US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center

Potential for Increasing the Output of Existing Hydroelectric Plants June 1981 Approved for Public Release. Distribution Unlimited. TP-78

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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Potential for Increasing the Output of Existing Hydroelectric Plants

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6. AUTHOR(S) Darryl W. Davis, John J. Buckley

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7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616-4687

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12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Presented at Waterpower '81, an International Conference on Hydropower, Washington, D.C., 22-24 June 1981. 14. ABSTRACT The potential for increasing power output both through physical improvements in generating equipment and by changes in the manner that existing projects are operated were investigated and estimates of power increase prepared. The investigation was nationwide in scope, including Hawaii, Alaska, and Puerto Rico. All existing hydroelectric plants, regardless of ownership, were investigated for improvement in power output. The potential is identified by the type of improvement and is reported as aggregate regional values and national summaries. 15. SUBJECT TERMS hydropower, existing hydroelectric plants, renewable energy, uprating plants, efficiency increases

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Potential for Increasing the Output of Existing Hydroelectric Plants

June 1981 US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616 (530) 756-1104 (530) 756-8250 FAX www.hec.usace.army.mil TP-78

Papers in this series have resulted from technical activities of the Hydrologic Engineering Center. Versions of some of these have been published in technical journals or in conference proceedings. The purpose of this series is to make the information available for use in the Center's training program and for distribution with the Corps of Engineers. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products.

POTENTIAL FOR INCREASING THE OUTPUT OF EXISTING HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS 1/ -

by Darryl W. Davis* and John J. Buckley*

INTRODUCTION

m e i n v e s t i g a t i o n reported h e r e i n (Hydrologic Engineering Center 1981) was undertaken t o address t h e ques t ion of how much a d d i t i o n a l power might be generated a t e x i s t i n g hydroe lec t r i c p l a n t s throughout t h e United S t a t e s . The i n v e s t i g a t i o n was one of s e v e r a l s p e c i a l s t u d i e s performed a s p a r t of t h e Corps of Engineers Nat ional Hydroe lec t r ic Power Study (NHS) ( I n s t i t u t e f o r Water Resources 1979). The p o t e n t i a l f o r i nc reas ing power output both through phys i ca l improvements i n genera t ing equipment and by changes i n t h e manner t h a t e x i s t i n g p r o j e c t s a r e operated were i n v e s t i g a t e d and e s t ima te s of power inc rease prepared. The i n v e s t i g a t i o n was nationwide i n scope, inc luding Hawaii, Alaska, and Puerto Rico. A l l e x i s t i n g hydroe lec t r i c p l a n t s , r ega rd l e s s of ownership, were i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r improvement i n power output . The p o t e n t i a l i s i d e n t i f i e d by the type of improvement and i s reported a s aggregate r eg iona l va lues and n a t i o n a l summaries.

The amount of power t h a t can be generated a t an e x i s t i n g h y d r o e l e c t r i c power s i t e i s phys i ca l ly l i m i t e d . The governing f a c t o r s t h a t determine t h i s l i m i t a r e : (1) the amount of f low volume t h a t can pass through the powerhouse a t a given t ime, (2) t h e "head" o r e l e v a t i o n d i f f e r e n c e between the upstream and downstream water bodies a c t i n g a t t h e t ime of power gene ra t ion , and (3 ) t he gene ra t ion o r "conversion" e f f i c i e n c y , i . e . , t h e mechanical and e l e c t r i c a l equipment e f f i c i e n c y i n convert ing p o t e n t i a l and k i n e t i c energy of flowing water i n t o e l e c t r i c a l energy.

I n order f o r t he re t o be a d d i t i o n a l p o t e n t i a l a t an e x i s t i n g p r o j e c t , e.g., some "unused energy," an oppor tuni ty must e x i s t f o r : (1) passing more of t h e annual volume through t h e powerhouse ( t h e r e must be e x i s t i n g s p i l l ) , (2) i nc reas ing t h e e f f e c t i v e ope ra t ing head (h igher pool l e v e l s p o s s i b l e ) , o r ( 3 ) t e c h n i c a l oppor tuni ty t o gene ra t e more e f f i c i e n t l y from a v a i l a b l e head and flow. The op t ion of i nc reas ing the s to rage capac i ty ( r a i s i n g t h e dam) was not considered i n t h i s s tudy.

Short of t h i s , a l l o the r measures t h a t might be undertaken a t a s i t e t h a t could e f f e c t t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s l i s t e d above and thereby i n c r e a s e energy output were considered. The primary measures f o r i nc reas ing energy output a r e : adding new gene ra t ing u n i t s , r e h a b i l i t a t i n g o r r ep l ac ing e x i s t i n g u n i t s , modifying water handling f a c i l i t i e s and, a l t e r i n g e x i s t i n g ope ra t ing p o l i c i e s ( r e a l l o c a t i o n of e x i s t i n g s to rage and/or change of annual and seasonal ope ra t ion r u l e curves) .

. E e s e n t e d - a t Waterpower '81, an I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Hydropower, June 22-24, 1981, Washington, D.C.

"Chief, Pianning Analysts Branch and ~ y d r a u i i c Engineer, r e s p e c t i v e i y , U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, The Hydrologic Engineering Center, 609 Second S t r e e t , Davis, Ca l i fo rn i a .

Excess flow o r s p i l l i s by f a r t h e most important oppor tun i ty f o r i nc reas ing power ou tput a t an e x i s t i n g p r o j e c t . The measures a v a i l a b l e f o r cap tu r ing and rou t ing a d d i t i o n a l f low volume through t h e powerhouse i nc lude : i nc reas ing t h e p l a n t ' s genera t ing c a p a c i t y by adding a d d i t i o n a l gene ra t i ng u n i t s (expanding t h e powerhouse) o r up ra t i ng e x i s t i n g u n i t s t o h ighe r gene ra t i ng c a p a c i t y by r e h a b i l i t a t i n g , modifying o r r ep l ac ing t u r b i n e s and/or g e n e r a t o r s ; i nc reas ing the e f f e c t i v e u t i l i z a t i o n of s t o r a g e by r e a l l o c a t i n g a d d i t i o n a l s t o r a g e t o t h e power ~ 0 0 1 ; and/or coord ina t ing gene ra t i on among a system of gene ra t i ng p l a n t s . For i nc reas ing the ope ra t i ng head, r e a l l o c a t i o n , o r quas i - r ea l l oca t ion through modified r u l e curves and ope ra t i ng p r a c t i c e s i s necessary . Increas ing the ope ra t i ng head may r e q u i r e t h a t gene ra t i ng u n i t s be changed o r modified t o accommodate sus t a ined ope ra t i on a t heads exceeding the des ign l i m i t s of t he e x i s t i n g equipment. The measures a v a i l a b l e f o r i nc reas ing the conversion e f f i c i e n c y a r e those t h a t can reduce t h e f l u i d energy l o s s i n flow passage and energy l o s s i n conver t ing f l u i d energy ( f low and head) t o mechanical energy ( t u r b i n e ou tpu t ) t o e l e c t r i c a l energy (gene ra to r o u t p u t ) . The s i g n i f i c a n t p r a c t i c a l oppor tun i ty i s improvement of t h e energy conversion e f f i c i e n c y of t h e hyd rau l i c t u r b i n e s i n c e t he energy conversion e f f i c i e n c y of e l e c t r i c a l g e n e r a t o r s i s q u i t e high (about 95%) and mod i f i ca t i on of t he water passage works of t unne l s , penstocks, and d r a f t t u b e s t o reduce hyd rau l i c energy l o s s wo*ild l i k e l y r equ i r e s i g n i f i c a n t and c o s t l y c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r minor i nc reases . Table 1-1 summarizes t h e energy i n c r e a s e o p p o r t u n i t i e s and candida te measures considered f o r cap tu r ing the p o t e n t i a l .

