precision viticulture: update and economic considerations · assume applying to 1,800 acres ¾...
TRANSCRIPT
Precision Viticulture: Update Precision Viticulture: Update and Economic Considerationsand Economic Considerations
Robert L. WampleRobert L. Wample
Collaborators: Collaborators:
Dr. Odair Santos, Dr. William Browning, Sivakumar Sachidhanantham, Oren Kaye, Robert Cochran, Jim Orvis, Steve Kupina, JJ Gonsalves, Jon Holmquist, Greg Berg, Dr. Dan Rooney (STI); Dr. Kaan Kurtural; Craig Buxton and Michelle Frey (PureSense) and a host of undergraduate students and visiting young scientists.
Support: Constellation Wines US; Oxbo-Korvan, Inc.; American Vineyard Foundation; CSUF – Agriculture Research Initiative. Soil Topography Information (STI); PureSense Inc.
Mapping Fruit Quality Using Mapping Fruit Quality Using NNear ear IInfranfra--RRed ed SSpectrometry pectrometry
((NIRSNIRS), GPS and GIS), GPS and GISDefinition: What is quality?Definition: What is quality?
SizeSizeBrixBrixpHpHTATAColorColorFlavor typical of the cultivarFlavor typical of the cultivar““Fit for purposeFit for purpose””
Figure 1. Locations of Anthocyanin Level Measurements
DISTANCE EAST (ft)
-750 -500 -250 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000
DISTA
NCE NORTH
(ft)
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
08_24_07 (SOUTH)09_08_07
~680 Samples taken onAugust 24 and September 8,
processed using the Zeiss NIR
Total of 1360 samples of 10 clusters per location with subsamples of approximately 500 grams for anthocyanin analysis.
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
ANTHOCYANIN LEVEL
CUMULA
TIVE
FREQ
UEN
CY
0
12
34
5
67
89
10
1112
1314
15
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
ANTHOCYANIN LEVEL
PERCEN
TAGE OF SA
MPLE
S
01/22/08 @ 1400
24-AUG-07 DATA
08-SEP-07 DATA
0.93 1.06
24-AUG-07 DATA
08-SEP-07 DATA
Merjan Anthocyanin Merjan Anthocyanin August 24 August 24 andand September 3September 3, , 20072007
~40 yds
Merjan Vineyard Harvest Map Merjan Vineyard Harvest Map 20072007
Anthocyanin levels0.4 to 1.05 mg/gOr1.05 to 1.5 mg/g
Anthocyanin levels0.4 to 1.0 mg/gOr1.1 to 1.5 mg/g
Approximately500m x 750m
Merjan Vineyard Harvest Map 2007
Korvan 3016xlKorvan 3016xlConvert final map layerinto shape fileGenerate Prescription file in SMS BasicIn this case feed/no feedor 0 & 1 signalsSimulation Run
20052005--08 Overview08 Overview
200520053 Merlot vineyards / small wine lots3 Merlot vineyards / small wine lots
200620061 Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard1 Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard•• 45 acre vineyard45 acre vineyard•• Large wine lotsLarge wine lots
20072007--08082 Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards2 Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards•• 45 and 160 acres45 and 160 acres•• Large wine lotsLarge wine lots
2006 2006 --08 Site Locations08 Site Locations
Twin Creeks Vineyard
Merjan Vineyard
Fresno State
2006-07-08 Twin Creeks Vineyard
2007-08Merjan Vineyard
North Central California45 acresCabernet Sauvignon8 ft X 8 ft (row x vine)110R and 1103P rootstocksHand PrunedDrip irrigatedAverage 6 tons/acreSample ~10 sites/acre
Central California160 acresCabernet Sauvignon10 ft x 7.5 ft (row x vine)Freedom RootstockMechanically prunedDrip irrigatedAverage 10 tons/acreSample ~9 sites/acre
Twin Creeks Vineyard 2005Twin Creeks Vineyard 2005
Note lack of Note lack of correlation between correlation between Brix and Brix and anthocyaninanthocyanin
0 50 100 150 200 250 300NORTHING, m
0
50
100
150
WE
STI
NG
, m
0.460.460.470.470.480.480.480.490.50.50.510.510.520.520.530.530.540.540.550.550.56
Anth
ocya
nin,
mg/
g
0 50 100 150 200 250 300NORTHING, m
0
50
100
150
WE
STI
NG
, m
22.422.622.82323.223.423.623.82424.224.424.624.82525.225.425.625.82626.226.426.6
BR
IX
Brix
Anthocyanin mg/g
2005 Merlot Wine Analysis2005 Merlot Wine AnalysisVineyard Ethanol pH Folin C
Twin Creeks High Anthocyanin 12.6 3.65 32.8
Twin Creeks Low Anthocyanin 11.6 3.6 33.1
Joe Cotta High Anthocyanin 11.5 3.48 36.8
Joe Cotta Low Anthocyanin 11.6 3.6 33.1
WT High Anthocyanin 11.9 3.76 32.1
WT Med. Anthocyanin 12.0 3.63 33.8
WT Low Anthocyanin 8.7 3.45 26.5
2005 Merlot Taste Panel Results2005 Merlot Taste Panel Results
Joe Cotta: 99.9% Joe Cotta: 99.9% Confident that the two Confident that the two wines are different.wines are different.Twin Creeks: 94.2% Twin Creeks: 94.2% Confident that the two Confident that the two wines are different.wines are different.
