preparing for pricing transparency
DESCRIPTION
Ms. Laila deles of Microfinance Transparency updates banks on the regulation, mechanics, and impact of effective interest rate calculations on loans.TRANSCRIPT
Preparing for Pricing Transparency Laila Deles & Darrel Flores
MF Transparency
2011 RBAP‐MABS Regional Roundtable Conference Hya= Hotel & Casino, Manila
November 9, 2011
Preparing for Pricing
Transparency
RBAP‐MABS Regional Roundtable Manila | November 9, 2011
Promo%ng Transparent Pricing in the Microfinance Industry
What is Transparent Pricing? Transparent pricing means the pricing, terms, and condiIons of financial products are adequately disclosed to the clients in a clear manner that allows both accurate understanding of prices and comparison of different products. Different levels of transparency: • To regulators / policy makers • To investors / donors / funders • To clients and “the market”
Who Benefits from Pricing Transparency? Consumers: ◦ They get to know the real price – they can decide whether they want to borrow ◦ They can decide between compeIng loan products or MFIs based comparaIve data
MFIs ◦ They learn what the market price is, where they stand, and can take steps to refine their pricing strategy
Industry ◦ Microfinance sector gets a database from which it can take up issues with policy makers
Who Benefits from Pricing Transparency?
Funders and donors: ◦ They know what their client MFIs charge their customers, and can choose their partners accordingly
Regulators ◦ Observe the prices prevailing in the market, sharpening their ability to intervene specifically and refine policy
Promo%ng Transparent Pricing in the Microfinance Industry
• U.S. Based Non‐Profit OrganizaIon • Work in 28 countries • Mission: to promote pricing transparency in the microfinance sector through: • Data collecIon, standardizaIon, & disseminaIon • Training & capacity building for financial insItuIons • Development of educaIonal materials • ConsulIng to regulators & policy makers on price disclosure legislaIon
Rapid Progress in Transparency
Data collec?on • 400+ InsItuIons • 1,400+ loan products • 38 million+ clients • US$14 billion+ in outstanding poraolio
Combined Approach
Responsible Pricing
Self Regulated PracIce of Transparent
Pricing
SupporIve Government Regula?on
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• Data collecIon conducted from April to October • Preview for parIcipaIng NGOs, rural banks and
cooperaIves ongoing • Data launch scheduled for the first week of
December • Delivery of technical assistance and training for
parIcipaIng insItuIons
Updates on the Transparent Pricing
Ini?a?ve in the Philippines
Par?cipa?ng MFIs 1st Valley Bank (formerly RB Kapatagan Valley) AJDFI (Ad Jesum Devt. FoundaIon, Inc.) ASA Philippines FoundaIon ASHI (Ahon sa Hirap) ASKI (Alalay sa Kaunlaran, Inc.) Banco San Enrique Bangko Kabayan CanIlan Bank Caritas Salve Credit CooperaIve CCT Credit CooperaIve CEVI (Community Economic Ventures, Inc.) DSPI (Daan sa Pag‐unlad, Inc.) ECLOF‐PHL FCB FoundaIon, Inc. FMB (First Macro Bank) GM Bank HSPFI (Hagdan sa Pag‐Uswag FoundaIon, Inc) JVOFI (Jaime V. Ongpin Found., Inc.) Kasagana‐Ka Development Center, Inc. (KDCI) KaIpunan Bank
KGI (Kazama Grameen) KMBI (Kabalikat para sa Maunlad na Buhay, Inc.) Lorenzo Tan MPC Mallig Plains RB Milamdec Development FoundaIon NWTF (Negros Women for Tomorrow Found.) Paglaum MPC PBC (People's Bank of Caraga) People's Center for Sustainable Development (PCSD) RB Labason RB Liloy RB Montevista Rizal Microbank RSPI (Rangtay sa Pagrang‐ay, Inc.) Rural Bank of Angeles (RBA) San Francisco Growth Enhancement MPC (SAFRAGEMC) Simbag sa Pag‐Asenso TSKI (Taytay sa Kauswagan, Inc.) TSPI Development Corp. Valiant RB
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Method of compu?ng interest: Banks may only charge interest based on the outstanding balance of the loan at the beginning of an interest period.
