11

HydrologyHydrology

Let us get startedLet us get started

22

Surface Water HydrologySurface Water Hydrology

Definitions:Definitions:

Precipitation: Rain, Sleet, Hail, or SnowPrecipitation: Rain, Sleet, Hail, or Snow

Evaporation: Transformation of water from liquid Evaporation: Transformation of water from liquid state to vapor state.state to vapor state.

Transpiration: Water vapor released by plant Transpiration: Water vapor released by plant leaves, similar to breathing by animals and leaves, similar to breathing by animals and humans by breaking down nutrients to humans by breaking down nutrients to generate energy. You transpire when you run generate energy. You transpire when you run away from a mountain lion, or when you take away from a mountain lion, or when you take the final exam.the final exam.

33

Surface Water HydrologySurface Water Hydrology

• Surface Runoff:Surface Runoff:The water that runs off over the ground The water that runs off over the ground into streams and rivers.into streams and rivers.

• Base Flow:Base Flow:The water that seeps up into a stream The water that seeps up into a stream from groundwater or water springs.from groundwater or water springs.

• Watershed or Basin: Watershed or Basin: Is an area where the precipitation will shed Is an area where the precipitation will shed into a stream.into a stream.

44

Units of MeasurementUnits of Measurement

• Precipitation:Precipitation:

mm/h (millimeter/hour), mm/h (millimeter/hour), approximately 1 mm of water is approximately 1 mm of water is equivalent to 10 mm of snow. How equivalent to 10 mm of snow. How about wet snow in April?about wet snow in April?

• Stream Flow:Stream Flow:

mm33/s (cubic meter/second). One m/s (cubic meter/second). One m33= = 1000 liters.1000 liters.

55

Units of MeasurementUnits of Measurement

• Speed:Speed:

m/s (meter/second).m/s (meter/second).

• You can also use the English System You can also use the English System (Ft, Gallon, etc.). I will do my best not (Ft, Gallon, etc.). I will do my best not to use it because it is dumb, but if to use it because it is dumb, but if you have any questions I will help.you have any questions I will help.

66

Stream FlowStream Flow

• Sources:Sources:

1. Direct Runoff1. Direct Runoff

2. Groundwater exfiltration, or also 2. Groundwater exfiltration, or also called called Base flow (opposite of Base flow (opposite of infiltration) infiltration)

77

What Happens to a Drop of What Happens to a Drop of RainRain

1.1. Some of it will evaporate on the Some of it will evaporate on the way down, air temperature is a way down, air temperature is a factor.factor.

2.2. What is left will hit the ground, What is left will hit the ground, some will infiltrate, some will be some will infiltrate, some will be trapped in puddles, and some will trapped in puddles, and some will runoff to streams and rivers. Is a runoff to streams and rivers. Is a lake a large puddle?lake a large puddle?

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How do Clouds Form?How do Clouds Form?

1.1. Evaporation: Rain, Snow, Surface Evaporation: Rain, Snow, Surface water, Lakes, Oceans, etc.water, Lakes, Oceans, etc.

2.2. Transpiration: Plants, animals, and Transpiration: Plants, animals, and wild humans.wild humans.

99

What Causes the Hydrology What Causes the Hydrology Cycle?Cycle?

• Can you believe it is Solar Energy?Can you believe it is Solar Energy?

Solar Energy causes also wind. Wind Solar Energy causes also wind. Wind increases the rate of evaporation, increases the rate of evaporation, why? If you do not know the answer, why? If you do not know the answer, ask Mr. Science in class, but be nice.ask Mr. Science in class, but be nice.

Next we will see the processes.Next we will see the processes.

1010

What Causes the Hydrology What Causes the Hydrology Cycle?Cycle?

The sun heat evaporates water, also creates The sun heat evaporates water, also creates differences in temperatures in air masses differences in temperatures in air masses vertically and horizontally creating wind vertically and horizontally creating wind which will evaporate water. Animals exhale which will evaporate water. Animals exhale water vapor, plants exhale water vapor after water vapor, plants exhale water vapor after sunset.sunset.

