power simulator

8/14/2019 power simulator

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A POWER SYSEM SIMULAOR

(GENERATION)

BY;

AKINLEYE BABAWALE JOSEPH: PN/EE/11/0682

EMENIKE SARAH AMARACHI: PN/EE/11/0701

FAMAKINDE MICHAEL TOSIN: PN/EE/11/0706

ODUNBAKU TUNDE: PN/EE/11/0685

OLAJIDE OLAIDE: PN/EE/11/0684

LAWAL AYOKUNNUMI: PN/EE/11/0686

FAGBEMI RAPHAEL: PN/EE/11/0683

SALAU ADESEWA: PN/EE/11/0702

A PROJECT SUBMITTED SUBMITED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING OF FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC

ILARO, OGUN STATE IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

ORDINARY NATIONAL DIPLOMA

OCTOBER 2013


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DEDICATION

This project work is dedicated to Almighty God, who had spared our life and for

giving us the power, strength and the ability to write this project. Then, to the Holy

Spirit, the source of wisdom, knowledge and understanding and to our parents, who

with no limit summoned courage in us to continue our education.


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CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project work was carried out by FamakindeMichael Tosin,

Akinleye Joseph, OdunbakuTunde, OlajideOlaide, LawalAyokunnumi, Emenike Sarah

Amarachi, SalauAdesewa andFagbemi Raphael, under the supervision of Mr. P.O.

Mbamaluikem and Mr. S.S. Olowofela in the department of Electrical Engineering.

Supervisors Signature & Date

.

Supervisors Signature & Date

.................................................................

Head of Departments Signature & Date


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost we give thanks and praises to Almighty God for His assistance, protection,

guidance and blessing since the commencement of this project.

We are greatly indebted to the Head of Department, Electrical Engineering in person of Engr.

Ogunyemi for his help during this project and also to our project supervisors Mr. P.O

Mbamaluikem and Mr. S.S. Olowofela for their willful assistance in guiding and teaching us

for the success of this project.

More so, our regards go also to other lecturers in the department, for their individual

contributions in all stages of this project. Actually we are very grateful. Thank you all.

Furthermore, we are forever indebted to our loving, caring and darling parents for their

supports towards our moral upbringing and sound educations. We love you our parents.

We are also grateful to our relatives, siblings, cousins, nephews and nieces and our friends for

their supports during this project. We also appreciate our course mates for their contributions

towards the success of this project. Thank you all. God bless you.


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ABSTRACT

The act of simulating power requires a model to be developed. These systems represent the

key characteristics or behaviour/functions of the selected physical or abstract system or

process. The model represents the system itself, whereas the simulation represents the

operation of the system over.This project - Power system simulator is the limitation of a real

word process of system over time, it is the demonstration of the generation, transmission and

distribution of electric power on a plastic board mounted on a metal frame and

interconnected together. The design of this project is installed and concluded with due

respect to all known rules and regulations.


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TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents Page

TITLE PAGE i

DEDICATION ii

CERTIFICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTENT vi

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 History 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 2

1.3 Objective of the Project 3

1.4 Significance of the Study 3

1.5. Scope of the Project 3

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1. Power Generation Simulation 4

2.2 Power Generation 4

2.3 Power Transmission 5

2.4 Transformation, Distribution and Utilization 6

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHDOLOGY 7

3.1. Component Analysis 7

3.1.1 Miniature Circuit Breaker 7

3.1.2 Push Buttons 8

3.1.3 Industrial Plugs 8


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3.1.4 Contractor 9

3.1.5 Stabilizer 10

3.1.6 Ammeter 10

3.1.7 Voltmeter 11

3.1.8 Wattmeter 12

3.1.9 Power Factor Meter 12

3.1.10 Frequency Meter 13

3.1.11 Energy Meter 13

3.1.12 Transformer 14

3.1.13 Capacitor 15

3.1.14 Resistor 16

3.1.15 Potentiometer 16

3.1.16 Indicators 17

3.1.17 Terminal Socket 17

3.1.18 Lamp Holder 18

3.1.19 Multimeter 18

3.1.20 Voltage Regulator 19

3.1.21 Switches 20

3.1.22 Circuit Breaker 20

3.1.23 Power Capacitors 20

3.2 Bill of Engineering Quantity Measurement 20

Table 1.0: Power simulator module 20

CHAPTER FOUR

CONSTRUCTION, TESTING AND PACKING 22

4.1. System Construction 22

4.2. System Testing and Operation 25

4.3 Analysis of Operation 25

4.4. The Gated Circuit Breaker 25

4.5. Reason Why the Circuit Breaker Trip Off 25

4.6. Packaging 26

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 275.1. Conclusion 27


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5.2. Recommendation 27

REFERENCES


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.0: showing power simulator module


