preparing for pricing transparency

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Preparing for Pricing Transparency Laila Deles & Darrel Flores MF Transparency 2011 RBAP‐MABS Regional Roundtable Conference Hya= Hotel & Casino, Manila November 9, 2011

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Ms. Laila deles of Microfinance Transparency updates banks on the regulation, mechanics, and impact of effective interest rate calculations on loans.

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Page 1: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Preparing for Pricing Transparency  Laila Deles & Darrel Flores 

MF Transparency  

2011 RBAP‐MABS Regional Roundtable Conference Hya= Hotel & Casino, Manila 

November 9, 2011  

Page 2: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Preparing for Pricing 

Transparency  

RBAP‐MABS Regional Roundtable Manila | November 9, 2011 

Promo%ng Transparent Pricing in the Microfinance Industry 

Page 3: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

What is Transparent Pricing? Transparent pricing means the pricing, terms, and condiIons of financial products are adequately disclosed to the clients in a clear manner that allows both accurate understanding of prices and comparison of different products.  Different levels of transparency: •  To regulators / policy makers •  To investors / donors / funders •  To clients and “the market” 

Page 4: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Who Benefits from Pricing Transparency?   Consumers: ◦  They get to know the real price – they can decide whether they want to borrow ◦  They can decide between compeIng  loan products or MFIs based comparaIve data 

 MFIs ◦  They learn what the market price is, where they stand, and can take steps to refine their pricing strategy 

  Industry ◦ Microfinance sector gets a database from which it can take up issues with policy makers 

Page 5: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Who Benefits from Pricing Transparency? 

  Funders and donors: ◦  They know what their client MFIs charge their customers, and can choose their partners accordingly 

   Regulators ◦ Observe the prices prevailing in the market, sharpening their ability to intervene specifically and refine policy 

Page 6: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Promo%ng Transparent Pricing in the Microfinance Industry 

•  U.S. Based Non‐Profit OrganizaIon • Work in 28 countries • Mission: to promote pricing transparency in the microfinance sector through: •  Data collecIon, standardizaIon, & disseminaIon •  Training & capacity building for financial insItuIons •  Development of educaIonal materials •  ConsulIng to regulators & policy makers on price disclosure legislaIon 

 

Page 7: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Rapid Progress in Transparency 

Data collec?on •  400+ InsItuIons •  1,400+ loan products •  38 million+ clients •  US$14 billion+ in outstanding poraolio 

Page 8: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Combined Approach 

Responsible Pricing 

Self Regulated PracIce of Transparent 

Pricing 

SupporIve Government Regula?on 

Page 9: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

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•  Data collecIon conducted from April to October •  Preview for parIcipaIng NGOs, rural banks and 

cooperaIves ongoing •  Data launch scheduled for the first week of 

December  •  Delivery of technical assistance and training for 

parIcipaIng insItuIons     

Updates on the Transparent Pricing 

Ini?a?ve in the Philippines 

Page 10: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Par?cipa?ng MFIs 1st Valley Bank (formerly RB Kapatagan Valley) AJDFI (Ad Jesum Devt. FoundaIon, Inc.) ASA Philippines FoundaIon ASHI (Ahon sa Hirap) ASKI (Alalay sa Kaunlaran, Inc.) Banco San Enrique Bangko Kabayan CanIlan Bank Caritas Salve Credit CooperaIve CCT Credit CooperaIve CEVI (Community Economic Ventures, Inc.) DSPI (Daan sa Pag‐unlad, Inc.) ECLOF‐PHL FCB FoundaIon, Inc. FMB (First Macro Bank) GM Bank HSPFI (Hagdan sa Pag‐Uswag FoundaIon, Inc) JVOFI (Jaime V. Ongpin Found., Inc.) Kasagana‐Ka Development Center, Inc. (KDCI) KaIpunan Bank 

KGI (Kazama Grameen) KMBI (Kabalikat para sa Maunlad na Buhay, Inc.) Lorenzo Tan MPC Mallig Plains RB Milamdec Development FoundaIon NWTF (Negros Women for Tomorrow Found.) Paglaum MPC PBC (People's Bank of Caraga) People's Center for Sustainable Development (PCSD) RB Labason RB Liloy RB Montevista Rizal Microbank RSPI (Rangtay sa Pagrang‐ay, Inc.) Rural Bank of Angeles (RBA) San Francisco Growth Enhancement MPC (SAFRAGEMC) Simbag sa Pag‐Asenso TSKI (Taytay sa Kauswagan, Inc.) TSPI Development Corp. Valiant RB 

Page 11: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

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Method of compu?ng interest: Banks may only charge interest based on the outstanding balance of the loan at the beginning of an interest period.  

