PowerPoint: Chapter 6 - The American Revolution

1. Disunity in the Colonies • ~ ^ supported war vs. Britain, were in the minority when

war woke out LPM<3-1 ' S"T£> - didn't think there was a good enough reason to fight

Britain^remained loyal to Britain; most lived in the ( A f O 11 mCL$> and wanted to protect government jobs or official positions or didn't think colonies could win

• / N J C b i ' ^ V f l - l - didn't take either side, like Quakers - pacifists who did not support violence, and Western farmers who were far from the conflict

M P l O d u Problems - To pay for the war, Congress and the state^ printed hundreds of millions of dollars of

- : —ey beca It quickly lost its value and led to i jO •f~ \<xt~\ Congress stopped

issuing paper money because no one would accept it.

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Timeline of Major Events First Continental Congress meets Lg LJjQQJSr) 5 £°nCJbr& - A p r i l 19, 1775

Ticonderoga Bunker Hil l - May 1775 Second Continental Congress Meets " Pnrnr^nr^ ScoC^ published - 1776

-V-• Trenton-'1776

April 18, 1775 - Paul Revere, William Dawes, Samuel Prescott ride to alert minutemen at Lexington and Concord that the British were marching toward them. (Poem: Paul Revere's Ride by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow)

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The CVtSVs " published - 1777

of 1777-1778 winter

- 1778 War in the South - 1778-1781 Charleston - 1780

O r ^ f o u c n 1781 recdh^ n P Peat's,- 1783

First battles of the war! - Lexington & Concord (Mass.) - April 19, 1775 • " $Vot hfaurgt * no^xnA ~f)ng woorU" - would lead to colonial g in '

inspire r e v o l u . - h o n S _ around the world - phrase comes from a poem by called, " QjyoCorA. Q

and

Fort Ticonderoga - May 1775 - Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys capture the fort. Cannons are taken to Boston and used in the Battle of Bunker Hil l .

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Second Continental Congress - May 1775 - created to govern the colonies. • Olive Branch Petition \

Created Continental Army under the command of George Washington The Continental Army lacked -Cx pCt^C/vcC ) -\rtUfij v<? S a p p U g3 } Congress established the Continental Army but depended on states to recruit (enlist) soldiers;

; Congress estat had no power to tax to raise money for army.

Bunker Hill - June 1775 - across from Boston Harbor • Patriot Commander William Prescott: "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes!" • Patriots surrendered when they ran out of ammunition, but the British learned that the war would be more

difficult than they expected.

10. independence. (

_" - January 1776 - Thomas Paine's pamphlet that called for complete many to Su^ppov-t- the Hx-f> ,' o -f cause

11. Independence declared July 4 by the Second Continental Congress • Richard Henry Lee of Virginia proposed resolution for independence

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• Thomas Jefferson wrote much of the Declaration of Independence • The Declaration of Independence gives the reasons why the colonies were declaring independence and

listed their grievances against the British government

12. Unalienable Rights - cannot be taken away - We hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created tf£j UaJ\t they are endowed by their Creator with certain L*-r\<3.( [-ena^loi C , i

VI<=JIAA-S- , that among these are V £f | V i ' W ^ - K j d j^oC pay5ui'-V- bT. U.(Kf>f>\^-^>

13. Winter 1776-1777 - Howe drove Washington and the Continental Army from New York to V^guQ Jgryx-^ then across the De.(0^uoQ^c &\Cr to Pennsylvania. Soldiers c\&.&£r\tA ' in great numbers; others went home because enlistments were up.

_ - Patriot spy who hanged without a trial in 1776; his last words reported were, " I n v O ^ r / ^ . f -*Ua,+ 1 I v M , tm ixk ^ / & * f V * " J C*M*H^ _

15. African Americans Join the Fight when Washington asked Congress to f free African Americans. By the end of the war, every state except S o i v H ^ Co~**> Ic^vA, enlisted African Americans like

I gtviu r 1 >~-fccys, and SaAtfyy P o o ^ Yc^e^io^Xcr^-

16. The Continental Army was at a low point during the winter of 1776-1777, when published another pamphlet, " " T K c C V ' i S xc, ," which again led to more

Six^pov-f' for the Patriot cause.