T a b l e 1 - 1 . M E A S U R E S F O R I N C R E A S I N G E N E R G Y

O U T P U T O F E X I S T I N G H Y D R O P O W E R P L A N T S

Measure S p i l l Head Ef f i c i ency

Capture Increase -- Inc rease - -

Add New Uni t s X Replace Ex i s t i ng Units X X Modify Ex i s t i ng Units X X Modify Water Passage X Rea l loca te Reservoir Storage : X X Improve System Operat ion X X

The main source of in format ion f o r t h i s s tudy was t he d a t a base developed f o r t h e Nat iona l Hydropower Study. The d a t a base, compiled by t h e D i s t r i c t o f f i c e s of t h e Corps of Engineers , c o n t a i n s s t o r a g e space f o r over 600 d a t a i tems r e l evan t t o each s i t e . There i s s e l e c t e d incomplete in format ion s t o r e d f o r more t han 15,000 s i t e s wi th d e t a i l e d in format ion on 6,000 si tes. Those s i t e s w i th e x i s t i n g hydropower f a c i l i t i e s (1,288) were e x t r a c t e d from the f i l e and an a d d i t i o n a l d a t a i tem e n t i t l e d "Equipment Information" ( suppl ied by the Federa l Energy Regulatory Commission) was added and a new s e p a r a t e "study" f i l e c r e a t e d . Relevant d a t a i t ems i n t h i s computer f i l e a r e shown i n Table 1-2.

T a b l e 1 2 S T U D Y F I L E - P L A N T A N D R E G I O N A L D A T A

Percentage* Percentage of ** - Item -- of S i t e s - Tota l - Capacity --

I n s t a l l e d capac i ty i n k i l o w a t t s h e rage ariiiual energy Turbine type Age of i n s t a l l a t i o n Rat ing of t u r b i n e Rating of gene ra to r Design head Number of u n i t s Weighted n e t power head Average annual i n f low Flow d u r a t i o n d a t a Depth of t h e f lood-cont ro l space , f e e t Regional dependable c a p a c i t y

b e n e f i t i n $ / k ~ - ~ r Regional average annual energy

b e n e f i t i n $ / ~ ~ h - ~ r

----- * 1 ,288 s i t e s catalogued i n d a t a f i l e . ** Tota l i n s t a l l e d capac i ty of s i t e s i n f i l e i s 63,375 MW. ***Represents a l l e x i s t i n g s i t e s t h a t have f l ood c o n t r o l s to rage .

EXISTING HYDROPOWER FACILITIES

The t o t a l i n s t a l l e d capac i ty of t he e x i s t i n g 1,288 s i t e s t h a t were i d e n t i f i e d and catalogued i n t o t h e s tudy f i l e i s 63,375 megawatts (MW) and they gene ra t e 272,552 g igawat t hours (GWh) of e l e c t r i c a l energy per year . Tables 2-2 and 2-1 summarize types and ownership of e x i s t i n g hydropower development. F igures 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3 summarize in format ion on i n s t a l l a t i o n d a t e , head, and i n s t a l l e d capac i ty of e x i s t i n g p l a n t s . A sampling of t h e types of t u r b i n e s r ep re sen t ing 80% of t he t o t a l i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y i n d i c a t e s t h a t r e a c t i o n t u r b i n e s (F ranc i s ) a r e t he predominate type--66%, fol lowed by propeller--25% (Kaplan--17%, f i x e d blade-+%), then impulse (Pelton)--5%, and other--4%.

T a b l e 2 - 2 . T Y P E S O F E X I S T I N G H Y D R O E L E C T R I C P L A N T S

Num be r Average of Capacity Annual Energy

P l a n t Type P l a n t s kW MWh

1. Run,-of-River 4.31 8,632,900 38,311,800 2. Diversion 160 2,332,900 12,899,300 3. Reservoir 5 01 44,790,800 190,417,000 4. Reservoi r w i t h Diversion 190 7,604,000 30,848,500 5. Other 6 14,800 --- ,-

75,400

To ta l s 1 ,288 63,375,400 272,552,000

I I I I I I I I I . I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 50 100 500 1000 3000

INSTALLED CAPACITY, K W I lo3

Figure 2-3.

INSTALLED CAPACITY VS. NUMBER OF PLANTS, CAPACITY, AND ENERGY

Table 2-1. OWNERSHIP OF EXISTING HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS :k

Number To ta l To ta l Average Ownership of Capacity Annual Energy Category - P l a n t s kbJ ---

Corps Other Federa l Non-Federal, Government Inves to r Owned U t i l i t y Cooperat ively Owned U t i l i t y Other Commercial o r

I n d u s t r i a l Firm P r i v a t e C i t i zen o r Non-

u t i l i t y coopera t ive Unknown

l., 745,600

* A l l in format ion taken from study computer d a t a f i l e .

EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS

Improvements due t o research , m a t e r i a l s , and des ign over t he l a s t 80 yea r s have r e s u l t e d i n i t being t e c h n i c a l l y f e a s i b l e t o o b t a i n s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e s i n capac i ty and t o a l e s s e r degree i n c r e a s e s i n e f f i c i e n c y from e x i s t i n g h y d r o e l e c t r i c a l equipment. When up ra t i ng an e x i s t i n g gene ra t i ng u n i t t h e amount of a c t u a l i n c r e a s e t h a t can be ob ta ined i s l i m i t e d by t h e spec i f i c de s ign and manufacturing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e i n s t a i i e d equipment. The yea r of manufacture o r i n s t a l . l a t i o n i s used h e r e i n a s an i n d i c a t o r of p o t e n t i a l t o a s s i s t i n a r r i v i n g a t the c a p a c i t y and/or e f f i c i e n c y g a i n poss ib le .

I n d i c a t i o n s a r e t h a t t h e gene ra to r i s g e n e r a l l y capable of being upra ted t o o b t a i n a g r e a t e r percentage c a p a c i t y g a i n than can be developed from t h e t u r b i n e f o r an equ iva l en t year of manufacturer. The t u r b i n e has been found i n g e n e r a l t o be t he c r i t i c a l f a c t o r i n determining the maximum output t h a t can be developed. F igu re s 3-1, 3,-2, 3-,3 and 3-4 a r e examples of t e c h n i c a l d a t a compiled and used i n t h i s s tudy f o r ana lyz ing up ra t i ng p o t e n t i a l . The r eade r i s caut ioned t h a t t he se d a t a were compiled t o perform a n a t i o n a l l y scoped s tudy and should n o t t h e r e f o r e be used t o make major d e c i s i o n s on a s i t e s p e c i f i c ba s i s . Also i t must be emphasized t h a t whi le t h e s e i n c r e a s e s shown a r e w i t h i n t h e c a p a b i l i t y of t h e machines, a d d i t i o n a l flow and/or head (beyond e x i s t i n g ) must be developed through p r o j e c t changes before i nc reased power ou tput can r e s u l t .