(Based on 14 panel (Based on 14 panel members)members)
Wine Lots: Wine Lots:
2006 Twin Creeks Cabernet Sauvignon2006 Twin Creeks Cabernet SauvignonSmall lots (1000 lb each) based on hand Small lots (1000 lb each) based on hand harvested fruit from several regionsharvested fruit from several regionsLarge lots (40 tons/tank) differentially Large lots (40 tons/tank) differentially harvested fruit using Korvan harvester:harvested fruit using Korvan harvester:
2007 Merjan Cabernet Sauvignon2007 Merjan Cabernet SauvignonTwo wineries: Paul Masson and WoodbridgeTwo wineries: Paul Masson and Woodbridge•• 40 tons/tank differentially harvested fruit of each 40 tons/tank differentially harvested fruit of each
category to each winerycategory to each winery
2006 Taste Panel Results2006 Taste Panel Results
Small lots (1000 lb each) based on hand Small lots (1000 lb each) based on hand harvested fruit from several regions:harvested fruit from several regions:
20 panel members 20 panel members No significant differences (down to 90% level)No significant differences (down to 90% level)
Large lots (40 tons/tank) differentially Large lots (40 tons/tank) differentially harvested fruit using Korvan harvester:harvested fruit using Korvan harvester:
20 panel members20 panel members99.4% confidence that there were differences99.4% confidence that there were differences
Adams-Harbertson Wine Assay
mg/LMalv-3-G
Equiv.
mg/LCatechinEquiv.
mg/LCatechinEquiv.
mg/LCatechinEquiv.
Total ACYTotal
PhenolsTotal
Tannins NTP
101 560.89 259.161 301.729
93 433.81 79.339 354.471
110 867.14 344.607 522.533
149 826.37 168.152 658.218
154 1417.59 345.964 1071.626
125 1472.8 755.143 717.657
156 1307.47 647.732 659.738
Date Treatment
24-Mar-08 HQ - Paul Masson (free run only)
24-Mar-08 NQ - Paul Masson (free run only)
24-Mar-08NQ - Paul Masson (free run + 1st
Press fraction)
24-Mar-08HQ - Paul Masson (free run + 1st
Press fraction)
24-Mar-08 NQ - Woodbridge (free run only)
24-Mar-08 HQ - Woodbridge (free run only)
24-Mar-08Non Differential Harvest -
Woodbridge (free run only)
Merjan Wine AnalysisMerjan Wine Analysis
Commercial application?Commercial application?
Demonstrated the technology can workDemonstrated the technology can workRequires trained personnel (service Requires trained personnel (service provided by winery or provided by winery or ““consultantconsultant””))Requires equipment and software to Requires equipment and software to acquire and process dataacquire and process dataRequires preparations to accomplish Requires preparations to accomplish differential harvestdifferential harvestRequires Requires ““quality streamingquality streaming”” at the wineryat the winery
DetailsDetails
Equipment CostsEquipment CostsNIRNIR $25,000$25,000GPS/GISGPS/GIS $14,000$14,000SoftwareSoftware $ 7,000$ 7,000VehiclesVehicles $ 7,000$ 7,000TrainingTraining $ 2,000$ 2,000ComputersComputers $10,000$10,000
•• TotalTotal $65,000$65,000
ApplicationApplication40 ac/day40 ac/day10 yrs for most equipment10 yrs for most equipment3 years for computers3 years for computersCalibration of NIRCalibration of NIRMinimum of two people (1 Minimum of two people (1 to collect data; 1 to to collect data; 1 to process data)process data)Personnel / travel costsPersonnel / travel costsPossible use of Possible use of equipment for other equipment for other purposespurposes
Estimated Costs and BenefitsEstimated Costs and BenefitsAssume applying to 1,800 acresAssume applying to 1,800 acresAssume 5 samples per acre @ $20.00/sample = Assume 5 samples per acre @ $20.00/sample = $100/acre = $180,000$100/acre = $180,000Assume that 25% of the fruit is higher quality Assume that 25% of the fruit is higher quality and is differentially harvested (450 acres) to and is differentially harvested (450 acres) to produce wines worth $2.00 more per produce wines worth $2.00 more per bottle.(commercial example $10/ bottle)bottle.(commercial example $10/ bottle)Assume 5 ton/ac (@800 bottles/ton) =4000 Assume 5 ton/ac (@800 bottles/ton) =4000 bottles/acre.bottles/acre.The added value/acre = $8000The added value/acre = $8000The total added value = $3,600,000The total added value = $3,600,000
Potential ValuePotential ValueNeed for understanding the potential impact/benefit to growersNeed for understanding the potential impact/benefit to growers
Who absorbs the cost of fruit segregation?Who absorbs the cost of fruit segregation?How is the grower compensated?How is the grower compensated?
Need for fruit Need for fruit ““streamingstreaming”” at the wineryat the wineryObserved differences between hand pruned and machine pruned Observed differences between hand pruned and machine pruned fruit (yieldfruit (yield--quality relationship)quality relationship)Use of NIR and FTIR instruments may facilitate preUse of NIR and FTIR instruments may facilitate pre--harvest mappingharvest mapping
Concerns:Concerns:•• sampling protocolssampling protocols•• sample processingsample processing•• effects of temperatureeffects of temperature
Established that preEstablished that pre--harvest maps can be used to accomplish harvest maps can be used to accomplish differential harvestdifferential harvestPotential significant economic valuePotential significant economic value
Other issues?Other issues?
Thank you!Thank you!