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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 3.1.1: diagram of a miniature circuit breaker

Fig 3.1.2: diagram of a push button

Fig 3.1.3: diagram of an industrial plug

Fig 3.1.4: diagram of a contactor

Fig 3.1.5: diagram of a stabilizer

Fig 3.1.6: diagram of an ammeter

Fig 3.1.7: diagram of a voltmeter

Fig 3.1.8: diagram of a wattmeter

Fig 3.1.9: diagram of a power factor meter

Fig 3.1.10: diagram of a frequency meter

Fig 3.1.11: diagram of an energy meter

Fig 3.1.12: diagram of a transformer

Fig 3.1.13: diagram of a capacitor

Fig 3.1.14: diagram of a resistor

Fig 3.1.15: diagram of a potentiometer

Fig 3.1.16: diagram of an indicator

Fig 3.1.17: diagram of a terminal socket

Fig 3.1.18: diagram of a lamp holder


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Fig 3.1.19: diagram of a multimeter

Fig 3.1.21: diagram of switches

Fig 3.2: block diagram of power simulator (generation)

Fig 3.3: schematic diagram of power simulator (generation) showing the wiring

connection

Fig 3.4: diagram of a metal frame on which the plastic board is mounted

Fig 3.5: diagram showing the assembling of the components on the plastic

board

Fig 3.6: diagram of the plastic board during drilling and cutting

Fig3.7: diagram of the project work after packaging

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION


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1.1 History

Electrical energy results from the movement of an electrical charge and is commonly

referred to as ELECRICITY manifest itself in natural phenomenon such as lightning and is

essential to life at a fundamental level, The ability to generate, transmit and distribute

electricity is crucial to modern industries, school and mostly in domestic life. Electrical

power is the most popular form of energy as it can be transported easily at high frequency

and reasonable cost. The only systemthat can process this phenomenon is the electrical power

system. An electric power system is defined as according to IEE Regulation as complex

interconnection of electrical devices (Represented by Active and Passive element) in which

there is at least one closed path for a flow a network of current. An electrical power system is

a network of electrical component used to supply, transmit and distribute electrical power.

There is need therefore for all electrical engineering student to be oriented on how this

system (electrical power system) is being operated during their course of training with aid of

equipment otherwise known as electrical power simulator (PSS) is a self-containedunit that

simulates all parts of the electrical power system and the protection from generation to

transmission, distribution and finally to the utilization points. The PSS consists of four major

parts namely Generation, Transmission sub transmission, distribution and Load. Grayand

Kuziej(1993).

Electrical power simulator system is an electrical model which represents the key

characteristics or behaviour/ function of the original selected physical system, the real

selected physical system here is the power system whereby power is been generated ,

transmitted and distributed for uses, the electrical power simulator system represent the

operation of the electrical power system. Electrical power simulator model is use when the

real electrical power system cannot be engaged because it may not be accessible or it may be

dangerous or unacceptable to engage.Stevenson (1982).


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This project is an easy to use power simulate developed with the purpose of helping

student in their understanding of some basic ideas in power system and it will also serve

as an exercising tool intended for students taking a first course in power systems. This-easy-

to use model give the user a means to simulate and analyse the power system under various

system conditions

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The hazard involved in taking readings on high voltage lines and its inaccessibility by

students is a serious threat to learning the basic characteristics and functionality of power

system in the academic world.Based on this, there is a need for a model to be developed to

bridge this gap and upon this concept, this project is borne.

The use of power system simulator results into conveniences for students to simulate,

demonstrateand measure power at high voltage altitude which seems to be impossible for

students to access in real power world.

However, electric power generation, transmission and distribution can be

demonstrated using the power system simulator and the behaviour of electric power can be

seen directly without going to a generating station and other electric power houses.

Energy saving devices which help in cost reduction and efficiency when used causes

so many problems in the circuit. Example of which is waveform distortion. These non-linear

loads use current in a pulsing manner and at times feed harmonic currents back into the

wiring. This is as a result of the leading or lagging in the waveforms.