A major cons ide ra t i on i n determining whether t o u p r a t e u n i t s of an e x i s t i n g h y d r o e l e c t r i c powerplant i s the ques t i on of t h e outage. Outage i s t h e pime t h e genera t ing u n i t would be o u t of s e r v i c e undergoing replacement o r modi f ica t ion . Oppor tun i t ies f o r up ra t i ng appear t o lend themselves more t o powerplants wi th m u l t i p l e u n i t s where outages can be scheduled t o co inc ide wi th s ea sona l system power demand swings which would provide "windows" where a u n i t o r u n i t s could be taken ou t of s e r v i c e without adve r se ly a f f e c t i n g a system gene ra t i ng c a p a b i l i t y . This outage per iod can vary cons iderab ly depending on t h e up ra t i ng t o be done. I f on ly t he t u r b i n e runner i s rep laced wi th minor s t r u c t u r a l ad jus tments , t he outage t ime could be a s low a s two months. I f more major changes a r e r equ i r ed , t h i s t ime could be s i x t o twelve months.

INCREASED OUTPUT FROM PHYSICAL MODIFICATIONS

Figure 4-2 i s a schematic of t h e e v a l u a t i o n process t h a t was adopted f o r t h i s p o r t i o n of t he s tudy. The e x i s t i n g 1,288 p l a n t s were separa ted i n t o one of thir ty- two c a t e g o r i e s based on whether o r no t t he r e s e r v o i r had f l o o d c o n t r o l s t o r a g e , whether o r n o t t h e r e was s p i l l occur r ing a t t h e s i t e , t h e r a t i o of p o t e n t i a l head t o e x i s t i n g , and t h e age of t h e p l a n t . The fol. lowing measures were des igna ted a s a c t i o n c a t e g o r i e s t h a t were s tud i ed t o enhance t h e energy output a t e x i s t i n g p l a n t s .

e Addit ion of new u n i t s f o r c a p a c i t y i n c r e a s e Replacement of o l d e r u n i t s f o r c a p a c i t y i n c r e a s e Uprating of o l d e r u n i t s f o r c a p a c i t y i n c r e a s e Replacement of o l d e r u n i t s f o r e f f i c i e n c y i n c r e a s e Modi f ica t ion of o l d e r u n i t s f o r e f f i c i e n c y i n c r e a s e

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The t o t a l g ros s phys i ca l p o t e n t i a l i n c r e a s e i n energy and corresponding i n c r e a s e i n capac i ty was es t imated f o r each s i t e and app rop r i a t e a c t i o n c a t e g o r i e s . An i n d i c a t o r of b e n e f i t was es t imated f o r t he improvement by appl ica t i .on of t h e Federa l Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) r e g i o n a l power va lues developed f o r t h e NHS s tudy . Costs were es t imated based on t e c h n i c a l d e t a compiled f o r t h i s s tudy. The t e s t f o r " a c h i e v a b i l i t y " of the energy i n c r e a s e cons i s t ed of comparing t h e ca1,culated b e n e f i t t o c o s t (B/c) r a t i o f o r each a c t i o n ca tegory t o a s p e c i f i e d d e c i s i o n B/C r a t i o . The d e c i s i o n B / C r a t i o was t h e d e c i s i o n device used t o s tudy the s e n s i t i v i t y of r e s u l t s t o a range of accep tab l e economic c r i t e r i a . The energy i n c r e a s e of each s i t e t h a t ended up i n an a c t i o n ca tegory w i th a B/C va lue equa l t o o r g r e a t e r than t h e s p e c i f i e d d e c i s i o n B / C r a t i o was considered "achievable".

As a n i l l u s t r a t i o n of t he e v a l u a t i o n process , cons ide r those s i t e s (Figure 4-2) t h a t were i n i t i a l l y c l a s s i f i e d a s "add" c a t e g o r i e s 9, 10, 11, or 12. A l l of t h e s e si tes have p o t e n t i a l due t o a d d i t i o n a l f low and head above e x i s t i n g condi t ions . F i r s t t h e c o s t s and b e n e f i t s a t each s i t e a r e eva lua ted f o r t h e add (AQH) cond i t i ons t o s ee i f t h e c a l c u l a t e d B/C r a t i o i s equa l t o o r g r e a t e r than t h e s p e c i f i e d d e c i s i o n B / C value. I f t h e s i t e does meet t h i s cond i t i on t h e developed informat ion i s s t o r e d i n t h e AQH category. I f t h e s i t e does no t meet t he d e c i s i o n B / C r a t i o a t t h e i n i t i a l l y c a l c u l a t e d capac i ty and energy i n c r e a s e , t h e s i t e i s completely re-evaluated a t 75 percent of t h a t c a p a c i t y i nc rease . I f r equ i r ed , two more t r i a l s a r e made a t 50 pe rcen t and 2 5 percent of t h e i n i t i a l va lue before going on t o t h e next p o t e n t i a l a c t i o n ca tegory - RQH. The processing of each s i t e e i t h e r meets the d e c i s i o n B/C r a t i o o r ends up i n t h e "do noth ing" ca tegory . Therefore , before s i t e s i n c a t e g o r i e s 9, 10, 11 o r 1 2 a r e considered "do nothing" s i t e s they could conceivably be t e s t e d f o r a c h i e v a b i l i t y f o r up t o twenty d i f f e r e n t cond i t i ons - f o u r cond i t i ons f o r each of t h e f i v e a c t i o n ca t ego r i e s .

F igures 4-5 and 4-6 p re sen t t he r e s u l t s of the a n a l y s i s on an aggrega te n a t i o n a l s ca l e . Note t h e maximum p h y s i c a l p o t e n t i a l i s es t imated a t s l i g h t l y over 80 m i l l i o n MWh w i th a more r e a l i s t i c e s t i m a t e of phys i ca l po t en t i . a l of 40 m i l l i o n MWh. For a d e c i s i o n B / C r a t i o of 1.0, t he ach ievable energy i n c r e a s e i s about 11% (mid range of band) r e q u i r i n g about a 22% c a p a c i t y i n c r e a s e t o accomplish t he energy output . S e n s i t i v i t y r e s u l t s of b e n e f i t e s t i m a t e s (HIGH = c a p a c i t y i nc rease valued a s dependable, LOW = c a p a c i t y i n c r e a s e valued a s i n t e r m i t t e n t ) , d e c i s i o n B / C r a t i o ( u n c e r t a i n t y i n c o s t s and power v a l u e s ) , and p r o j e c t l i f e and d i scoun t r a t e ( p r i v a t e s e c t o r c r i t e r i a ) a r e shown t o provide a complete p i c t u r e of t h e p o t e n t i a l .