BSP Circular No. 730 Enhancing Loan Transac.on Transparency 

Page 12: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

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Informa?on to be disclosed.  The following are the minimum informaIon to be disclosed: a)  Total amount to be financed b)  The finance charges (includes fees, interest, service 

charges, discounts and such other charges incident to the extension of credit)   

c)  Net proceeds of the loan; and  d)  The percentage  the finance charge bears to the total 

amount to be financed expressed as simple annual rate or an effecIve annual interest rate (EIR).  EIR may also be quoted as a monthly rate 

BSP Circular No. 730 Enhancing Loan Transac.on Transparency 

Page 13: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Calcula?ng the Annual/Monthly Effec?ve Interest Rate 

Page 14: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Update on MFTransparency’s APR Calculator 

Basic Loan Conditions Amortization: MPR threshold

P15,000 Interest: 624 Days/per (t): 7

Capital Int Pmt Int Calc Balloon Per/Mon (m) 4.33

Per/Yr (n): 52.00

Period MPR (nom) APR (nom) EIR (comp)

4.613% i i  * m i  * n (1 + i)n ‐ 1

55.36% 1.065% 4.61% 55.36% 73.70%Upfront Ongoing Increment2.00%

100.001.00%

20.00On Fees:

On Interest:

.

Security Deposit (%)

Loan Amount:Term & Repay Freq.

 

Nominal interest Rate (%)Nominal Annual & Method

Insurance (fixed amount)

83.84%

11.9%

83.84%

Calculation of Transparent Pricing Display EIR values

Loan Pricing

67.27%

0.0%

6.99%

 Grace or Prepay (Weeks)

130.25%

130.25%

1.294%

1.612%

16.6% 1.612% 83.84%

5.61%

6.99%

Value‐Added Tax (%)

Security Deposit (fixed)

1.612%

Fee (%) 95.46%

130.25%

0.0%

 

6.99%Interest Paid on Deposit (%)

Fee (fixed amount)Insurance (%)

Equal installments (amortized)

Multiple installments

Weeks

Declining balance

Per month

Page 15: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Implica?ons of ShiQing                                                      from Flat to Declining Balance Method 

Page 16: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Sample Typical Bank Microloan 

Product  

16 

OTHER CHARGES Upfront Ongoing

Service Charge 3.00%Notarial Fee PhP 100.00

Credit Insurance 1.00%Life Insurance/MBA PhP 20.00

Doc. Stamps/GRT 0.5% x Term 

FEES

INSURANCE

TAXES

Loan Amount PhP 15,000.00Term & Freq. 24 weeks

Interest Rate/Method 2.5% per mo./FlatAmortization Equal principal

LOAN CONDITIONS

Page 17: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Case 1: ShiQing to Declining Balance Without Reduc?on in the Total Cost of the Loan 

Flat Declining Balance2.50% per mo. 4.613% per mo.30% per yr. 55.36% per yr.2,076.92  2,076.92 400.00  400.00 610.00  610.00 37.50  37.50 

3,124.42  3,124.42 5.6  5.6 

562.33  562.33 7,729.00  7,729.00 

Cost per monthAverage Loan Balance

Quoted Interest Rate 

Total Interest Paid:Total Fees Paid:

Total Insurance Paid:Total Taxes Paid:

Total Cost of Loan:Total Months

Page 18: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Equal Principal  VS Equal Installments 

