Post-reformation Europebecoming early-modern

1. Religious differencestheological and national/ethnic

2. New politics:Theories of Rule: Constitutional monarchies

AbsolutismRun by: expanding bureaucraciesCritiqued by: political/intellectual

theorists

3. Expanding economies: more efficienttechnology makes effectiveproto-industrialization and

social stratification

Europe post-reformation

Need to know the names, differences:

Roman Catholic

LutheranCalvinistAnglican

(Church of England)

And, two governmental systems1. Constitutional states

a. Republicb. Constitutional Monarchy

2. Absolutism

The Dutch Republic• King Philip II of Spain attempted to suppress

protestants (Calvinists) in Netherlands, 1566 and in addition, the Huguenots [France to Netherlands]

• large-scale rebellion followed• by 1581 Netherlands declared

independence

• based on a representative,parliamentary system

• successful joint-venture commerce

Constitutional States• England: constitutional monarchy

government is ‘the Crown’, + Houses of Parliament

• Netherlands: a Republic

• Not an easy process: English Civil War, 1642-1649• royal taxes• religious elements • King loses, was beheaded in 1649

The Glorious Revolution (1688-1689)• England under Cromwell (d. 1658)

• Glorious Revolution

• Charles II restored 1660• b. King James II deposed • 1688 d. Mary and husband – no heir

** no Catholics **• William of Orange took throne

concept of shared governance

To this day

Recently changed the law regarding primogeniture

Will not remove the in juncture against having a Catholic monarch

The ideal and problems of governing

Frontispiece for Leviathan- Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

John Locke (1632-1704)

Essay on Toleration (1667) Essay on the Human

Understanding (1690) Treatise on Government

But a voice – for whom?Popular sovereignty • John Locke • theories of contractual government• sovereignty in the people – but who are the

people?Freedom and Equality • religious toleration and freedom of expression • condemned legal and social privileges of

aristocrats • limit aristocratic privileges

• not to share political rights with: ???

Qualified citizenshipeg: British (Irish) citizens

Ireland: ‘a dependent and subordinate kingdom’• series of penal laws that enshrined exclusion of Catholics

from political, social and territorial power

• by 1703: less than 20% population Protestant (English and Scottish descent)

owned 86% of the land

• In 1691: all MPs in Irish parliament took an oath: repudiating the Pope’s authority to dispose

any monarchdenying transubstantiation

Next 15 years: penal codesschools, horses, land, weapons, clerics

Effects: political, economic, legal, psychological** exam q.

Absolute Monarchies• Political theory: Divine Right of Kings

• the model: French Cardinal Richelieu King Louis XIII, 1624-1642)

• practical application: destroy aristocratic power i.e. ‘fronde’

create royal service intendents= meritocracy= effective management= power taken from nobility

ruthlessly attacked Calvinists

The Sun Kingroyal absolutism

Louis XIV (1673) Mignard

Louis XIV (Hyacinth) ‘L’etat c’est moi’r. 1654

Geography of Power:

symbol and practice

Versailles

Power Politics in the 17Cdeveloping the European states system

• no overarching imperial authority

• Balance of Power tenuous

• military innovations(expensive)

Conclusion:this is ‘top down’ history – much else is happening• Significant population growth

• Effect: urbanizationProto-capitalismchanging social orderAdam Smith and John Locke

intellectual innovation: Copernicus universe

Isaac Newtonthe

Enlightenmenthumanistic moral challenge écrasez l’infame

A Village in ProvençeFriday everyone will be assigned the identity of someone

from a small, fictional community in Provençe in the late 17C

Traditionally ‘our’ community has been fairly isolated, with the result that

• the local land holders exercise a great deal of power

There is in our community:• a local bishop • a growing (but still small) commercial and professional

class of people (who will become the bourgeoisie) • the majority of the population in this region

works on the land

• the central authority of the king reaches into the region, in the person of a local intendent

Will you survive? Some will receive prizes…