Table 4-4 i s a summary computer p r i n t o u t of t h e computations f o r t h e HIGH b e n e f i t e s t i m a t e and d e c i s i o n B / C r a t i o of 1.0. Note t h a t e s s e n t i a l l y a l l t h e i n c r e a s e i s found t o be from adding new u n i t s (expanding t h e e x i s t i n g powerhouse). The Northwest accounts f o r about ha l f of t h e i n c r e a s e e s t ima ted , t h e Northeast f o r about 30% of t h e i n c r e a s e and the Southeast about 10% of t h e i nc rease .

An a n a l y s i s was performed with. t he add ca tegory removed from the eva lua t ion p roces s t o provide some i n s i g h t i n t o the p o t e n t i a l energy i n c r e a s e from t h e op t ions of on ly r e h a b i l i t a t i n g e x i s t i n g p l a n t s . The p o t e n t i a l i n c r e a s e ach ievable dropped t o 1.4% (from 11%) nat ionwide.

LOW BENEFIT ESTIMATE

BENEFITS 0 5

MAXIMUM POTENTIAL

O o I I I I y

2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0

i Based on existing insta l led copocr ty and average annual enerqy

2 Cor t r and benefits am bared on 1978 pr ice levels and 6 718% interest

Figure 4 -5 .

ACHlEVABlLlTY ANALYSES - SENSITIVITY RESULTS

PROJECT L lFE

I 1 I I I 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0

ACHIEVABLE AAAE, MWH X l o 6

I- I O 0

I

1 0 !5 2 0

REQUIRED CAPACITY INCREASE, YW X l o 3

i Bored on ex i r t inq l n r t a l l ed c a p a c ~ t y and averoge annual enerqy

Figure 4-6.

A C i i l E V A B i i i T Y ANALYSES - SENSIT IV ITY RESULTS

- INTEREST RATE AND PROJECT LlFE

T a b l e 4 - 4 . S U M M A R Y A C H I E V A B I L I T Y E V A L U A T I O N O F E X I S T I N G H Y D R O E L E C T R I C

P L A N T S , H I G H B E N E F I T E S T I M A T E , D E C I S I O N B / C = l . O . A C T I V l i V NdMdE* OF INSTALLEO CAPACIIY AVERAGE ANNUAL AVERAGE ANNUAL INYEST*ENT AVERAGE ANNUAL AVERAGE ANNUAL

PLAYTS C A P A C I T ~ INCREASE E*E*GI ENE3iV I 9ClfEASE COSTS COSTS BENEFITS ---------------- ---------- ---------- -------.-- --------------- --------------- ---------- --------------- -----------__-- -------- M # -------- ---------- N I L L I O N *ad --------- ------------- * I L L I O N OOLLlRs -------------- ADD UNITS --------

REPLACE UYITS ------------- R8 0 0 . 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. HUH 0 0 . 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. Rd 0 0 . 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.

R t 0.

4 355 .6 10.3 1.930 ,019 13.1) 1.10 1.79 0. ---------------- I--------- ---------- ---------- --------------- -------------- ---------- ----------I---- -----.------_-- NUDIFV UNITS ------------

~ P R I M SUBTOTAL 2 9 9 1 5 8 0 2 . 3 15695 .3 6 9 . 3 1 2 32.698 1 3 @ 2 l . l 1027.14 1767.25

INCREASED OUTPUT FROM OPERATIONAL CHANGES

O p e r a t i o n a l changes t o e x i s t i n g p l a n t s t h a t cou ld p o t e n t i a l l y i n c r e a s e t h e energy o u t p u t a r e p o s s i b l e . By r e a l l o c a t i n g a p o r t i o n of t h e f l o o d c o n t r o l s t o r a g e t o power s t o r a g e t h e r e i s t h e p o t e n t i a l t o i n c r e a s e t h e energy o u t p u t by c a p t u r i n g and r o u t i n g a d d i t i o n a l f l o w th rough t h e powerhouse and by i n c r e a s i n g t h e head a v a i l a b l e f o r power g e n e r a t i o n by keeping t h e p o o l l e v e l h i g h e r . The a d d i t i o n a l energy i n c r e a s e may be p o s s i b l e w i t h o u t n e c e s s a r i l y i n c r e a s i n g t h e p l a n t s i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y . The l o s s t o t h e e x i s t i n g p r o j e c t would be reduced f l o o d c o n t r o l p r o t e c t i o n . It i s u n l i k e l y t h a t a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n f l o o d c o n t r o l s t o r a g e would be found t o be a c c e p t a b l e . However, i n some c a s e s o n l y a s m a l l p o r t i o n of t h e f l o o d c o n t r o l space may be needed t o c a p t u r e and c o n t r o l a s i g n i f i c a n t amount of r e s e r v o i r i n f l o w volume.

A l t e r i n g t h e r e s e r v o i r o p e r a t i o n p o l i c i e s i s a n o t h e r p o t e n t i a l way t o i n c r e a s e energy o u t p u t . T y p i c a l l y , t h e r e i s a s e t of o p e r a t i n g r u l e s by which a r e s e r v o i r i s o p e r a t e d . The t h e s i s i s t h a t t h e r e may be o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o i n c r e a s e power o u t p u t such a s reduc ing f l o o d c o n t r o l r e l e a s e s d u r i n g and fo l lowing f l o o d e v e n t s t o a l l o w more volume t o be passed th rough t h e p l a n t ; a l lowing s e a s o n a l power poo l e l e v a t i o n s t o remain a t h i g h e r e l e v a t i o n s f o r longer p e r i o d s of t ime; and minimizing a l l r e l e a s e s t h a t do n o t go th rough the p l a n t . I n e f f e c t t h i s might amount t o a q u a s i - s t o r a g e r e a l l o c a t i o n i n t h a t some o f t h e g o a l s of r e a l l o c a t i o n might be ach ieved w i t h o u t f o r m a l l y modifying t h e d e s i g n a t e d s t o r a g e zones.

S t o r a g e i n a mul t ip le -purpose r e s e r v o i r i s u s u a l l y a l l o c a t e d i n t o f l o o d c o n t r o l space , c o n s e r v a t i o n s t o r a g e ( i n c l u d i n g hydropower), and i n a c t i v e o r dead s t o r a g e . Flood c o n t r o l o p e r a t i o n r e q u i r e s r e s e r v a t i o n of s t o r a g e space i n t h e e v e n t a f l o o d might occur t h u s p o t e n t i a l l y r e l e a s i n g w a t e r t h a t might have been l a t e r used f o r power g e n e r a t i o n . The hydropower r e a l l o c a t i o n q u e s t i o n f o r a l l p r a c t i c a l purposes r e d u c e s t o a l l o c a t i n g p o r t i o n s of existing f l o o d c o n t r o l space t o hydropower storage, me potential c o n t r i b u t i o n t o i n c r e a s e d energy o u t p u t of a l l o c a t i n g from one c o n s e r v a t i o n purpose t o a n o t h e r i s i n s i g n i f i c a n t i n comparison. The c a n d i d a t e p r o j e c t s f o r r e a l l o c a t i o n of f l o o d c o n t r o l s t o r a g e a r e t h e r e f o r e t h o s e e x i s t i n g hydropower p r o j e c t s t h a t a l s o have f l o o d c o n t r o l s t o r a g e . A t o t a l of 187 p r o j e c t s were found t h a t met t h e c r i t e r i a . For ty -e igh t (48) of t h e s e p r o j e c t s have f l o o d c o n t r o l s t o r a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o 10% of t h e a n n u a l f l o w volume.