17. Victory at H"7p l/d-t>v^ - December 1776 - Gen. 4 j o w ^ left his troops to spend the winter in New York. Washington and men crossed the icyTteifl u^cyrt E'i.xfer on Christmas night, 1776, capturing 900 4-4-C5>S. jgLnJk in a surprise attack. Victories at Trenton and Princeton raised yy/t 6vo-( €L and convinced many to in the Continental Army

18. New British Strategy -Britain decided on a three-pronged attack on the \^~ik ^ ^ < v r £ - ^ Valley in New York, to isolate ^ f s o from the rest of the colonies; they planned to defeat New England and then move south to conquer the remaining colonies. • Gen. 3g>V>r> "Gentleman Johnny" S*-*-«"^pMfrnc would lead troops from Canada. • Lt. Col Barry St. Leger would move east from Lake Ontario. • General ~T~fc > urC would move north from New York City • They would all meet at &r( b C M ^ | V to launch the attack.

19. Howe's Blunder - Deteririined to capture the ^ ^ m b ^ - S of the 2 n d Continental Congress, Howe r\ (jL moving north to meet Burgoyne's army and remained in . General Burgoyne's army traveled more .S ( p uo than planned; he retreated to

; ?t*-E UL-hiJ Tjjx J Y , short of supplies and men.

21. The Battle of ^c^<^CXA~^c\^ - Oct 1777. never arrived to help Burgoyne. Patriot Horatio 6?Q4t l^ surrounc ed BrJrgoyne's forces. "3 u^ft ° °\*~<- surrendered at £ojfOJtT> ^ The

British battle plan had _z • This battle would prove to be the ~KA- 'VS> pb>^~ in the war.

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22. . ^X< oJtQ'-,^ - * ~ T u / ^ ' y Q ^ l ^ c F of the War - The B v i l o s s at Saratoga convinced -f^Kci n C c and other European nations to n ll a with the Patriots. pv-Oin C<~ declared war on Britain and gave the Americans -VYPOOS 1, and ^^-pjplt'cs . Later,

2 y u * o & the Netherlands also helped the colonies. f>e^cA T ^ f "

23. Valley Forge, 1777-1778 - Washington's troops spent a harsh winter at €^ Pennsylvania. The anny lacked food, clothing, and shelter. Some men cj&H^hA ; others resigned as enlistments expired. Almost / j j of the Continental Anny CM Col. of exposure and disease.

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However, news of France's alliance cheered the troops. European volunteers arrived to ~hr~ZLi n the Continental Army to fight using European military tactics. • A "FYen cJh nobleman, Marquis de L^r-ex^g-flC , became one of Washington's trusted

(\j.&4J> and was very ^pn^itXr with the troops. • Friedrich v o n !\Hx£\>Cr^ from faerrrtWA cf m \)g<^ Washington's troops and taught

them military discipline, making them a^mqre ^ffi*c)r^-i fighting force. I , a l» H cavalry officer, helped the army. • Casimir

• Thaddeus )^Q.SCvuAy~P , a Pc-^-gA--- military engineer helped with defenses. • Juan de Mlvtx-K eg* from Spain lent i r y v D n ^ , became friends with Patriot leaders, and

convinced Cuba, Spain, and Mexico to send financial aid to the colonies.

24. War in the West - on the western ""Pr&^f often involved v A a ^ V f Apre^* c d " & , who were more worried about c r>[ny\. than about the British.

• British Commander "rr-flrvu R-QVN at Detroit was nicknamed the "hair buyer" because of rumors he offered J VPQU vrH-g^. for American S t ^ t pg>

• American commander (agovae^ JSo^erS, Q A ^ ^ C - won a victory at Vincennes that kept Americans in control of the (zyvrecuH toJl^S- and strengthened position in IjpfS-h

25. Help from ^palt^ - Bernardo de (%Q* 1 Vj t L-, governor of Spanish Louisiana, loaned money, opened K>fLO bslcbun^ t 0 Americans, shipped supplies up the Mississippi River to George Rogers Clark and

struck-atefeEa lg>ri-\-->s.U- posts on <£u.\"P \4&t-<<-»