The warm vapor cloud rises and moves with The warm vapor cloud rises and moves with the wind. It hits a cool front, condensates the wind. It hits a cool front, condensates into small droplets, the droplets get bigger into small droplets, the droplets get bigger and heavier and fall as rain, snow, or hail, and heavier and fall as rain, snow, or hail, some will evaporate while falling.some will evaporate while falling.

1111

What Causes the Hydrology What Causes the Hydrology Cycle?Cycle?

Some of the precipitation will be trapped in Some of the precipitation will be trapped in puddles, some will evaporate, some will puddles, some will evaporate, some will infiltrate the ground, and some will run off infiltrate the ground, and some will run off into steams.into steams.

GoTo the beginning of last slide. Now you GoTo the beginning of last slide. Now you learned a new word; GoTo, it is a learned a new word; GoTo, it is a statement in every programming statement in every programming language, you guessed it, it means go to.language, you guessed it, it means go to.

1212

The Hydrologic EquationThe Hydrologic Equation

This is not the Monster at the End of this Book! This is not the Monster at the End of this Book! I am scared; I am scared; Equation!Equation!

Ok, let’s make it simple.Ok, let’s make it simple.You have a piggy bank, and you put in $10 You have a piggy bank, and you put in $10

each day, take out $16 each week, how each day, take out $16 each week, how much money did you store in the bank after much money did you store in the bank after 28 days?28 days?

If you replace the dollars with mIf you replace the dollars with m33 of water, and of water, and the bank with a stream what will that be?the bank with a stream what will that be?

Answer: Answer: The Hydrologic EquationThe Hydrologic Equation..

1313

WATER DEMANDWATER DEMAND• To design a water system, we need to To design a water system, we need to

know the future water demand, water know the future water demand, water supply, and per capita daily use.supply, and per capita daily use.

• First, we need to forecast the First, we need to forecast the population, using historical growth population, using historical growth data.data.

• Population Growth versus Time can fit:Population Growth versus Time can fit:

1.1. Arithmetic (Linear) GrowthArithmetic (Linear) Growth

2.2. Geometric GrowthGeometric Growth

3.3. Growth at a declining rate of increaseGrowth at a declining rate of increase

1414

Population Forecast EquationsPopulation Forecast EquationsP P K t

KP P

t

PP K t

KgP P

t

P P P PK t

Kt

P P

P P

PP P P P P P

P P P

PP

a

aP P

P

bn

P P P

P P P

t a

a

tg

t sat satd

dsat

sat

sat

tsat

b t

sat

sat

sat

e

e

e

0

2 1

0

2 1

0

2

1

0 1 2 12

0 2

0 2 12

0

0

0 1

1 0

1

2

1

1

.

.

.

ln .

ln ln

( ).

ln( )

( )

.

( )

ln[( )

( )]

1515

DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS• PPsatsat Is the saturation population, the Is the saturation population, the

maximum population when the growth maximum population when the growth rate reaches zero in a declining rate reaches zero in a declining growth rate population. An example growth rate population. An example of a country with a declining growth of a country with a declining growth rate is China, the population is still rate is China, the population is still growing, but due to the policy of one growing, but due to the policy of one child per couple, the annual rate of child per couple, the annual rate of growth is declining.growth is declining.

• Ka, Kg, Kd, a, b are assumed constantsKa, Kg, Kd, a, b are assumed constants

1616

NOTESNOTES• Remember, when you calculate PRemember, when you calculate Psatsat, ,

the time intervals between Pthe time intervals between P00-P-P11, and , and PP11-P-P22 have to be equal. have to be equal.

• In the Mathematical Logistic Curve In the Mathematical Logistic Curve Method, Equation 1.8 in the Text, t is Method, Equation 1.8 in the Text, t is the time from Pthe time from P00 to P to Pt.t.