The r e a l l o c a t i o n a n a l y s i s was accompli.shed by performing d e t a i l e d s e q u e n t i a l , hydropower a n a l y s i s on 38 o f t h e 48 p r o j e c t p r e v i o u s l y i d e n t i f i e d , developing a p r e d i c t i o n e q u a t i o n from t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d , and a p p l y i n g t h e p r e d i c t i o n e q u a t i o n t o t h e remaining s i t e s . Computer s i m u l a t i o n s were made based on e x i s t i n g s t o r a g e a l l o c a t i o n s , t h e n r e p e a t e d f o r r e a l l o c a t i o n of 10% and 2,0% of f l o o d c o n t r o l s t o r a g e t o power s t o r a g e . F igure 5-1 i s a schemat ic of t h e a n a l y s i s f l o w and i n c l u d e s t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e 10% f l o o d c o n t r o l s t o r a g e r e a l l o c a t i o n o p t i o n .

The e s t i m a t e d i n c r e a s e i n energy o u t p u t f o r r e a l l o c a t i o n o n l y ( i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y remains a t e x i s t i n g ) is 10% r e a l l o c a t i o n - 652 GWh ( - 9 % i n c r e a s e f o r a l l r e a l l o c a t i o n s i t e s ) and 20% r e a l l o c a t i o n - 1 , 2 2 5 GWh (1.7% i n c r e a s e f o r a l l r e a l l o c a t i o n s i t e s ) . I f t h e i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y i s i n c r e a s e d commensurate w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e d dependable c a p a c i t y made p o s s i b l e by t h e i n c r e a s e d power s t o r a g e and decreased p l a n t f a c t o r , an a d d i t i o n a l 1 .7% i n c r e a s e i a a v e r a g e annual energy f o r a 10% r e a l l o c a t i o n may be p o s s i b l e . The major f a c t o r i n i n c r e a s e d energy o u t p u t was found t o be i n c r e a s e d head (poo l l e v e l s ) . The c o n t r i b u t i o n due t o c a p t u r i n g a d d i t i o n a l s p i l l was n e g l i g i b l e . By add ing t o t h e power s t o r a g e through r e a l l o c a t i o n , p r o j e c t s a r e a b l e t o meet i n c r e a s e d power demands d u r i n g c r i t i c a l low f low p e r i o d s . The p e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e i n f i r m a n n u a l energy (convers ion of n o n - f i r m energy t o f i r m energy) was approx imate ly 3 t imes t h e i n c r e a s e i n average annua l energy .

The 1i .kely a c c e p t a b l e r e a l l o c a t i o n p r o j e c t development would r e q u i r e f o r m u l a t i o n and implementat ion o f m i t i g a t i o n measures t o o f f s e t t h e l o s s i n f l o o d c o n t r o l performance by t h e r e s e r v o i r . The b e n e f i t s from i n c r e a s e d power producti .on would have t o be g r e a t e r t h a n t h e c o s t o f t h e m i t i g a t i o n measures needed t o a s s u r e t h e same ( o r n e a r l y s o ) f l o o d c o n t r o l performance f o r r e a l l o c a t i o n t o be economica l ly j u s t i f i e d .

Ana lys i s o f t h e p o t e n t i a l . f o r i n c r e a s e d o u t p u t by o p e r a t i o n a l ( r u l e curve) changes i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e p o t e n t i a l was minor and i n f a c t i s i n c l u d e d w i t h i n t h e e s t i m a t e s made f o r r e a l l o c a t i o n a n a l y s i s . P r o j e c t o p e r a t o r s a p p e a r t o be d i l i g e n t i n o p e r a t i n g t h e i r p r o j e c t s t o e x t r a c t t h e g r e a t e s t amount of energy t h a t i s p r a c t i c a l and r e a s o n a b l e .

187 S i t e s With Flood Contro l (F.C.) Average Annual Energy (AAE)

= 70,754 GWh I

10% Real loc. , AAE Increase = 395* Percent Increase = 0.7

1

D e t a i l e d Results - 38 S i t e s 10% Real loc., AAE Increase = 257*

Percent Increase = 1.6

187 S i t e s , 10% F.C. Rea l loca t ion Energ,y Increase = 652* GWh

Percent Increase = 0 . 9 I 1

139 S i t e s

AAE = 48,036

* I n s t a l l e d capac i t y maintained a t e x i s t i n g values.

F.C. Storage -- > .1 ? - Avg. Ann. I n f l o w

No -

F i g u r e 5 - 1 . E S T I M A T E O F P O T E N T I A L E N E R G Y I N C R E A S E

F R O M S T O R A G E R E A L L O C A T I O N

w

Simu la t ion

Data

Yes

I

48 S i t e s

AAE = 22,718

10 S i t e s Ava i lab le?

AAE = 6,681

- t w -

Yes

149 S i t e s

AAE = 54,717

38 S i t e s

AAE = 16,037

v

*

I

P r e d i c t i o n

Equation *

D e t a i l e d Eva lua t ion by S imu la t ion

38 S i tes , 10%, 20% Real l o c a t i o n s

s

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The h y d r o e l e c t r i c power gene ra t i on system of t h e United S t a t e s i s comprised of 1,288 i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s , t o t a l i n g about 3,000 i n d i v i d u a l genera t ing u n i t s , wi th i n s t a l l e d capac i ty ( exc lus ive of pumped s to rage ) of 63,375 megawatts (MW), g ene ra t i ng 272,552 g igawat t hours of e l e c t r i c a l energy per year . The d a t a documenting c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e 1,288 p l a n t s have been c a t a l ~ g u e d i n t o a computer f i l e f o r use i n th? eva lua t ion of che p o t e n t i a l f o r i nc reas ing output from e x i s t i n g p l an t s . There i s modest p o t e n t i a l f o r i n c r e a s i n g energy output from these p l a n t s (11%) wi th v i r t u a l l y a l l t h e i n c r e a s e due t o cap tur ing e x i s t i n g s p i l l through enlargement of t h e e x i s t i n g powerplant. Equipment up ra t i ng and improvements would l i k e l y c o n t r i b u t e no more than 1.4% i n c r e a s e over e x i s t i n g ou tput . P o t e n t i a l f o r increased energy output from ope ra t i ona l improvements and s to rage r e a l l o c a t i o n i s p o s s i b l e a t s i t e s wi th e x i s t i n g f lood s to rage and i s o p t i m i s t i c a l l y es t imated t o average 2% f o r t h e s i t e s wi th f l ood c o n t r o l s t o r a g e (a n a t i o n a l i n c r e a s e of about 0.6%). While t he t o t a l n a t i o n a l p o t e n t i a l f o r i nc reas ing energy output a t e x i s t i n g p l a n t s i s modest, t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s a r e r e a l and i n s p e c i f i c i n s t a n c e s could be s i g n i f i c a n t and important on a l o c a l s c a l e . The e x i s t i n g hydropower gene ra t i on system on t h e whole i s making q u i t e e f f i c i e n t use of t h e energy resources a v a i l a b l e a t t h e e x i s t i n g s i t e s .

