++ remain in #+ace-


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JI4 D.4.; LH5I E4I

• 4he rate of tem#erature decrea)e a) a

#arce+ of air )aturated with water ri)e)and the #re))ure decrea)e)


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?)o+ute )ta?i+ity• ;ondition) with a "ertica+ tem#erature

di)tri?ution under which ?oth dry and)aturated air are )ta?+e

• the #arce+ or a)e) in the air i) )ta?+e,?ut ri)e) ?ecau)e of the co+d air that

#u)he) them u#-


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?)o+ute in)ta?i+ity

• condition) that cau)e in)ta?i+ity for ?othdry and )aturated air-

• 4he #arce+ i) warmer than the)urroundin air- 5o the tendency, it wi++ri)e-


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;onditiona+ .n)ta?i+ity• condition) that cau)e in)ta?i+ity in

)aturated air ?ut not dry air


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CLO! PH"S#CS


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Ki)tory of c+oud #hy)ic)

4he hi)tory of c+oud micro#hy)ic)

de"e+o#ed in the 1


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Clo$d physics

i) the )tudy of the #hy)ica+

#roce))e) that +ead to theformation, rowth and #reci#itationof c+oud)-


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1O ty#e) of c+oud)1- ;irru)

- ;irrocumu+u)A- ;irro)tratu)

M- +tocumu+u)

9- +to)tratu)P- 5tratocumu+u)

7- 5tratu)

/- ;umu+u)%& 'imbostrat$s

()&C$m$lonimb$s


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;+oud) ca#a?+e of #roducin hea"y

#reci#itation or )tormy weather carrya nimbo- or -nimbus de)ination- f the"ertica++y de"e+o#ed c+oud), the

cumu+onim?u) ty#e i) the +are)t andcan "irtua++y )#an the entire tro#o)#herefrom a few hundred metre) a?o"e theround u# to the tro#o#au)e- .t i) thec+oud re)#on)i?+e for thunder)torm)-


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B;+oud) a##ear whiti)h ?ecau)e waterha) conden)ed from a "a#or to either

+iQuid or ice #artic+e)-C


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Clo$d n$cleation


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Nuc+eation i) a #hy)ica+ #roce)) in which a chane

of )tate R for e2am#+e, +iQuid to )o+id Roccur) in a )u?)tance around certainfoca+ #oint), known a) nuc+ei-

;onden)ation nuc+ei ;onden)ation nuc+ei inc+ude du)t, )a+t,

#o++en and other )o+id) )u)#ended in the

atmo)#here-


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T*o types of condensation n$clei:

Hygroscopic (Bwater +o"inC*S the)e

nuc+ei #romote dro#+et formation?e+ow 1OO0 EK-


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Hydrophobic (Bwater fearinC*S

conden)ation wi++ on+y occur aroundthe)e nuc+ei when EK i) at or a?o"e1OO0-


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=ormationor ;+oud Growth


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• 4he amount of water that can e2i)t a)

"a#or in a i"en "o+ume increa)e) withthe tem#erature-

• Jhen the amount of water "a#or i) ineQui+i?rium a?o"e a Tat )urface of water

the +e"e+ of "a#or #re))ure i) ca++ed)aturation and the re+ati"e humidity i)1OO0-

• .f the re+ati"e humidity ?ecome) reaterthan 1OO0, it i) ca++ed )u#er)aturated-

• 5u#er)aturation occur) in the a?)ence ofconden)ation nuc+ei,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressure


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Collision+coalescence

Dro#+et) )u)#ended in the air wi++ interact witheach other, either ?y co++idin and ?ouncinoU each other or ?y com?inin to form a+arer dro#+et- I"entua++y, the dro#+et)

?ecome +are enouh that they fa++ to theearth a) #reci#itation-

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