ppt ch11 parenting_socialization
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Agenda
Check in– Next week’s reflection is the final reflection
Parenting Roles and Child Socialization
Get out early and go observe socialization
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Final Reflection
Page Length: 5.5 to 6 pages
Sources: Make sure to use at least 10-15 key terms or topics used in the book.
Readings: All course readings.
Question: How can knowledge acquired in this course be applied to personal and professional development? Specifically address the following questions:
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Final Reflection
Defining “Family” How has the course content informed how you look at families and your
understanding of your family of origin? Definitions of “families” are influence by cultural, social and religious values and
theoretical paradigms. How do you define family and what theoretical paradigms and values inform your definition of family? How do diversity issues influence definitions of “family”?
Challenges Impacting Families What do you think are the most perplexing problems facing families in
2010/2011 and what strengths do you think families possess to help address these problems? Are there particular kinds of problems and strengths that are unique to particular kinds of families? If so, please describe and discuss.
Future Expectations As you look to your future, imagine it is 2015, that you have graduated from
school and that you are working in your profession. What will you be doing and how can the knowledge acquired in this course be applied in your personal and professional life?
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Chapter 11: Parenting Roles and Child
Socialization
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Good Parenting
Varies according to context. Is often based on white, middle-class,
Western norms. Is shaped by family strategies for survival.
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Motherhood and Fatherhood
Parental Investment Theory-reproductive strategies that best increase the likelihood that genetic material will be passed on through offspring varies according to sex.
Ethological Perspective-women bond more closely with children because they are the early providers of satisfaction for infants’ basic physical needs.
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Critiques of these Theories Men can perform expressive roles and women
instrumental ones.
Animal behavior shows that males and females use both strategies.
Full-time care-giving fathers raise children who have strong and healthy attachments to both parents.
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Parent-Child Attachment Secure-comfort with a mix of proximity and
distance, little exposure to risk. Insecure-resistant-parents distance themselves
from children, exposing child to risk. Insecure-avoidant-parents are overly close to their
children, and the child is angry when separation occurs.
Disorganized-do not desire closeness; are not distressed by distance.
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Parenting Styles
Authoritative
Permissive Indifferent
Authoritarian
Permissive Indulgent
ResponsivenessDemandingnessHigh Low
Lo
w
Hig
h
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Corporal Punishment
Is the use of physical force to correct behavior.
Must be viewed in a socio-cultural context, including:– Culturally prescribed meanings– Social structural variations
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Theories of Socialization Processes
Learning/Behaviorist
Psychoanalytic
Child Development
Symbolic Interaction
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Learning/BehavioristFrame of Reference
Assumes that the same principles of learning apply to humans as to other animals.
Both classical conditioning (Pavlov) and operant conditioning (Skinner) explain learning as a conditioned response to external stimuli.
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Psychoanalytic Frameof Reference
Stresses the importance of biological drives and unconscious psychic processes to personality formation.
Freud Identified 5 Stages of Human Development:1. Oral2. Anal3. Phallic4. Latency5. Genital
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Child DevelopmentFrames of Reference
Erik Erikson viewed socialization as a lifelong process.
He identified 8 stages of development.
At each stage the individual must resolve a crisis brought on by physiological changes and a constantly changing social situation.
Jean Piaget focused on the importance of cognition.
He identified 4 stages of development.
He argued that development is an ability to reason abstractly, think logically, and organize rules into complex structures.
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Erikson’s Eight Stagesof Development
Infancy–trust versus mistrust Early Childhood–autonomy versus shame and doubt Young Childhood–initiative versus guilt School Age–industry versus inferiority Adolescence–identity versus role confusion Young Adulthood–intimacy versus isolation Adulthood and Middle Age–generativity versus stagnation Old Age–integrity versus despair
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Piaget’s Four Stages ofIntellectual Development
Sensorimotor (birth to 18 months)–based on physical understandings of self and world.
Preoperational (18 months to 7 years)–language acquisition and treatment of objects as symbolic.
Concrete operational (7 to 12 years)–learns cause and effect, can manipulate tools and classify objects, understands permanence, considers others’ views.
Formal operational (12 years and up)–develops ability to think abstractly, can develop alternative solutions to problems.
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Symbolic InteractionFrame of Reference
This sociological perspective focuses on:– Symbols– Language– Internalized meanings
It sees socialization as a lifelong process, developed through interaction.
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Symbolic Interaction Stryker Identified Four Basic
Assumptions:1. Humans must be studied on their own level.
2. The most fruitful approach to social behavior is through analyzing society.
3. The human infant at birth is asocial.
4. A socialized human being is both an actor and a reactor.
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Symbolic Interaction Development of a social self occurs through
interaction with others. Significant others and reference groups are those
that we psychologically identify with and seek acceptance from.
Socialization stages and interaction processes provide us with a sense of self, others, and social relationships.
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Symbolic Interaction
Very early experiences provide infants with their first sense of self, others, and social relationships.
For most infants, the mother is the first, primary, and most significant other.
The infant internalizes a sense of self-worth and self-image through repetitive interactions.
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Symbolic Interaction Mead asserted that individuals develop a mental
construct, the generalized other, which allows people to see themselves from the standpoints of others.
His model includes three Stages of Observation:1. Preparatory stage–Children imitate others;2. Play stage–Children take roles of others; and3. Game stage–Children participate in games
involving rules.
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Socialization in Adolescence Adolescence is a period of active engagement in:
– Sex role identification– Interaction with the opposite sex– Participation in new social activities– Acquisition of vocational skills– Increasing independence from parents– A new sense of self-reliance
For teens, school and peer groups are central sources of reference, interaction, and identity.
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Gender Identity andSex-Role Socialization
Sex refers to the biological condition of being male or female.
Sex Roles refer to social expectations associated with biological sex.
Gender is the totality of being male or female. Gender Roles are social expectations associated with
being masculine or feminine (and may not correspond with one’s sex).
Gender Identity refers to the way one perceives or defines oneself.
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Gender Identity andSex Role Socialization
Sexual and gender identity formation are developmental processes.
These processes do not always involve an orderly sequence of stages.
Identities change as a result of:– Available social constructs;– The socio-political landscape; and– One’s own position in that landscape.
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Gender Identity can include…
Membership Knowledge– “I’m a girl”
Gender Typicality– “Im just like other girls”
Gender Contentedness– “I like being a girl”
Pressure for gender conformity– “I ought to act like a girl”
Intergroup Bias– “Girls are better than boys”
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Female–Male Differences Males and Females Differ:
– Normatively– Attitudinally– Behaviorally– Physically
The belief that sex differences are innate provides ideological justification for a system of sex stratification.
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Sex Role Socialization Children learn appropriate sex roles early in life
through interaction with others.
Sex-typing persists in adulthood.
Gender Roles are Reinforced in:– Home– School– Workplace– Religious organizations– Mass media
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Ethnic/Racial Socialization Transmission from adults to children of information
regarding race and ethnicity
Parents focus on 4 general areas– cultural socialization
• heritage and history; cultural customs and traditions; ethnic pride
– preparation for bias• promote their children’s awareness of discrimination and prepare them to cope
with it
– promotion of mistrust• need for wariness and distrust in interracial interactions
– Egalitarianism• encourage their children to value individual qualities over racial group
membership or avoid any mention of race in discussions
Parental conversations increase with age, vary by gender & class
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Observation for the long weekend Go observe families at home or at the mall…
– socialization patterns of families • Behavior management• Sex/ Gender role• Ethnic
– Parent-child attachment• Closeness• Warmth• Responsiveness• Demandingness
We will talk about your observations at the beginning of our next class