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1.3 Objective of the Project

The objective of this study - Design and construction of a power simulator is

to design and construct a power system simulator which can simulates high voltage power

system operation.

1.4 Significance of the Study

Apart from the fact that the power simulator helps the users to have the elementary

knowledge about the power system, it enhances users to have accessibility to the generation,

transmission and distribution system.

More so, this electrical power simulator models will be mostly used in studying the

simulation behaviour and characteristics of real electrical power system.

1.5 Scope of the Project

The power system simulator (PSS) covers the generation, transmission and

distribution aspects of electrical power and it is designed and expected to work under a line

voltage of 415volt and single phase voltage of 240volt. However, when power is being

transmitted at a value higher than this these voltages then the power system simulator cannot

be employed.


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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Power Generation Simulation

Power generation simulation is the process of generating electric power from sources

of energy.The fundamental principles of generation were discovered during the 1820s and

early 1830s by the British scientist MICHAEL FARADAY; his basic method is still in use

nowadays. Today electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire or disk of copper

between the poles of a magnet.

For electric utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers.

The other process in the delivery of electricity transmission, distribution and electrical

storage and recovery using pumped storage methods are normally carried out by the electric

power industry.Saadat(2002).

2.2 Power Generation

Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generations

primarily driven by heat engines fuelled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also

by other flowing water and wind. Other energy sources include solar photo voltaic and

geothermal power.

Central power stations become economically practical with the development of

alternating current power transmission using power transformer to transmit power at high

voltage and with low loss. Electricity has been generated at central stations since 1881.

The first power plants were run on water power or coal and today we rely mainly on

coal nuclear, natural gas, hydroelectric wind generators and petroleum with a small amount

from solar energy, total power and geothermal sources.


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The uses of power-lines and power poles have been significantly important in the

distribution of electricity. As global demand has increased for a balanced energy mix that

combines conventional and renewable sources and as environmental regulations have

tightened regarding emissions and greenhouse gasses. The power generation industry has

made its own advances in protecting the environment while meeting ever increasing demand.

Power generation is turning to advanced technology and innovation to reduce overall

costs and incorporate new energy sources that decreases environmental impact. Today, global

power generation is occurring via an array of diverse technologies, including heated fluids

(chemical, combustion and nuclear fission), kinetic energy (wind wave and hydro) direct

conversion of chemical energy (fuel cells) and light energy (photo voltaic).Buchner and

Nehrir(1991).

2.3 Power Transmission

Generally, electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from

generating power plants to electrical substations located near demand centres. This is distinct

from the local wiring between high voltages substations and consumers which is typically

referred to as electric power distribution. Transmission lines when interconnected with each

other, becomes transmission networks.

However, in this study, the generation part of the power simulator is been connected

to the transmission part and the transmission to the distribution part. A power transmission

system is sometimes referred to as a GRID. However, for reason of economy, the network is

rarely a grid (a fully connected system or network) in the mathematical sense redundant paths

and line are provided so that power can be routed from any power plant to any load Centre

through a variety of routes, based on the economics of the transmission path and the cost of

power. Much analysis is done by transmission companies to determine the maximum reliable


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capacity of each line which due to system stability considerations may be less than the

physical limit of the line. Deregulation of electricity companies in many countries has led to

renewed interest in reliable economic design of transmission networks.Mcgraw(2002).

2.4 Transformation, Distribution and Utilization

The distribution part of the power simulator is the final stage in the delivery of

electricity for its purposes to the consumers.

A distribution network generally carries electricity from the transmission system and

delivers it to the consumers. Typically, this would include medium voltage (1kv to 72.5kv)

power lines substation and pole mounted transformers, low voltages (less than 1kv)

distribution wiring and sometimes meters.

In addition to the grid supply and generator transformers, the power system simulator

has two identical distribution transformers fitted near to factories or houses. These

transformers have variable tapings and feed a utilization bus dedicated relays protects the

transformers and can work in different ways, determined by student experiments. The

utilization bus simulates electrical consumers house and factories). It includes variables

resistive, capacitive and inductive loads, with an induction motor (dynamic)

load.Adedokun(2010).


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CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Component Analysis

Power system simulation can also be easy as power network that allow operation to

obtain experience in handling emergency and abnormal operation and condition with risk

dealing with line power system simulator.The components used are analysed below.