26. *^SW attempted to \)\ the coast, to pr^enT^rtrhote and allies from SLAJ?P \MJ and the Continental Army, r r • v<a~Hg<T^S attempted to break the blockade. The most famous privateer was CTP U<A ~Sh> w<> v, , captain of

^C>yvWtyywf\NC. fctckfl^, who fought the ^y^ 'VisW- ship <£?re»-pi ^ When the British captain asked i f he wanted to surrender, Jones replied, " A frv-trf >JcJ- beSfr-in f o "pgU^r- He captured the Serapis. (J

27. The War Moves South, 1778-1781 - After the British defeat at j ^ r o j f - o ^ c i ; the British hoped to gain aid from LjOHautA^fo , but they would face more e~jj^€ir) \e in the South from Patriot leaders like1^ fYO^Cx Monn'orv - "The <jw <if>r j> who would harasses British troops and then hide in the swamps.

28. British Victories in the South - ^ • British capture ^QM & m r A ^ and overrun most of g<^P fj^t ^ . • British captured ^ovc r^ Gx^>Uu-<^ , in the L O O * ^ - defeat of

war; Patriots lost an entire ; they will lose another army at Camden.

29. However, (WjjQdL IliS. soon learns that he ^ L K f t o l (OYtho} the C^uf\h^j^JU p ( >r J p'^cu^ forces like Francis Marion's catch the British off-guard and £LJw^usK them.

30. Patriot Victory at Kings Mountain brought new support for independence from Southerners whose farms were being destroyed by war - they wanted it to end

31. r A x f j ^ K i t l GrtC^e ~ replaced Gates as commander of ^6aA--fiyg/ army (by Washington's decision); he was a former ffiffifeff^ who had given up T>g C i ^ 6 l S t o fight the British. His tactic was to gup j r) |(yy k^tnTO*attack when British were oOo //\

t\£f and lower on supplies

32. Patriot battles at Cowpens and Guilford Courthouse opened the way for Virginia ' /

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33. British Retreat - Yorktown, VA - cWot>tiflJl>S set up camp in l / j p y f c f a u r , V A , to await orders from Gen. Clinton and supplies. This sets up the k>a.*f/g^ of the Revolution

34. h>*~ knew Comwallis was camped in Yorktown, where I t f^gy^ S> troops were keeping him f ov^CftA. on the Yorktown peninsula. French Admiral Francois cJ€. 6?vaJ£g^ headed to the Chesapeake Bay with the second FV£yi<LU^ FI

35. The Siege of Yorktown - September, 1781 - 14,000 TYt^cW ' M > O p & trapped / I f rvn U-)djJ-i £, 's 7,500 British and Hessian troops at Yorktown. DeGrasse's T l h f V i C ^ -i \Ctj_ kept Cornwallis from r^j~r^_oJnyX J&C&p*^ or tefo^ re^^^c-eA by the

^ y a ^ ^ W y^toi^i . Washington and the Comte de cV\CLrr^beoL (A. 's bombardment of British camp began. 6ctober 19, 1781 - Cj>rf\S surrendered.

36. British armies remained in America and some fighting continued after Yorktown, but the Patriot \J i C^OH, at ^ I fpusr ' convinced many British subjects that the war was *~\r>o OD-S4-CLJ to continue.

37. Negotiating a Treaty: Z T p U r - v A<JdiyV^ , ^ C / o W n TA-M , and TvdJ^Cll i-v met with British delegates in T C X * ^ S t o negotiate. British delegates in -f Q-r"! S to negotiate

38. The Treaty of Paris, 1783 - , • " r ^ ^ ' - r - A x ^ recognized W - ^ ^ ^ ( W v ^ p ^ K ^ l g ^ v X C /* [£ A • US borders: A 4 - l ^ r 4 n £ D efii ir\C M t S S f c \ IQJOJ, 4O O u . ^ ' . • % - ^ p ^ would y f P f o v l d ^ J M 2 f (C6 • Americans would have -Q]S U i Vtg WF5 off Canadian coast^ / • US agreed that 3 n ' - K ' s V wCircWCurfo. owed by Americans. . • /1rjy^qyg,ss,toou-(<d y f C t O f r w v g r ^ t h a t L o c j ^ Q g H J |>gK-f^ log, rg--fxA.rft.eq

39. The Newburgh Conspiracy - Continental Arjny officers were angry at Congress for not paying them retirement money. Officers threatened ta. InQ-f- ft> b<Xr\g( the army, even though the war was over.