18 

Principal Disbursed

Principal Paid Balance

Interest Paid

Cashflow incl. Interest

15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 625.00 14,375.00 86.54 (711.54) 625.00 13,750.00 82.93 (707.93) 625.00 13,125.00 79.33 (704.33) 625.00 12,500.00 75.72 (700.72) 625.00 11,875.00 72.12 (697.12) 625.00 11,250.00 68.51 (693.51) 625.00 10,625.00 64.90 (689.90) 625.00 10,000.00 61.30 (686.30) 625.00 9,375.00 57.69 (682.69) 625.00 8,750.00 54.09 (679.09) 625.00 8,125.00 50.48 (675.48) 625.00 7,500.00 46.88 (671.88) 625.00 6,875.00 43.27 (668.27) 625.00 6,250.00 39.66 (664.66) 625.00 5,625.00 36.06 (661.06) 625.00 5,000.00 32.45 (657.45) 625.00 4,375.00 28.85 (653.85) 625.00 3,750.00 25.24 (650.24) 625.00 3,125.00 21.63 (646.63) 625.00 2,500.00 18.03 (643.03) 625.00 1,875.00 14.42 (639.42) 625.00 1,250.00 10.82 (635.82) 625.00 625.00 7.21 (632.21) 625.00 - 3.61 (628.61)

15,000.00 15,000.00 1,081.73 (1,081.73)

Loan Cost and Cashflow InterestPrincipal

DisbursedPrincipal

Paid BalanceInterest

PaidCashflow

incl. Interest

15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 584.53 14,415.47 86.54 (671.07) 587.90 13,827.57 83.17 (671.07) 591.29 13,236.28 79.77 (671.07) 594.70 12,641.58 76.36 (671.07) 598.13 12,043.45 72.93 (671.07) 601.58 11,441.86 69.48 (671.07) 605.05 10,836.81 66.01 (671.07) 608.55 10,228.26 62.52 (671.07) 612.06 9,616.20 59.01 (671.07) 615.59 9,000.62 55.48 (671.07) 619.14 8,381.48 51.93 (671.07) 622.71 7,758.77 48.35 (671.07) 626.30 7,132.46 44.76 (671.07) 629.92 6,502.55 41.15 (671.07) 633.55 5,869.00 37.51 (671.07) 637.21 5,231.79 33.86 (671.07) 640.88 4,590.91 30.18 (671.07) 644.58 3,946.33 26.49 (671.07) 648.30 3,298.03 22.77 (671.07) 652.04 2,645.99 19.03 (671.07) 655.80 1,990.19 15.27 (671.07) 659.58 1,330.61 11.48 (671.07) 663.39 667.22 7.68 (671.07) 667.22 - 3.85 (671.07)

15,000.00 15,000.00 1,105.58 (1,105.58)

Loan Cost and Cashflow Interest

Page 19: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Implica?ons Shin from flat to declining balance and maintaining the level of the total cost of loan   •  Shin from equal principal payments to equal 

installments •  Increase in nominal interest rate to achieve the 

same level of MPR/EIR •  The true price of the flat rate (4.613% per month) is 

equal or close to the rate  applied in the declining balance method (4.613%). 

Page 20: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Same nominal rates, different calcula.on method  PRICING Flat Declining Balance

EIR 73.70% 34.98%MPR 4.61% 2.50%

EIR 95.46% 51.93%MPR 5.61% 3.49%

EIR 130.25% 80.24%MPR 6.99% 4.92%

EIR 132.93% 82.34%MPR 7.10% 5.03%

Interest  

Interest  + Fees

Interest + Fees + Insurance

Interest + Fees + Insurance + Taxes

Case 2: Simple ShiQ from Flat to Declining 

Page 21: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Total Cost of Loan  (Flat vs Declining Balance) 

Flat Declining Balance2,076.92  1,081.73 400.00  400.00 610.00  610.00 37.50  37.50 

3,124.42  2,129.23 5.6  5.6 

562.33  383.22 7,729.00  7,729.00 

Cost per monthAverage Loan Balance

Total Interest Paid:Total Fees Paid:

Total Insurance Paid:Total Taxes Paid:Total Cost of Loan:

Total Months

Page 22: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Implica?ons Simple shin from flat to declining balance (Same Quoted Interest Rate)    Decrease in the total cost of loan or the total 

interest paid by the client 

  Decline in the true price of the loan from an MPR of 7.10% to 5.03% 

Page 23: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Why should ins?tu?ons use the Declining Balance Method? 

  It is an accurate reflecIon of the cost of borrowing.  

  It is closer to the actual price.   Using one method, borrowers can compare prices.  