3.1.1 Miniature Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an

electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit, its basic function is to

detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow.

Unlike fuse, which operate once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be

reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are

made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect individual household appliances up to

large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuit feeding and entire city.Dorf (2001)

Fig 3.1.1: diagram of a miniature circuit breaker


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3.1.2 Push Buttons

A push buttons (also spelled push button) or simply button is a simple switch

mechanism for controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made

out of hard materials, usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to

accommodate the finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most

often braised switches; through even many unbiased buttons (due to their physical nature)

require a spring to return to their un-pushed state. Difference terms for the pushing of the

button, such as press, depress, mash and punch.Dorf (2001)

Fig 3.1.2: diagram of a push buttons

3.1.3 Industrial Plugs

The industrial plugs provide a connection to the electrical mains rated at higher

voltages and currents than household plugs and sockets. They are generally used in polyphase

systems with high currents or when protection from environmental hazards is required.

Industrial outlets may have weather proof sleeves, weather proof covers or maybe interlocked

with a switch to prevent accidental disconnection of an energized plug some types of plugs

are approved for hazardous areas, such as coal mines or petrochemical plants, where

flammable gas may be present. However the ones used in this project work are rated 32A and

18A.Dorf (2001)


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Fig 3.1.3: diagram of an industrial plug

3.1.4 Contactor:

A contactor is an electrically controlled switch used for switching a power circuit

simulator to a relay except with higher current rating, a contactor is controlled by a circuit

which has a much power level than the switched circuit, contactor come in many forms with

varying capacities and features unlike a circuit breakers, a contactor is not intended to

interrupt a short circuit current, contactor range from those having a breaking current of

several amperes to thousands of amperes and 240dc to many kilo volts. Contactors are used

to control electric motors, lightening, heating capacitor banks, thermals evaporators and other

electrical loads. However, the contactor used in this project work is D25 contactor, D40

contactors.Dorf (2001)

Fig 3.1.4: diagram of a contactor


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3.1.5 Stabilizer:

A stabilizer performs the function of regulating voltage i.e. it is voltage regulator

which is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may

be a simple feed forward design or may include negative feedback control loop. It may use

electromechanical mechanical components. Depending on the design, it may be used to

regulate one or more ac or dc voltages. However, the stabilizer employed in this project work

is rated 2000kva.Dorf (2001)

Fig 3.1.5: diagram of a stabilizer

3.1.6 Ammeter

An ammeter is an electrical instrument used to measure the electric current in a

circuit. Electric current are measured in amperes (A) or mille ampere or micro ampere range.

early ammeters were laboratory instruments which relied on the earth magnetic field for

operation by the late 19th century, improved instruments were designed which could be

mounted in any position and allowed accurate measurements in electric power system. The

ammeter used in this project work is rated 0-60A and 0-4A.Dorf (2001)


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Fig 3.1.6: diagram of an ammeter

3.1.7 Voltmeter:

A voltmeter is an electrical instrument used for measuring electrical potential

difference between two points in an electrical circuit. Analog voltmeter have a pointer across

a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit, digital voltmeter give a numerical display of

voltage by use of an analog to digital converter. Voltmeter are made in a wide range of styles

instruments permanently mounted in a panel used to monitor generators or other fixed

apparatus. Portable instruments usually equipped to also measure current and resistance in the

form of a multimeter is standard test instrument used in electrical and electronic work. Any

measurement that can be converted to voltage can be displayed on a meter that is switchable

calibrated for example, pressure, temperature, flow or level in a chemical process plant.

Fig 3.1.7: diagram of a voltmeter


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3.1.8 Wattmeter:

This is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the supply rate of electric

energy) in watt of any given circuit, electromagnetic wattmeter are used for measurement of

utility frequency and audio frequency power other types are required for the ratio frequency

measurements.Dorf (2001)

Fig 3.1.8: diagram of a wattmeter

3.1.9 Power Factor Meter:

The power factor meter is a measuring instrument used for measuring the power

factor in an electric field.Dorf (2001)

Fig 3.1.9: diagram of power factor meter


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3.1.10 Frequency Meter:

A frequency meter is an electronic instrument that displays the frequency of a

periodic electrical signal. Frequency meter is a device for measuring the repetitions per unit

of time (customarily, a second) of a complete electromagnetic wave form various types of

frequency meters are used many instrument of the deflection type, ordinarily used for

measuring low frequencies but capable of being used for frequencies as high as 900khz.