V j ^ S U ' i ^ F p i - ' worried that the officers' action could lead to a 'f^y^af that could c ^ ^ M ^ the new nation. The military could not be allowed to dominate the new government. It had to be run by elected representatives. He urged Congress to meet the soldiers' demands for pay, stressing that they had been

J - t x I l K M to their duty. UOftSV-iyrff jt>^ ' ^ WgAi-rt\X^p 6V\<jbtA the first to the new nation.

40. Washington's Farewell to his froops - December 4, 1781 - Washington said farewell to his officers in Manhattan. He formally f 6 V3 f<dC his commission as ODrMv^-NJl^'1 ^~cU (~ of the (lJEM.fir\ and returned to his home in V4oun4 ^€/r\x>r\, where he planned to live quietly. Washington would reluctantly return to public service in a few years, when his \<£&_r<*Ux.p would again be critical for the new country's survival. George Washington actually lost more battles than he won. However, he met his goal of YJUL ^ cw "fhe T^CcL .

41. Why the Americans Won . • They -(v ug^V- o vi ~ r W i r Ot^^ [co^C^ while British had to bring in troops and supplies from overseas.

British occupied the cities but ^ t ?u ( r l ^ o f dOrVtv p I "~H* Couni~>v^S»vJ^They were ambushed by Patriots who knew the local terrain.

• Patriots received W l p frt>YY\^ ^ I g K a a g l , o \-vcx*^( c - soldiers and ships; loans ° <!p<lcr attacks on British on Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi Valley, money o Fnyva-rvC'dJl (^U-ppoW from several countries

• Perhaps the most important reason - The American \ft\Jd\uh Q'r (AJA-S people^ vy^OyCL.r^e*>^'*~ / m i r^ocb Qr\d spirit of all the Patriots

42. Influence of the American Revolution

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• \&~~ colonial possession to YC C?e-1 against its parent country • t ,&J, -to VC tfo)n.-h"6^^ in fvp. f)t£ IMg-M££> pbl<3C>wJ[ , and

• Haiti would become the 2 n d colony in the Americas to throw off European control. • yY&nci^ j5ki>olu--Ho>-s - "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity" & "Men are born and remain free

and equal in rights",are ideas taken from the Declaration of Independence • The^^ecCourochgy^ Q+~ is quoted in V*' Ud \\jchb\r\S even today.

43. Life on the Homefront - Slavery, Women and Loyalists • The issue of S> I d O eJ*-^\s questioned, especially in light of the I ' dLf f l i ^ for which

people went to war. t(U\t LJQ>OS> fought as soldiers in the Revolutionary War - they hoped that they would soon see the day wherr-t^a*-^ would be "TiAgiLO^ .

• L o v A -I UITN M b*£ the ^ l y O governor of Vireinia, announced that g>lQAr€S> who fought for the Qv* J^SV— side would be

' -fryfgg^ . Very few actually were. • ( YNCJAJ-CII A ^ * ^ ^ ! did not enlist African Americans until after 1778

• VA3Q WtgfV often toqk over the duties of men while the men were in the military. o Some, like /\[g c^&X [ Ado~rv\» , began to question their place in society.

_ - accompanied husband, took his place when he died in battle o yyAwj U x J i O ^ ("Vo^€S -a.k.a. " \\b \[u T t f e r W " -went w/husband, took water

to soldiers, took his place firing cannon when he was wounded o T^e-kow-W SOLTYS nSbr\ disguised self as a boy and enlisted

• Since the colonists were fighting for the ideals of freedom and liberty, some began to question the

• The LCM QJL I in the colonies faced -VT 0 '-^* 0^ - spying - arrested and tried as traitors, victims of mob violence or ignored by their neighbors. Many \f ¥~ to (jx^OidLgs^ to Spanish-owned Florida, or to the frontier.

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