BSP Circular No. 730 Enhancing Loan Transac.on Transparency
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Informa?on to be disclosed. The following are the minimum informaIon to be disclosed: a) Total amount to be financed b) The finance charges (includes fees, interest, service
charges, discounts and such other charges incident to the extension of credit)
c) Net proceeds of the loan; and d) The percentage the finance charge bears to the total
amount to be financed expressed as simple annual rate or an effecIve annual interest rate (EIR). EIR may also be quoted as a monthly rate
BSP Circular No. 730 Enhancing Loan Transac.on Transparency
Calcula?ng the Annual/Monthly Effec?ve Interest Rate
Update on MFTransparency’s APR Calculator
Basic Loan Conditions Amortization: MPR threshold
P15,000 Interest: 624 Days/per (t): 7
Capital Int Pmt Int Calc Balloon Per/Mon (m) 4.33
Per/Yr (n): 52.00
Period MPR (nom) APR (nom) EIR (comp)
4.613% i i * m i * n (1 + i)n ‐ 1
55.36% 1.065% 4.61% 55.36% 73.70%Upfront Ongoing Increment2.00%
100.001.00%
20.00On Fees:
On Interest:
.
Security Deposit (%)
Loan Amount:Term & Repay Freq.
Nominal interest Rate (%)Nominal Annual & Method
Insurance (fixed amount)
83.84%
11.9%
83.84%
Calculation of Transparent Pricing Display EIR values
Loan Pricing
67.27%
0.0%
6.99%
Grace or Prepay (Weeks)
130.25%
130.25%
1.294%
1.612%
16.6% 1.612% 83.84%
5.61%
6.99%
Value‐Added Tax (%)
Security Deposit (fixed)
1.612%
Fee (%) 95.46%
130.25%
0.0%
6.99%Interest Paid on Deposit (%)
Fee (fixed amount)Insurance (%)
Equal installments (amortized)
Multiple installments
Weeks
Declining balance
Per month
Implica?ons of ShiQing from Flat to Declining Balance Method
Sample Typical Bank Microloan
Product
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OTHER CHARGES Upfront Ongoing
Service Charge 3.00%Notarial Fee PhP 100.00
Credit Insurance 1.00%Life Insurance/MBA PhP 20.00
Doc. Stamps/GRT 0.5% x Term
FEES
INSURANCE
TAXES
Loan Amount PhP 15,000.00Term & Freq. 24 weeks
Interest Rate/Method 2.5% per mo./FlatAmortization Equal principal
LOAN CONDITIONS
Case 1: ShiQing to Declining Balance Without Reduc?on in the Total Cost of the Loan
Flat Declining Balance2.50% per mo. 4.613% per mo.30% per yr. 55.36% per yr.2,076.92 2,076.92 400.00 400.00 610.00 610.00 37.50 37.50
3,124.42 3,124.42 5.6 5.6
562.33 562.33 7,729.00 7,729.00
Cost per monthAverage Loan Balance
Quoted Interest Rate
Total Interest Paid:Total Fees Paid:
Total Insurance Paid:Total Taxes Paid:
Total Cost of Loan:Total Months
Equal Principal VS Equal Installments
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Principal Disbursed
Principal Paid Balance
Interest Paid
Cashflow incl. Interest
