powerpoint presentation · unsustainable animal farming resource and pollution livestock uses ~30%...

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[2] Ramankutty, N., and J.A. Foley (1999). Estimating historical changes in land cover: North American croplands from 1850 to 1992. Global Ecology and Biogeography 8, 381-396

Land Use by Category

[3] [4]

[3] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO Statistical Pocketbook 2015, 2015. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4691e.pdf.

[4] J. Foley, Feeding 9 Billion, Natl. Geogr. Soc. (n.d.). http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/feeding-9-billion/ (accessed February 5, 2016).

http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4691e.pdf

Water Use

[5] National Geographic Society, A Freshwater Story, (2016). http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/freshwater-101-interactive/ (accessed January 15, 2016).

Unsustainable Animal Farming

Resource and pollution

Livestock uses ~30% of the world’s ice-free landmass 6

Livestock produces 14.25% of all greenhouse emissions 6

Food and water consumption: 1 lb 7

[6] Silicon Valley gets a taste for food, Econ. - Technol. Q. (2015). http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21645497-tech-startups-are-moving-food-business-make-sustainable-versions-

meat (accessed November 24, 2015).

[7] National Geographic Society, The Hidden Water We Use, (2016). http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/embedded-water/ (accessed January 15, 2016).

http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21645497-tech-startups-are-moving-food-business-make-sustainable-versions-

Compare That To

Unsustainable Animal Farming


Unsustainable Diets?

Embedded Water

- One 0.3 lb Burger

- One cup of Coffee


8-minute shower

People and Food• Distribution of World’s crop calories4:

55% → People (25% of crop calories wasted before consumed)

~36% → Livestock

~9% → Biofuels


[9] United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 Revision, United Nations, New York, NY, 2014. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2005.12.9.

[10] United Nations, Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture, Futur. We Want. (n.d.). http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/food.asp (accessed February 2, 2016).

39%

46%

15%

% Ice Free Land

Agriculture Undeveloped Other

67%

33%

Pastureland Cropland

67%

3%

18%

12%

Pastureland Biofuels Human Lifestock

% Agricultural Land

If we

assume

equal land

distribution

of food

calories

People and Food• Distribution of World’s crop calories4:

55% → People (25% of crop calories wasted before consumed)

~36% → Livestock

~9% → Biofuels




39%

46%

15%

% Ice Free Land

Agriculture Undeveloped Other

67%

33%

Pastureland Cropland

67%3%

18%

12%

Pastureland Biofuels Human Lifestock

67%3%

13%

5%12%

Pastureland BiofuelsHuman - Consumed Human - WasteLifestock

% Agricultural Land

46%

15%

1%5%

2%

26%

5%

% Ice Free Land

Undeveloped OtherBiofuels Human - ConsumedHuman - Waste PasturelandLifestock

* Assuming equal land

distribution of food calories

7.4 Billion

(3.5 Billion Urban)

9.1 Billion

(6.4 Billion Urban)

34 years

• Today, 925 million people (12.5%) don’t have access to quality food

• UN proposed zero-hunger challenge

People and Food




Green Food

- Sustainable “Meat” and “Dairy” from Plants

(14,000 species of plants and each plant

species has 1000s of proteins)

Tech Startups are trying to create plant-based foods

•Cheaper

•Healthier

•Satisfying as animal-based products

•MUCH LOWER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Enormous efficiency in

terms of energy, water and

other inputs

Mimic the taste of animal-

derived foods with plants



Examples of “Green Foods”

Plant-based chicken strips

Beyond Meat

Eggless mayonnaise

Hampton Creek

Plant “beef” burger patty

Impossible Foods (Rancid Polenta)

Beverage as complete substitute for food

Soylent (Ocassional Recreational Eating)



[2] Ramankutty, N., and J.A. Foley (1999). Estimating historical changes in land cover: North American croplands from 1850 to 1992. Global Ecology and Biogeography 8, 381-396[4] J. Foley, Feeding 9 Billion, Natl. Geogr. Soc. (n.d.). http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/feeding-9-billion/ (accessed February 5, 2016).[8] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Agriculture key to addressing future water and energy needs, News Arch. (2011). http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/94760/icode/ (accessed February 4, 2016).

According to UN8:• Food production must increase by 70% in 34 years• Global Energy demand will increase by 36% in 9 years.