S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n has found:

e The upper phys i ca l l i m i t e s t ima te of p o t e n t i a l i n c r e a s e i n energy output a t e x i s t i n g hydropower si tes i s approximately 86,000 (GWh). A more r e a l i s t i c va lue f o r phys i ca l p o t e n t i a l developed through d e t a i l e d s tudy i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s a maximum p r a c t i c a l l i m i t of about 40,000 GWh (15% i n c r e a s e over e x i s t i n g ) i n d i c a t i n g t h a t c u r r e n t u t i l i z a t i o n of p o t e n t i a l energy a t t he se s i t e s i s 87 pe rcen t on a nationwide bas i s . Based on p re sen t day c o s t and power b e n e f i t va lues a s d e c i s i o n c r i t e r i a , t h e p o t e n t i a l energy i n c r e a s e t h a t i s ach ievable i s es t imated t o be about 30,000 GWh o r an 11 percent i nc rease .

1 ,288 s i t e s have been i d e n t i f i e d and catalogued i n t o t he b a s i c d a t a f i l e s of the n a t i o n a l hydropower s tudy . This d a t a base provides a n adequate b a s i s f o r a n a t i o n a l s tudy of p o t e n t i a l energy i n c r e a s e s a t e x i s t i n g s i t e s .

e Exi s t i ng f e d e r a l p l a n t s (14 percent of t o t a l ) c o n t a i n a l i t t l e over 50 percent of t o t a l i n s t a l l e d capac i ty .

There i s f lood c o n t r o l s t o r age a t about 15 pe rcen t of e x i s t i n g s i t e s w i th a t o t a l i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y of 17,774 MW (28 percent of t h e n a t i o n a l t o t a l ) .

There a r e 4.31 (33 percent of t o t a l ) s i t e s wi th c a p a c i t y of 8,633 MW (14 percent of n a t i o n a l t o t a l ) t h a t a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s run-of- t h e - r i v e r l o c a t ions.

Approximately 80 pe rcen t of t he t o t a l e x i s t i n g c a p a c i t y has been added s i n c e 1940.

Two-thirds of e x i s t i n g p l a n t s were cons t ruc t ed p r i o r t o 1940 and con ta in on ly about 20 percent of t he e x i s t i n g capac i ty .

e Approximately 75 percent of e x i s t i n g p l a n t s a r e l e s s than 25 MW i n s t a l l e d capac i ty ye t t he se p l a n t s account f o r on ly 7 percent of the t o t a l i n s t a l l e d capac i ty .

8 There can be s ign i f i can t increases of up t o 35 percent i n t u r b i n e ou tput capac i ty due t o mod i f i ca t i ons t o o l d e r t u r b i n e s , i f a d d i t i o n a l head and/or flow a r e a v a i l a b l e .

Improvements i n i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l over t he p a s t 50 yea r s a l l ows s i g n i f i c a n t gene ra to r c a p a c i t y i n c r e a s e s through upra t ing .

For summary purposes t he va lues used i n t he fo l lowing i t e m s a r e t aken from ana lyses based on c o s t s and b e n e f i t s i n p re sen t day va lues and a d e c i s i o n th r e sho ld b e n e f i t t o c o s t r a t i o of 1.0.

8 The major source of p o t e n t i a l i n c r e a s e i n energy a t e x i s t i n g p l a n t s i s the f low t h a t i s c u r r e n t l y bypassing the e x i s t i n g powerplant and no t being captured f o r power genera t ion . S p e c i f i c measures of adding a d d i t i o n a l u n i t s , r ep l ac ing o r modifying u n i t s t o ach ieve h igher ou tpu t , o r s t o r age r e a l l o c a t i o n would be requi red t o cap tu re p o r t i o n s of t h e p r e s e n t l y passed f lows ( s p i l l ) . U t i l i z a t i o n of t h i s s p i l l a g e through a d d i t i o n of u n i t s accounts f o r more than 94 pe rcen t of t h e es t imated ach ievable p o t e n t i a l energy output i n c r e a s e a t e x i s t i n g s i t e s .

8 The i n c r e a s e i n energy due t o head i n c r e a s e s , even using a l l of t h e f l ood c o n t r o l space, accounts f o r l e s s than 6 percent of t h e t o t a l p o t e n t i a l energy inc rease a t e x i s t i n g s i t e s .

e The achievable average annual energy based on the c a p a c i t y and energy power va lues used h e r e i n and the f e d e r a l i n t e r e s t r a t e of 6-7/8% i s about 30,000 GWh o r an 11 percent i n c r e a s e i n energy above e x i s t i n g hydropower ou tput . Development of t h i s a d d i t i o n a l energy would r e q u i r e adding about 14,000 MW of c a p a c i t y , an i n c r e a s e of 22 percent over e x i s t i n g capac i ty .

I f power b e n e f i t c r e d i t f o r dependable c a p a c i t y i s omi t ted from t h e e v a l u a t i o n (because no t a l l a d d i t i o n a l capac i ty could be reasonably expected t o be dependable) , t he ach ievable annual energy i n c r e a s e drops t o about 18,000 GWh o r a 6 percent i nc rease over e x i s t i n g ou tput .

I f t h e i n t e r e s t r a t e f o r t h e implementation d e c i s i o n c r i t e r i a i s r a i s e d t o 1.5 percent from t h e 6,-7/8 percent u t i l i z e d i n t h i s s tudy and the p r o j e c t e v a l u a t i o n per iod i s decreased from 100 y e a r s t o 50 yea r s and the va lue of power i s he ld cons t an t , t he ach ievable annual energy i n c r e a s e drops t o about 10,000 GWh o r a 4 percent i n c r e a s e over e x i s t i n g ou tput .

e If adding u n i t s were no t being considered a s a n a l t e r n a t i v e , (e.g., on ly e x i s t i n g u n i t up ra t e s and improvements a r e considered) t h e p o t e n t i a l i n c r e a s e i n annual energy due t o replacement of and/or modi f ica t ions t o e x i s t i n g u n i t s would be about 3,750 GWh o r a n energy i n c r e a s e of 1.4 percent over e x i s t i n g .

The l o s s i n energy (and thus revenue) from removing a u n i t from s e r v i c e t o u p r a t e through modi f ica t ion i s p r e s e n t l y seidom economically j u s t i f i e d . Uprates through improvements a r e more a t t r a c t i v e f o r implementation when t h e p l a n t must be taken o u t of s e r v i c e f o r some o the r compelling reason.

The Western Systems Coordinating Council (WSCC), Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC), and Southeas te rn E l e c t r i c R e l i a b i l i t y Council (SERC) regions con ta in 88 percent of t he es t imated achievable annual energy increase .