Fig 3.1.10: diagram of a frequency meter

3.1.11 Energy Meter:

An electricity meter or energy meter is a device that measure the amount of electric

energy consumed by a residence, business or an electrically power device. Electricity meters

are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common on being the kilowatt hour (kWh)

periodic reading of electric meters establishes billing cycles and energy used during cycle.


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Fig 3.1.11: diagram of an energy meter

3.1.12 Transformer:

This is one of the most important parts of this project. It receiver powers at one

voltage and transform it into another at the same frequency. The case with which the

convection is done aids or helps the efficient long distance transmission of electrical power

from generating stations. Therefore, transformer can be said to be an electromagnetic device

or a static piece of apparatus that transform, transfer electrical power from one circuit to

another without a change of frequency. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction

where the two electric circuits are in a mutual inductive influence of each other.

Fig 3.1.12: diagram of a transformer


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This transformer consists of a core and two or more winding coupled

electromagnetically, we have the primary and the secondary windings. The windings which

the energy is delivered are called the primary winding, while the winding from which energy

is received is called the secondary winding. The winding connected to the circuit with the

higher voltages is called high voltage winding and the winding connected to a lower voltage

is called the low voltage winding. However, if the secondary winding of voltage is less than

the primary winding of voltage, the transformer is called a step-down transformer but if the

primary winding of voltage is less than the secondary winding of voltage, the transformer is

called a step up transformer.

However, in this project work, the transformer used are; current transformer 2438,

step down transformer (500va, 200/380-200/110/48/36) step down transformer (100va,

200/110), step down transformer.Dorf(2001)

3.1.13 Capacitor:

The capacitor is originally known as condenser, it is a passive two terminal electrical

component used to store energy, electro statically in an electric field. The forms of practical

capacitor vary widely but all contains at least two electrical conductor separated by a di-

electrical insulator. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuit in many common

electrical devices. Capacitors come in various shapes and sizes, the ones used in this project

work are rated 220uf, 35v.Dorf(2001)

Fig 3.1.13: diagram of a capacitor


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3.1.14 Resistor:

The resistor is a passive two terminal electrical component that implement electrical

resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the

voltage across the resistor is terminals. This relationship is represented by ohms law. I=V/R.

Where I is the current through the conductor in unit of amperes, v is the potential difference

measured across the conductor in unit of ohms. Resistors can be determined by their colour

codes, resistor has four colour inscribed on it, the first, second, third and fourth which is

number of zero. These colours are ten in number and each represent a number. The colour

code will be shown in a table below. However the resistor used in this project work is rated.

Fig3.1.14: diagram of a resistor

3.1.15 Potentiometer:

This is three terminal resistors with a sliding contact that forms an adjustable voltage

divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or

rheostat. A potentiometer measuring instrument is essentially a voltage divider used for

measuring electric potential (voltage), the component is an implementation of the same

principle, and hence its name potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices

such as volume controls audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be

used as position transducer for examples, in a joystick, potentiometer are rarely used to

directly control significant power (more than a watt, since power dissipated in the

potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the controlled load) hence, the

potentiometer used in this project work is rated 500 ohms.Dorf (2001)


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Fig 3.1.15: diagram of a potentiometer

3.1.16 Indicators:

These are device which visual or remote indication given a kind of signal on the

electric power system, however indicators can be used to show indicate fault on the electric

power system. The indicators can be led (light emitting diode) and other electrical

components however various indicators are employed in this project work.Dorf (2001)

Fig 3.1.16: diagram of an indicator

3.1.17 Terminal Socket:

This is an electro-mechanical device for joining electrical circuit as an interface using

a mechanical assembly. The connection may temporary as for assembly as for assembly and

removal or serve as a permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices.Dorf (2001)


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Fig 3.1.17: diagram of a terminal socket

3.1.18 Lamp Holder:

Lamp holders are commonly referred to as sockets; they are used to secure lamps in

lighting fixtures and to provide a safe, reliable connection to the electrical power source. DS

RAM manufacture lamp holders for high temperature applications that include mainly

tungsten, halogen, discharge and it can descent lamp types.Dorf (2001)

Fig 3.1.18: diagram of a lamp holder

3.1.19 Multimeter:

Multimeter is known as a VOM (volt- ohms meter); it is an electronic measuring

instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter

used includes a basic feature such as the ability to measure voltage, current, and resistance.