15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 625.00 14,375.00 86.54 (711.54) 625.00 13,750.00 82.93 (707.93) 625.00 13,125.00 79.33 (704.33) 625.00 12,500.00 75.72 (700.72) 625.00 11,875.00 72.12 (697.12) 625.00 11,250.00 68.51 (693.51) 625.00 10,625.00 64.90 (689.90) 625.00 10,000.00 61.30 (686.30) 625.00 9,375.00 57.69 (682.69) 625.00 8,750.00 54.09 (679.09) 625.00 8,125.00 50.48 (675.48) 625.00 7,500.00 46.88 (671.88) 625.00 6,875.00 43.27 (668.27) 625.00 6,250.00 39.66 (664.66) 625.00 5,625.00 36.06 (661.06) 625.00 5,000.00 32.45 (657.45) 625.00 4,375.00 28.85 (653.85) 625.00 3,750.00 25.24 (650.24) 625.00 3,125.00 21.63 (646.63) 625.00 2,500.00 18.03 (643.03) 625.00 1,875.00 14.42 (639.42) 625.00 1,250.00 10.82 (635.82) 625.00 625.00 7.21 (632.21) 625.00 - 3.61 (628.61)
15,000.00 15,000.00 1,081.73 (1,081.73)
Loan Cost and Cashflow InterestPrincipal
DisbursedPrincipal
Paid BalanceInterest
PaidCashflow
incl. Interest
15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 584.53 14,415.47 86.54 (671.07) 587.90 13,827.57 83.17 (671.07) 591.29 13,236.28 79.77 (671.07) 594.70 12,641.58 76.36 (671.07) 598.13 12,043.45 72.93 (671.07) 601.58 11,441.86 69.48 (671.07) 605.05 10,836.81 66.01 (671.07) 608.55 10,228.26 62.52 (671.07) 612.06 9,616.20 59.01 (671.07) 615.59 9,000.62 55.48 (671.07) 619.14 8,381.48 51.93 (671.07) 622.71 7,758.77 48.35 (671.07) 626.30 7,132.46 44.76 (671.07) 629.92 6,502.55 41.15 (671.07) 633.55 5,869.00 37.51 (671.07) 637.21 5,231.79 33.86 (671.07) 640.88 4,590.91 30.18 (671.07) 644.58 3,946.33 26.49 (671.07) 648.30 3,298.03 22.77 (671.07) 652.04 2,645.99 19.03 (671.07) 655.80 1,990.19 15.27 (671.07) 659.58 1,330.61 11.48 (671.07) 663.39 667.22 7.68 (671.07) 667.22 - 3.85 (671.07)
15,000.00 15,000.00 1,105.58 (1,105.58)
Loan Cost and Cashflow Interest
Implica?ons Shin from flat to declining balance and maintaining the level of the total cost of loan • Shin from equal principal payments to equal
installments • Increase in nominal interest rate to achieve the
same level of MPR/EIR • The true price of the flat rate (4.613% per month) is
equal or close to the rate applied in the declining balance method (4.613%).
Same nominal rates, different calcula.on method PRICING Flat Declining Balance
EIR 73.70% 34.98%MPR 4.61% 2.50%
EIR 95.46% 51.93%MPR 5.61% 3.49%
EIR 130.25% 80.24%MPR 6.99% 4.92%
EIR 132.93% 82.34%MPR 7.10% 5.03%
Interest
Interest + Fees
Interest + Fees + Insurance
Interest + Fees + Insurance + Taxes
Case 2: Simple ShiQ from Flat to Declining
Total Cost of Loan (Flat vs Declining Balance)
Flat Declining Balance2,076.92 1,081.73 400.00 400.00 610.00 610.00 37.50 37.50
3,124.42 2,129.23 5.6 5.6
562.33 383.22 7,729.00 7,729.00
Cost per monthAverage Loan Balance
Total Interest Paid:Total Fees Paid:
Total Insurance Paid:Total Taxes Paid:Total Cost of Loan:
Total Months
Implica?ons Simple shin from flat to declining balance (Same Quoted Interest Rate) Decrease in the total cost of loan or the total
interest paid by the client
Decline in the true price of the loan from an MPR of 7.10% to 5.03%
Why should ins?tu?ons use the Declining Balance Method?