  It enables price compeIIon based on transparency.  

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Page 24: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Pricing Strategies:  Lowering Prices without Lowering Profit  

24 

INCOME  x APR =  Avg. Loan Balance 

Bigger loan amounts Use of grace periods Lump sum payments 

Page 25: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Schedule CommunicaIng Prices 

Page 26: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Constant Charges Generate Similar Prices Across Different Loan Amounts 

26 

24 Weeks4.613% per monthDeclining Balance

2.00%1.00%1.00%

Nominal Interest RateMethod

Upfront FeesUpfront Insurance

Upfront Taxes

Term and Freq. Loan Amount MPR3,000 PHP 6.13%8,000 PHP 6.13%15,000 PHP 6.13%30,000 PHP 6.13%60,000 PHP 6.13%90,000 PHP 6.13%150,000 PHP 6.13%

Prices across different loan amounts can be similar in the current policy if the increase in charges are constant (charges as a percentage of loan amount). 

Page 27: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

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Examples from Other Markets Bosnia – Sample Completed Template 

SOURCE: Translated from Instruc?on for Applying Decision on Unified Way of Calcula?ng and Expressing Effec?ve Interest Rate to Loans 

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Examples from Other Markets Bosnia – Prizma 

SOURCE: MFTransparency Dataset 

Page 29: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

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Examples from Other Markets Cambodia ‐ AMK 

SOURCE: MFTransparency Dataset 

Page 30: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Model Repayment Schedule MFTransparency Template 

Note: Declining balance method with equal installment amounts 

Page 31: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

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Resources offered by MFTransparency 

Page 32: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Calcula?ng Transparent Prices Tool 

Basic Loan Conditions Amortization: MPR threshold

P15,000 Interest: 624 Days/per (t): 7

Capital Int Pmt Int Calc Balloon Per/Mon (m) 4.33

Per/Yr (n): 52.00

Period MPR (nom) APR (nom) EIR (comp)

4.613% i i  * m i  * n (1 + i)n ‐ 1

55.36% 1.065% 4.61% 55.36% 73.70%Upfront Ongoing Increment2.00%

100.001.00%

20.00On Fees:

On Interest:

.

Security Deposit (%)

Loan Amount:Term & Repay Freq.

 

Nominal interest Rate (%)Nominal Annual & Method

Insurance (fixed amount)

83.84%

11.9%

83.84%

Calculation of Transparent Pricing Display EIR values

Loan Pricing

67.27%

0.0%

6.99%

 Grace or Prepay (Weeks)

130.25%

130.25%

1.294%

1.612%

16.6% 1.612% 83.84%

5.61%

6.99%

Value‐Added Tax (%)

Security Deposit (fixed)

1.612%

Fee (%) 95.46%

130.25%

0.0%

 

6.99%Interest Paid on Deposit (%)

Fee (fixed amount)Insurance (%)

Equal installments (amortized)

Multiple installments

Weeks

Declining balance

Per month

Page 33: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Standardized Repayment Schedule 

Page 34: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Standardized Pricing Dissemina?on 

34 

Page 35: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Case Study: Outlawing Flat Interest Rates in Cambodia 

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•  Experience of Cambodian microfinance market in switching from flat to declining balance 

 •  Impact on market: 

o  Increased transparency o  Lower prices over Ime 

Page 36: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Case Study: Standardized Loan Documenta?on in 

Bosnia 

36 

•  EvaluaIon of policy requiring disclosure of EIR on repayment schedules 

 •  Impact on market: 

o  Overall greater level of pricing disclosure 

o  Be=er understanding of pricing calculaIons 

Page 37: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

Immediate Effects of                                   Transparency in Pricing  

•  MFIs lowering prices for products priced high 

relaIve to the market 

•  MFIs increasing their prices for products priced low 

relaIve to the market 

•  Progress by regulators toward new policies to 

protect clients and facilitate disclosure 

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Page 38: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

How does the Philippine industry  stand to benefit? 

•  Clients can make be=er decisions about borrowing 

•  InsItuIons can set prices based on knowledge of market rates 

•  Policy can be determined according to a more accurate understanding of the market 

Page 39: Preparing for Pricing Transparency

   

Promo?ng Transparent Pricing  in the Microfinance Industry