Analogmultimeters use a micro ammeter whose pointer moves over a scale calibrated for all


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the different measurement that can be made. Digital multimeter (DMM, DVDM) display the

measured value in numerals and may also display a bar of a length proportional to the

quantity being measured. Digital multimeter is now more common than analog ones, but

analogmultimeter still preferable in some cases, for example when monitoring a rapidly

varying value. A multimeter can be a hand held device useful for basic instrument which can

measure a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used to troubleshooting electrical

problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such as electronic equipment

motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies and wiring systems.Dorf (2001)

Fig 3.1.19: diagram of a multimeter

3.1.20 Voltage Regulator:

A transformer type voltage regulator is an indication device having windings in shunt

with primary circuit and secondary windings in series with the regulated circuit. Although

similar in operation to transformer load tap changing equipment, voltage regulators are

distinct pieces of power system apparatus.Dorf (2001)


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3.1.21 Switches:

A switch is a device for making breaking or changing the connection in an electric

circuit, switches are normally divided into three chases relatives to the operating medium, air,

oil, vacum switches.Dorf (2001)

Fig 3.1.21: diagram of a switch

3.1.22 Circuit Breaker:

A circuit breaker is a mechanical device for closing and interrupting circuit and

carrying current under both normal load and fault current conditions.Dorf (2001)

3.1.23 Power Capacitors:

Power capacitor is used in distribution system to supply reactive volt-amperes (vars)

to the system. When applied to a system or circuit having a lagging power factors, several

beneficial results are obtained. These results include power factor increase, voltage increase,

system loss reduction and release of electric system capacity. Dorf (2001)

3.2 BILL 0F ENGINEERING QUANTITY MEASUREMENT

Table 1.0: Power simulator module

SN UNIT ITEM COST (NAIRA) TOTAL (NAIRA)

1 12 20A MCB 1000 12000

2 8 PUSH BUTTONS (ON & OFF) 300 2400

3 4 INDUSTRIAL PLUGS 32A 1300 5200

4 3 INDUSTRIAL PLUGS 16A 1200 3600


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5 1 CONTACTOR RAIL 1500 1500

6 8 D25 CONTACTOR 2000 16000

7 1 D40 CONTACTOR 2500 2500

8 6 KV VOLTMETER (0-40V) 1500 9000

9 12 VOLTMETER (0-500V) 1700 20400

10 6 AMMETER (0-60A) 1200 7200

11 6 AMMETER (0-4A) 1000 6000

12 2 WATTMETER (0-3KW) 3500 7000

13 4 3-POLE MCB 60A 2500 10000

14 2 FREQUENCY METER (0-65HZ) 2000 4000

15 4 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS 3438 2500 10000

16 2 STEP DOWN

TRANSFORMERS(500VA, 220/380-

220/110/48/36/25)

15000 30000

17 3 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

(100VA,220/110)

10000 30000

18 2 ENERGY METER 3-PHASE ANALOG 10000 20000

19 2 POWER FACTOR METER 2500 5000

20 1 2000VA STABILIZER 5000 5000

21 1 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER 15-0-15 2500 2500

22 1 MULTIMETER 2500 2500

23 14 INDICATORS 500 7000

24 40 TERMINAL SOCKETS 50 2000

25 1 POTENTIOMETER (500ohms) 1500 1500

26 6 LAMP HOLDERS 70 420

27 6 13A SOCKETS 150 90028 1 CAPACITOR 2200 macro farad 35V 150 150

29 1 RESISTOR 50 50

TOTAL 75470 223620

S/N SECTION COST (NAIRA)

1 COMPONENTS/MATERIALS 223,620

2 FABRICATION WORKS 80,000

3 TRANSPORTATION 10,000

4 MISCELANEOUS 10,000

TOTAL 323,620


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CHAPTER FOUR

CONSTRUTION, TESTING AND PACKING

4.1 System Construction

The construction of the power system simulator entails the assembly and the

interconnection of the individual accessories together by means of connecting according to

their individual circuit stages previously outlined in chapter three. The entire set up was

implemented on a single plastic board each (i.e. a single plastic board for generation,

transmission and distribution each). The board houses the input domestic wiring

demonstration board, and output is proper connected. Adequate spacing is provided between

the fixed accessories to ensure proper ventilation and heat dissipation and interconnections

were made to the wright places. Appropriate pictures of the construction are shown in figures

below.