It is an accurate reflecIon of the cost of borrowing.
It is closer to the actual price. Using one method, borrowers can compare prices.
It enables price compeIIon based on transparency.
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Pricing Strategies: Lowering Prices without Lowering Profit
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INCOME x APR = Avg. Loan Balance
Bigger loan amounts Use of grace periods Lump sum payments
Schedule CommunicaIng Prices
Constant Charges Generate Similar Prices Across Different Loan Amounts
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24 Weeks4.613% per monthDeclining Balance
2.00%1.00%1.00%
Nominal Interest RateMethod
Upfront FeesUpfront Insurance
Upfront Taxes
Term and Freq. Loan Amount MPR3,000 PHP 6.13%8,000 PHP 6.13%15,000 PHP 6.13%30,000 PHP 6.13%60,000 PHP 6.13%90,000 PHP 6.13%150,000 PHP 6.13%
Prices across different loan amounts can be similar in the current policy if the increase in charges are constant (charges as a percentage of loan amount).
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Examples from Other Markets Bosnia – Sample Completed Template
SOURCE: Translated from Instruc?on for Applying Decision on Unified Way of Calcula?ng and Expressing Effec?ve Interest Rate to Loans
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Examples from Other Markets Bosnia – Prizma
SOURCE: MFTransparency Dataset
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Examples from Other Markets Cambodia ‐ AMK
SOURCE: MFTransparency Dataset
Model Repayment Schedule MFTransparency Template
Note: Declining balance method with equal installment amounts
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Resources offered by MFTransparency
Calcula?ng Transparent Prices Tool
Basic Loan Conditions Amortization: MPR threshold
P15,000 Interest: 624 Days/per (t): 7
Capital Int Pmt Int Calc Balloon Per/Mon (m) 4.33
Per/Yr (n): 52.00
Period MPR (nom) APR (nom) EIR (comp)
4.613% i i * m i * n (1 + i)n ‐ 1
55.36% 1.065% 4.61% 55.36% 73.70%Upfront Ongoing Increment2.00%
100.001.00%
20.00On Fees:
On Interest:
.
Security Deposit (%)
Loan Amount:Term & Repay Freq.
Nominal interest Rate (%)Nominal Annual & Method
Insurance (fixed amount)
83.84%
11.9%
83.84%
Calculation of Transparent Pricing Display EIR values
Loan Pricing
67.27%
0.0%
6.99%
Grace or Prepay (Weeks)
130.25%
130.25%
1.294%
1.612%
16.6% 1.612% 83.84%
5.61%
6.99%
Value‐Added Tax (%)
Security Deposit (fixed)
1.612%
Fee (%) 95.46%
130.25%
0.0%
6.99%Interest Paid on Deposit (%)
Fee (fixed amount)Insurance (%)
Equal installments (amortized)
Multiple installments
Weeks
Declining balance
Per month
Standardized Repayment Schedule
Standardized Pricing Dissemina?on
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Case Study: Outlawing Flat Interest Rates in Cambodia
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• Experience of Cambodian microfinance market in switching from flat to declining balance
• Impact on market:
o Increased transparency o Lower prices over Ime
Case Study: Standardized Loan Documenta?on in
Bosnia
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• EvaluaIon of policy requiring disclosure of EIR on repayment schedules
• Impact on market:
o Overall greater level of pricing disclosure
o Be=er understanding of pricing calculaIons
Immediate Effects of Transparency in Pricing
• MFIs lowering prices for products priced high
relaIve to the market
• MFIs increasing their prices for products priced low
relaIve to the market
• Progress by regulators toward new policies to
protect clients and facilitate disclosure
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How does the Philippine industry stand to benefit?
• Clients can make be=er decisions about borrowing
• InsItuIons can set prices based on knowledge of market rates
• Policy can be determined according to a more accurate understanding of the market
Promo?ng Transparent Pricing in the Microfinance Industry