The p o t e n t i a l energy development due t o r e a l l o c a t i o n of f l ood c o n t r o l s t o r a g e i n e x i s t i n g power r e s e r v o i r s - w i l l l i k e l y con- t r i b u t e l e s s than a one percent i n c r e a s e i n h y d r o e l e c t r i c energy output on a n a t i o n a l b a s i s . The conversion of non-firm energy t o f i rm energy made s i g n i f i c a n t - up t o 3 t imes t h e inc rease t h a t was es t imated f o r annual energy. S u b s t a n t i a l ga ins i n average annual energy can be obta ined a t those p r o j e c t s where t h e r e s e r v o i r power ope ra t ion can be based on zero f i rm energy due t o t h e h ighe r heads r e s u l t i n g from t h e decreased r e s e r v o i r drawdown.

It would r e q u i r e about 60 m i l l i o n b a r r e l s of f u e l o i l annual ly , t o produce t h e equ iva l en t amount of e l e c t r i c a l energy (30,000 GWh) t h a t has been found i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n t o be achievable .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The i n v e s t i g a t i o n repor ted h e r e i n was performed by The Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, a s a s e r v i c e t o The I n s t i t u t e f o r Water Resources (IWR), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, managers of the National Hydropower Study. M r . Nichael Walsh was the IWR c o n t a c t f o r t he s tudy . M r . Dar ry l W. Davis was t h e pr incipal- in-charge and M r . John J- Buckley was the s tudy manager. HEC s t a f f t h a t performed s i g n i f i c a n t t a s k s f o r t he s tudy were Messrs. Vernon R. Bonner, Dale R. Burne t t , Robert C. Luethy, Gary M. Franc, and Brian W. Smith. M r . B i l l S. E iche r t , D i r e c t o r of t h e HEC, provided guidance and p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e t e c h n i c a l performance of t h e r e a l l o c a t i o n a n a l y s i s . Parsons, Br inkerhoff , Quade and Douglas, Inc . (PBQdD) prepared t e c h n i c a l d a t a on equipment up ra t e p o t e n t i a l and c o s t whi le under c o n t r a c t t o HEC. P r i n c i p a l s f o r PBQdD were Messrs. Clarence E. Korhonen and Richard I,. Hearth.

REFERENCES

Eydrologic Engineering Center, " P o t e n t i a l f o r Increas ing the Output of Ex i s t i ng Hydroe lec t r i c P l an t s " ( D r a f t ) . January 8, 1981. U . S . Amy Corps of Engineers, Davis, CA.

I n s t i t u t e f o r Water Resources, "Plan of Study - Nat iona l Hydropower Study." January 1979. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fo r t Be lvo i r , VA.

17

Technical Paper Series TP-1 Use of Interrelated Records to Simulate Streamflow TP-2 Optimization Techniques for Hydrologic

Engineering TP-3 Methods of Determination of Safe Yield and

Compensation Water from Storage Reservoirs TP-4 Functional Evaluation of a Water Resources System TP-5 Streamflow Synthesis for Ungaged Rivers TP-6 Simulation of Daily Streamflow TP-7 Pilot Study for Storage Requirements for Low Flow

Augmentation TP-8 Worth of Streamflow Data for Project Design - A

Pilot Study TP-9 Economic Evaluation of Reservoir System

Accomplishments TP-10 Hydrologic Simulation in Water-Yield Analysis TP-11 Survey of Programs for Water Surface Profiles TP-12 Hypothetical Flood Computation for a Stream

System TP-13 Maximum Utilization of Scarce Data in Hydrologic

Design TP-14 Techniques for Evaluating Long-Tem Reservoir

Yields TP-15 Hydrostatistics - Principles of Application TP-16 A Hydrologic Water Resource System Modeling

Techniques TP-17 Hydrologic Engineering Techniques for Regional

Water Resources Planning TP-18 Estimating Monthly Streamflows Within a Region TP-19 Suspended Sediment Discharge in Streams TP-20 Computer Determination of Flow Through Bridges TP-21 An Approach to Reservoir Temperature Analysis TP-22 A Finite Difference Methods of Analyzing Liquid

Flow in Variably Saturated Porous Media TP-23 Uses of Simulation in River Basin Planning TP-24 Hydroelectric Power Analysis in Reservoir Systems TP-25 Status of Water Resource System Analysis TP-26 System Relationships for Panama Canal Water

Supply TP-27 System Analysis of the Panama Canal Water

Supply TP-28 Digital Simulation of an Existing Water Resources

System TP-29 Computer Application in Continuing Education TP-30 Drought Severity and Water Supply Dependability TP-31 Development of System Operation Rules for an

Existing System by Simulation TP-32 Alternative Approaches to Water Resources System

Simulation TP-33 System Simulation of Integrated Use of

Hydroelectric and Thermal Power Generation TP-34 Optimizing flood Control Allocation for a

Multipurpose Reservoir TP-35 Computer Models for Rainfall-Runoff and River

Hydraulic Analysis TP-36 Evaluation of Drought Effects at Lake Atitlan TP-37 Downstream Effects of the Levee Overtopping at

Wilkes-Barre, PA, During Tropical Storm Agnes TP-38 Water Quality Evaluation of Aquatic Systems

TP-39 A Method for Analyzing Effects of Dam Failures in Design Studies

TP-40 Storm Drainage and Urban Region Flood Control Planning

TP-41 HEC-5C, A Simulation Model for System Formulation and Evaluation

TP-42 Optimal Sizing of Urban Flood Control Systems TP-43 Hydrologic and Economic Simulation of Flood

Control Aspects of Water Resources Systems TP-44 Sizing Flood Control Reservoir Systems by System

Analysis TP-45 Techniques for Real-Time Operation of Flood

Control Reservoirs in the Merrimack River Basin TP-46 Spatial Data Analysis of Nonstructural Measures TP-47 Comprehensive Flood Plain Studies Using Spatial

Data Management Techniques TP-48 Direct Runoff Hydrograph Parameters Versus

Urbanization TP-49 Experience of HEC in Disseminating Information

on Hydrological Models TP-50 Effects of Dam Removal: An Approach to

Sedimentation TP-51 Design of Flood Control Improvements by Systems

Analysis: A Case Study TP-52 Potential Use of Digital Computer Ground Water

Models TP-53 Development of Generalized Free Surface Flow

Models Using Finite Element Techniques TP-54 Adjustment of Peak Discharge Rates for

Urbanization TP-55 The Development and Servicing of Spatial Data

Management Techniques in the Corps of Engineers TP-56 Experiences of the Hydrologic Engineering Center

in Maintaining Widely Used Hydrologic and Water Resource Computer Models

TP-57 Flood Damage Assessments Using Spatial Data Management Techniques

TP-58 A Model for Evaluating Runoff-Quality in Metropolitan Master Planning

TP-59 Testing of Several Runoff Models on an Urban Watershed

TP-60 Operational Simulation of a Reservoir System with Pumped Storage

TP-61 Technical Factors in Small Hydropower Planning TP-62 Flood Hydrograph and Peak Flow Frequency