Area cleared for crops8

• 13% of Ice-Free Land

Area for livestock grazing4,8

• 26% of Ice-Free Land

CitiesOccupy 3% of Land Surface

Utilize 60-80% of Energy Generated

Produce 50% of Global Waste

60 – 80% of Global GHG

Emission

Consume 75% of Natural Resources


[11] United Nations Environment Programme, Global Initiative for Resource Efficient Cities Engine to Sustainability, Paris, 2012.

Sustainable Cities

Closing the Urban Water, Nutrient and Carbon Loop: Urban Farming - Combined Carbon Capture, Cooling, Heat and Power

Urban Agriculture (Aquaponics,

Urban Farming, Greenhouse Farm)

Stormwater Management with

Low-Impact Development

More Concentrated Wastewater

Sou

rce of Fertilizer Harvested

Rainwater

Stormwater treated through LID

Heat and Energy

Fertilizer for Farms, Food for Aquaponics

Heat

Na

tura

l Ga

s from

An

aero

bic D

igestio

n

Natural Gas from Compost

Natural Gas

CO2 Injection

Natural Gas from Landfill

Combined Carbon Capture, Cooling, Heating and

Power (Air-cooled microturbines)

On-site Energy and Nutrient Recovery

Local Composting

Landfill

[12] J.C. Crittenden, Water for Everything and the Transformative Technologies to Improve Water Sustainability, in: Natl. Water Res. Inst. Clarke Prize Lect., Huntington Beach, CA, 2015: pp. 1–23. http://www.clarkeprize.com/.

Heat and Energy

Water

Fertilizer

Natural Gas

CO2

LEGEND

Close the loop in urban infrastructure systems

Urban system as a Circular Economy

The Design of Decentralized Food, Water and Energy Systems in Rural Baoting, Hainan

One single family with 5 people Conventional Decentralized Change

Land use (including housing

and farming)More than 400 m2 Less than 100 m2 -75%

Water use More than 200 tones/year Less than 120 tones/year -40%

Chemical fertilizer use More than 40 kg/acre/year Less than 10 kg/acre/year -75%

Pesticide use More than 1kg/acre/year Less than 0.1 kg/acre/year -90%

Net household income Less than ￥40,000/year More than ￥50,000/year +20%

Credit: Baolong Han,

Research Center for

Eco-Environmental

Sciences

The installation

cost: ￥50,000

($8,000) from

local government

Pictures of the Construction In Details

The collaboration is funded by NSF RESIN Supplement (PI: Dr. Crittenden),

Catalyzing NEW International Collaboration on Sustainable Infrastructures.

The Construction was completed in April, 2015. The full assessment is

undergoing based on one-year operation.

[13] D. Despommier, The Rise of Vertical Farms, Sci. Am. (2009) 80 – 87. http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v301/n5/box/scientificamerican1109-80_BX3.html (accessed December 6, 2015).

[14] M. Al-Chalabi, Vertical farming: Skyscraper sustainability?, Sustain. Cities Soc. 18 (2015) 74–77. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2015.06.003.

[15] SkyGreens, Singapore - http://www.skygreens.com/

[16] VertiCrop, Vancouver, CA - http://www.verticrop.com/

[17] Farmed Here, Chicago, IL - http://farmedhere.com/

Vertical FarmingWhat is Vertical Farming:

• Produce grown in racks with natural or artificial light

• Hydroponic or Aquaponic

Produce:

leafy greens, fruits, vegetables, microgreens

• Claim 90 - 97% less water

• Serve local regions → smaller carbon footprint from

transportation

• 75% less labor

• Smaller impact on land use

• Grow year-round

Current Investigations:• Production capacity

• Nutrient, Energy, Emissions, and Water (NEEW) Flows

• Economic viability

• Impact on urban system resilience and sustainability

• Relationship with food supply and availability

http://www.skygreens.com/

http://www.verticrop.com/

http://farmedhere.com/






[16]

[17]

Vertical FarmingWhat is Vertical Farming:

• Produce grown in racks with natural or artificial light

• Hydroponic or Aquaponic

Produce:

leafy greens, fruits, vegetables, microgreens

• Claim 90 - 97% less water

• Serve local regions → smaller carbon footprint from

transportation

• 75% less labor

• Smaller impact on land use

• Grow year-round

Current Investigations:• Production capacity

• Nutrient, Energy, Emissions, and Water (NEEW) Flows

• Economic viability

• Impact on urban system resilience and sustainability

• Relationship with food supply and availability

[15]




Current InvestigationsModeling the urban system using Ecosystem Network Analysis

• Natural ecosystem health is dependent on stabilityand sustainability

Quantify:

• Food Flows

• Connectivity

• Robustness of current urban food network

Tradeoffs between efficiency and redundancy

• High efficiency – less ability to respond to stress

• High redundancy – decreased development and competition

[19] A. Layton, B. Bras, M. Weissburg, Industrial Ecosystems and Food Webs: An Expansion and Update of Existing Data for Eco-Industrial Parks and Understanding the Ecological Food Webs They Wish to Mimic, J. Ind. Ecol. 00 (2015) n/a–n/a. doi:10.1111/jiec.12283.