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Fig 3.2: block diagram of power simulator (generation)

Fig 3.3: schematic diagram showing the connections

The construction of this project work started from the construction (soldering) of a

metal frame of size 104cm by 170cm. the meal frame is in two opposite direction and is

closed in two opposite direction. The same frame work is also constructed for the

transmission and distribution part with the distribution having the same size of the generation

while the transmission part has the same length but different (smaller) breadth. The picture of

the metal frame is shown in the diagram below.

Fig 3.4: metal frame on which the plastic board is mounted


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Fig 3.5: assembling the components on the plastic board

However, some parts are drilled and cut using the jig saw and the hand drilling

machine and files on the plastic board for mounting of the employed components. The spaces

are properly drilled and cut in other to allow a neat and proper mounting of the components.

The plastic board is then mounted on one part of the opened side of the metal frame

and connections are been carried out on the construction in respect to the circuit diagram.

Fig 3.6: The plastic board during drilling and cutting


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4.2 System Testing and Operation

The testing of the overall setup serves as a proof of the functionality of the entire

system. It entails some practical exercise taken in order to operate the system and of which

the system is expected to work. The following is a step by step outlined process of how the

connections were connected and test was carried out.

4.3 Analysis of Operation

The demonstration board consists of many accessories working together to produce

the desired give answer to a specific task.

4.4 The Gated Circuit Breaker

A device designed to open and close a circuit by non-automatic means and to open the

circuit automatically on an overcurrent without damage to itself when properly applied within

its rating.

The wiring demonstration board Project uses the circuit breaker as it main switch.

Temperature at which the continuous current rating (handle rating) of a circuit breaker is

based is called ambient temperature rating; the temperature of the air immediately

surrounding the circuit breaker which can affect the thermal (overload) tripping

characteristics of thermal-magnetic circuit breakers. Electronic trip circuit breakers, however,

are insensitive to normal (-10 to 50C) ambient conditions.

4.5 Reason Why the Circuit Breaker Trip Off

The circuit breaker trip off because if there is any wrong connection which lead to

short circuit or when there is over voltage.


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The highest current at rated voltage that an overcurrent protective device is intended to

interrupt under specified test conditions; this is called amperes interrupting rating.

4.6 Packaging

After all the construction work, the metal frame used was painted and the aftermath

view of the construction work is shown below:

Fig3.7: diagram of the project work after packaging


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CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

At the end of this project work, we were able to design and construct a power system

simulator which can simulates high voltage power system operation, we were able to

demonstrate the generation, transmission and distribution of electric power on a plastic board

mounted on a metal frame. The design of this project wiring demonstration board which is to

be installed has been concluded with due respect to all known rules and regulations. All

expected accessories have been properly taken care of.

5.2 Recommendation

Technology requires both theory and practical, it can never be fully acquired in

isolation of any of them, for these reasons, various project assigned to student enhance

practical and theoretical knowledge there by equipping students with balance knowledge to

face the technological challenges they may encounter.

The following suggestions should be given a special consideration.

1. The project should not be given to few students, it should be given to many studentsto handle because it require time, money and a lot of skills, technical know-how as

well as stress.

2. Since this project work is done by ND students, its use should be put intoconsideration for the ND students and not the HND students alone.


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REFERENCES

1. Buchner, P. and Nehrir, M.H. (1991). A Block-Oriented PC-Based SimulationTool for Teaching and Research in Electric Drives and Power Systems. IEEE

Transaction on Power Systems. 6(3).

2. Gray, P.E. and Kuziej, G.P. (1993). Computer Simulation and Circuit Analysis.IEEE Transaction on Education.36 (1).

3. Saadat, H.(2002). Power System Analysis(4th Ed.). Mcgraw Hill: New York, NY.4. Stevenson, W.D. (1982). Elements of Power System Analysis (4th Ed.).

McgrawHill: New York, NY.

5. Microsoft Corporation. (1991). Microsoft Visual Basic Language Reference.Microsoft: Redmond, WA.

6. Dorf, Richard c.; Svoboda, James A. (2001). Introduction of Electric Circuits(5thed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9780471386896. Accessed on

10th

October, 2013 from http://www.wikipedia.com

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