Analysis TP-63 HEC Contribution to Reservoir System Operation TP-64 Determining Peak-Discharge Frequencies in an

Urbanizing Watershed: A Case Study TP-65 Feasibility Analysis in Small Hydropower Planning TP-66 Reservoir Storage Determination by Computer

Simulation of Flood Control and Conservation Systems

TP-67 Hydrologic Land Use Classification Using LANDSAT

TP-68 Interactive Nonstructural Flood-Control Planning TP-69 Critical Water Surface by Minimum Specific

Energy Using the Parabolic Method

TP-70 Corps of Engineers Experience with Automatic Calibration of a Precipitation-Runoff Model

TP-71 Determination of Land Use from Satellite Imagery for Input to Hydrologic Models

TP-72 Application of the Finite Element Method to Vertically Stratified Hydrodynamic Flow and Water Quality

TP-73 Flood Mitigation Planning Using HEC-SAM TP-74 Hydrographs by Single Linear Reservoir Model TP-75 HEC Activities in Reservoir Analysis TP-76 Institutional Support of Water Resource Models TP-77 Investigation of Soil Conservation Service Urban

Hydrology Techniques TP-78 Potential for Increasing the Output of Existing

Hydroelectric Plants TP-79 Potential Energy and Capacity Gains from Flood

Control Storage Reallocation at Existing U.S. Hydropower Reservoirs

TP-80 Use of Non-Sequential Techniques in the Analysis of Power Potential at Storage Projects

TP-81 Data Management Systems of Water Resources Planning

TP-82 The New HEC-1 Flood Hydrograph Package TP-83 River and Reservoir Systems Water Quality

Modeling Capability TP-84 Generalized Real-Time Flood Control System

Model TP-85 Operation Policy Analysis: Sam Rayburn

Reservoir TP-86 Training the Practitioner: The Hydrologic

Engineering Center Program TP-87 Documentation Needs for Water Resources Models TP-88 Reservoir System Regulation for Water Quality

Control TP-89 A Software System to Aid in Making Real-Time

Water Control Decisions TP-90 Calibration, Verification and Application of a Two-

Dimensional Flow Model TP-91 HEC Software Development and Support TP-92 Hydrologic Engineering Center Planning Models TP-93 Flood Routing Through a Flat, Complex Flood

Plain Using a One-Dimensional Unsteady Flow Computer Program

TP-94 Dredged-Material Disposal Management Model TP-95 Infiltration and Soil Moisture Redistribution in

HEC-1 TP-96 The Hydrologic Engineering Center Experience in

Nonstructural Planning TP-97 Prediction of the Effects of a Flood Control Project

on a Meandering Stream TP-98 Evolution in Computer Programs Causes Evolution

in Training Needs: The Hydrologic Engineering Center Experience

TP-99 Reservoir System Analysis for Water Quality TP-100 Probable Maximum Flood Estimation - Eastern

United States TP-101 Use of Computer Program HEC-5 for Water Supply

Analysis TP-102 Role of Calibration in the Application of HEC-6 TP-103 Engineering and Economic Considerations in

Formulating TP-104 Modeling Water Resources Systems for Water

Quality

TP-105 Use of a Two-Dimensional Flow Model to Quantify Aquatic Habitat

TP-106 Flood-Runoff Forecasting with HEC-1F TP-107 Dredged-Material Disposal System Capacity

Expansion TP-108 Role of Small Computers in Two-Dimensional

Flow Modeling TP-109 One-Dimensional Model for Mud Flows TP-110 Subdivision Froude Number TP-111 HEC-5Q: System Water Quality Modeling TP-112 New Developments in HEC Programs for Flood

Control TP-113 Modeling and Managing Water Resource Systems

for Water Quality TP-114 Accuracy of Computer Water Surface Profiles -

Executive Summary TP-115 Application of Spatial-Data Management

Techniques in Corps Planning TP-116 The HEC's Activities in Watershed Modeling TP-117 HEC-1 and HEC-2 Applications on the

Microcomputer TP-118 Real-Time Snow Simulation Model for the

Monongahela River Basin TP-119 Multi-Purpose, Multi-Reservoir Simulation on a PC TP-120 Technology Transfer of Corps' Hydrologic Models TP-121 Development, Calibration and Application of

Runoff Forecasting Models for the Allegheny River Basin

TP-122 The Estimation of Rainfall for Flood Forecasting Using Radar and Rain Gage Data

TP-123 Developing and Managing a Comprehensive Reservoir Analysis Model

TP-124 Review of U.S. Army corps of Engineering Involvement With Alluvial Fan Flooding Problems

TP-125 An Integrated Software Package for Flood Damage Analysis

TP-126 The Value and Depreciation of Existing Facilities: The Case of Reservoirs

TP-127 Floodplain-Management Plan Enumeration TP-128 Two-Dimensional Floodplain Modeling TP-129 Status and New Capabilities of Computer Program

HEC-6: "Scour and Deposition in Rivers and Reservoirs"

TP-130 Estimating Sediment Delivery and Yield on Alluvial Fans

TP-131 Hydrologic Aspects of Flood Warning - Preparedness Programs

TP-132 Twenty-five Years of Developing, Distributing, and Supporting Hydrologic Engineering Computer Programs

TP-133 Predicting Deposition Patterns in Small Basins TP-134 Annual Extreme Lake Elevations by Total

Probability Theorem TP-135 A Muskingum-Cunge Channel Flow Routing

Method for Drainage Networks TP-136 Prescriptive Reservoir System Analysis Model -

Missouri River System Application TP-137 A Generalized Simulation Model for Reservoir

System Analysis TP-138 The HEC NexGen Software Development Project TP-139 Issues for Applications Developers TP-140 HEC-2 Water Surface Profiles Program TP-141 HEC Models for Urban Hydrologic Analysis

TP-142 Systems Analysis Applications at the Hydrologic Engineering Center

TP-143 Runoff Prediction Uncertainty for Ungauged Agricultural Watersheds

TP-144 Review of GIS Applications in Hydrologic Modeling

TP-145 Application of Rainfall-Runoff Simulation for Flood Forecasting

TP-146 Application of the HEC Prescriptive Reservoir Model in the Columbia River Systems

TP-147 HEC River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) TP-148 HEC-6: Reservoir Sediment Control Applications TP-149 The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS):

Design and Development Issues TP-150 The HEC Hydrologic Modeling System TP-151 Bridge Hydraulic Analysis with HEC-RAS TP-152 Use of Land Surface Erosion Techniques with

Stream Channel Sediment Models

TP-153 Risk-Based Analysis for Corps Flood Project Studies - A Status Report

TP-154 Modeling Water-Resource Systems for Water Quality Management

TP-155 Runoff simulation Using Radar Rainfall Data TP-156 Status of HEC Next Generation Software

Development TP-157 Unsteady Flow Model for Forecasting Missouri and

Mississippi Rivers TP-158 Corps Water Management System (CWMS) TP-159 Some History and Hydrology of the Panama Canal TP-160 Application of Risk-Based Analysis to Planning

Reservoir and Levee Flood Damage Reduction Systems

TP-161 Corps Water Management System - Capabilities and Implementation Status