[20] S.J. Goerner, B. Lietaer, R.E. Ulanowicz, Quantifying economic sustainability: Implications for free-enterprise theory, policy and practice, Ecol. Econ. 69 (2009) 76–81. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.07.018.[21] C. Bondavalli, A. Bodini, How interaction strength affects the role of functional and redundant connections in food webs, Ecol. Complex. 20 (2014) 97–106. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2014.09.004.

(2)

(3)

High efficiency High redundancyMat

eria

l D

istr

ibu

tio

n

(4)

Current Investigations

[22] X. Lin, Q. Dang, M. Konar, A Network Analysis of Food Flows within the United States of America, Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 (2014) 5439–5447. doi:10.1021/es500471d.

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

• Quantified food commodity flows through the US [4]

Can we apply the same principle to a city?

Working to Identify Flows and Properties:

• Centrality

• Ascendency

• Development Capacity

• Redundancy

• Fractal Dimension

• Cycling Index

How does Vertical Farming fit in this network, and how does it change the flows?

(5)

How many vertical farms can we

sustain?

How many vertical farms do we

need?

• Scope of influence

• How spread out should they

be?

Optimum size of vertical farms?

What are the vulnerabilities of this

food network?

ScaleFood deserts: low-income communities at

least one mile from the nearest supermarket

[23] United States Department of Agriculture, Food Access Research Atlas, Econ. Res. Serv. (2015). http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-access-research-atlas/go-to-the-atlas.aspx (accessed February 5, 2016).

References[1] D. Bryant, D. Nielsen, L. Tangley, Last Frontier Forests: Ecosystems and Economies on the Edge, 1997.



[3] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO Statistical Pocketbook 2015, 2015. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4691e.pdf.


[5] National Geographic Society, A Freshwater Story, (2016). http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/freshwater-101-interactive/ (accessed January 15, 2016).

[6] Silicon Valley gets a taste for food, Econ. - Technol. Q. (2015). http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21645497-tech-startups-are-moving-food-business-make-sustainable-versions-meat (accessed November 24, 2015).


[8] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Agriculture key to addressing future water and energy needs, News Arch. (2011). http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/94760/icode/ (accessed February 4, 2016).



[11] United Nations Environment Programme, Global Initiative for Resource Efficient Cities Engine to Sustainability, Paris, 2012.

[12] J.C. Crittenden, Water for Everything and the Transformative Technologies to Improve Water Sustainability, in: Natl. Water Res. Inst. Clarke Prize Lect., Huntington Beach, CA, 2015: pp. 1–23. http://www.clarkeprize.com/.






[18] L. Bubbly Dynamics, The Plant, (n.d.). http://www.plantchicago.com/ (accessed Sep. 5, 2015).

[19] A. Layton, B. Bras, M. Weissburg, Industrial Ecosystems and Food Webs: An Expansion and Update of Existing Data for Eco-Industrial Parks and Understanding the Ecological Food Webs They Wish to Mimic, J. Ind. Ecol. 00 (2015) n/a–n/a. doi:10.1111/jiec.12283.

[20] S.J. Goerner, B. Lietaer, R.E. Ulanowicz, Quantifying economic sustainability: Implications for free-enterprise theory, policy and practice, Ecol. Econ. 69 (2009) 76–81. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.07.018.

[21] C. Bondavalli, A. Bodini, How interaction strength affects the role of functional and redundant connections in food webs, Ecol. Complex. 20 (2014) 97–106. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2014.09.004.

[22] X. Lin, Q. Dang, M. Konar, A Network Analysis of Food Flows within the United States of America, Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 (2014) 5439–5447. doi:10.1021/es500471d.

[23] United States Department of Agriculture, Food Access Research Atlas, Econ. Res. Serv. (2015). http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-access-research-atlas/go-to-the-atlas.aspx (accessed February 5, 2016).

http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4691e.pdf

http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21645497-tech-startups-are-moving-food-business-make-sustainable-versions-




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