THEME 7. ATLANTIC WARS AND REVOLUTIONS

Part 1 - American Colonies: Prelude to Revolutions

Chapter 13-Dominion King James II wanted to

reduce New England to obedience

In 1678 Massachusetts legislature announced the laws of England did not reach America

King James consolidated 8 northern colonies- all 5 New England colonies plus New York, and East and West Jersey into a supercolony known as Dominion

Sir Edmund Andros was appointed governor-general and replaced all the Puritan judges and officers with Anglican new-comers

Taxation was increased to its highest level to date.

Chapter 13- Glorious Revolutions

King James was Catholic and scared the majority Protestant community when he started favoring his fellow Catholics

William, the Protestant Dutch Prince of Orange, attacked England and forced James to flee

Parliament transferred power to William and his wife Mary

The new monarchs promised to cooperate with Parliament and uphold the Anglican establishment

Also promised to ensure religious tolerance to both their supporters the Protestants, and their opposers the Catholics

William’s English supporters, the Whigs, called the transfer of power a “Glorious Revolution”

Chapter 17-The Great Plains: Villagers and Nomads

Since the landscape was mostly so dry, it favored grazers like the bison and pronghorn antelope

Until A.D. 800, belonged to many small and dispersed bands of hunter-gatherers

After, climate became wetter and horticulture was possible in the major river valleys

In horticulture villages, dozens of lodges clustered together for convenience and safety.

Twice a year the villagers went far out into the plains to hunt bison

While hunting the people lived in mobile encampments of tipis.

Chapter 17- The Great Plains: Genizaros

Genizaros were usually adolescent Indian slaves who lacked the means to return home.

They were sold and traded in trade fairs by the Hispanics and Pueblos.

They rationalized the trade because they were rescuing the slaves from death and paganism, and giving them the gift of Catholic conversion and Hispanic education

Usually labored as ranch and domestic laborers

After 1740, freed genizaros formed communities and obtained lands on the frontier margin

Chapter 19- The Pacific: Missions

The Hispanics referred to the Indians as gente sin razón, and to themselves as gente de razón

Hispanics created missions to properly educate the “childish” Indians and turn them into gente de razón

Missions were economic and religious institutions Franciscans regarded work

as a moral discipline at the heart of proper civilization ad therefore essential for true conversion to Christianity

Chapter 17- The Pacific: Kamehameha

Hawaiian Islands became an annual trip because it facilitated trade from American to China

During 1780s and 1790s, Chief Kamahameha became dominant chief of Hawaii

In late 1780s united Maui, Molokai, Oahu, Lanai and Kahoolawe

Kauai submitted in 1810 Kamehameha was able to

mitigate the shocks and retain control of his land from European conquest