• Equation 1.19 does not hold if the Equation 1.19 does not hold if the population is > 10,000 (multiplication population is > 10,000 (multiplication by 0)by 0)

1717

Solved ProblemsSolved ProblemsHydrology Text, Problem 1.1Hydrology Text, Problem 1.1

11

20000 12000

1995 1970

8000

25320

2005 1995 320 23 200

11

102064

20000 102064 24 534

11

1 2580000 20000

80000 120000 005

80000 12000 22 916

2005 1995

1 25

200510

200535 0 005

20000 12000

.

( ) * ,

.

( .

* . ,

.

( / ) ln( ) .

(80000 ) * ,

( / )

* .

/ )

a

Ka

P P

b

Kg

P

c

Kd

P e

1818

Problem 1.3a TextProblem 1.3a Text

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

1919

• Problem 1.5Problem 1.5

Pg d

g d person

Time

Pop

KLn P P Ln

P P

P P

P

g

Kg t

ee

35

35 15

15 0

00 049 15

0

0

7000000

17540000

35 15

40 15

200 049

15000 2 08548

15000

2 085487193

/

/ /

( / ) ( / ).

.

. .

.

.

. ( )

0 15yrs 35yrs

? 15000 40000

2020

• Problem 1.7Problem 1.7

aP P

P

bn

P P P

P P P

PP

a et years

Pe

million

sat

sat

sat

tsat

t

0

0

0 1

1 0

0 02933

170 0 02933

284 9 6

9 628 6

1 1

80

9 6 284 76

76 284 9 60 02933

12000 1830 170

2000284

1 28 6

284

11954237 6

.

..

ln(( )

( )) ln(

. ( )

( . )) .

.

. ..

. *

( . )

2121

• 1.9a1.9a

K

P thousand

r

t

19 5

9180 2124

0 2124 1032 219

.

..

. * . .

2222

• 1.9b1.9b1910 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

90.163 .177 .19 .199 .205 .209 .2124

2323

• 1.9b1.9b

0.16

0.17

0.18

0.19

0.2

0.21

0.22

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Series1

2424

• 1.9b1.9b

Pt thousand 0 215 103 2 22 2. * . .

2525

• 1.111.11

Max Monthly gpcd

Max Weekly gpcd

Max Daily gpcd

. (.

) * .

. (.

) * .

. * .

.

.

175180

30175 128 224

175180

7175 148 259

175 180 315

0 1

0 1

2626

• 1.131.13

Q gpm

Duration fromTable Page hours

1020 100 1 0 01 100 9180

13 16 10

( .

, .

2727

• 1.151.15

WoodFrameArea sf sm sf

Q C A gpm

NoncombustibleArea sf sm sf

Q gpm

Q Q Q gpm

OrQ gpd

total

total

4 100 10 76 4304

18 18 15 4304 1771

6 90 10 76 5810

18 0 8 5810 1098

1771 1098 2869

2869 60 24

1

2

1 2

* * . /

* . *

* * . /

* . *

* *

2828

• 1.171.17

187 000 000

500 000174

2 6590 87 115 210 7002

37002

87 11534 7

4 16 19 12

., ,

,

.

. .

.

PerCapitaUsage gpd

StreamFlow Mgpd

Ratio of Stream Flow to Waste Flow

Percent Treatment fig page

( . ) =

2929

• 1.171.17In Year

a Population

b Water quirement Mgpd

Manufacturing quirement Mgpd

a Add Energy day MKWH

b q ForPower Table Mgpd

c Total Power quirement Mgpd

Municipal Industrial Mgpd

StreamFlow Mgpd

Dilution q Mgpd

2010

11 500 000 550 000

174 550 000 95 7

115 115 132 3

100 24 0 6 1000 144

1420 144 10

1028 8

210 28 8 238 8

95 7 132 3 228

34 7 228 7912

7912 228 238 8 7445 2

6

6

. . * , ,

. Re * , .

Re . * .

. . / * * . * .

.Re . ( . )* . *

.

. Re . .

. .

. *

Re . .