POSITION: beforebefore the the nounnounFORM: SingularSingularORDER: Opinion / factOpinion / fact

opinionopinion

sizesize

shapeshape

age

colourcolour

originorigin

materialmaterial

purpose / typepurpose / type

order of adjectives  opinion size shape age colour origin material purpose/type noun nice big round old blue French glass fruit bowl 

What is it like?How big is it? What size is it?What shape is it?How old is it? What age is it?What colour is it?Where is it from? Where does it come from?

What is it made of?

What is it for? What type/kind/sort is it?

ADVERBS THAT MODIFY ADJECTIVESADVERBS THAT MODIFY ADJECTIVESAdjectives can be divided into 2 categories:BASE ADJECTIVESBASE ADJECTIVES STRONG ADJECTIVESSTRONG ADJECTIVES BIG ENORMOUSHOT BOILINGTIRED EXHAUSTEDCOLD FREEZINGINTERESTING FASCINATINGBAD HORRIBLEGOOD WONDERFULDIRTY FILTHYSURPRISED ASTONISHEDAFRAID TERRIFIEDCLEVER BRILLIANTLITTLE TINY

We can modify adjectives with INTENSIFIERSINTENSIFIERS / ADVERBSADVERBS

BASE ADJECTIVESBASE ADJECTIVES rather,a bit, completely(negative adjectives)very, really, extremely, fairly, quite

STRONG ADJECTIVESSTRONG ADJECTIVES AbsolutelyAbsolutely, totally, utterly, (, totally, utterly, (reallyreally))

EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:Very good; fairly small; rather stupidVery good; fairly small; rather stupidAbsolutely fantastic; totally exhausted Absolutely fantastic; totally exhausted

QUESTIONS∗ ASKING FOR INFORMATION

∗ ASKING FOR CONFIRMATION∗ ASKING FOR PERMISSION∗ MAKING REQUESTS∗ MAKING OFFERS∗ MAKING INVITATIONS∗ MAKING SUGGESTIONS∗ SHOWING FRIENDLY INTEREST

QUESTIONS• What’s your

D.O.B?• Do you need

advice?• Is it O.K. if I sit

here?• Could you give me

more details, please?

• Can I help?• Would you like to

go to the cinema?• Shall I help you to

carry the shopping?

• How are things at home?

TWO basic types of questions

INFORMATION CONFIRMATION / CONTRADICTION

WH- questions YES-NO questions

YES – NO Questions

Inversion of the AUXILIARY verb with the SUBJECTTO BE: Affirmative: You are in my class. Question : Are you in my class?

Affirmative: You were in my class.

Question : Were you in my class?

Affirmative: You are going home.

Question : Are you going home?

PRESENT PERFECTPRESENT PERFECT. She has been to London recently Has she been to London recently?

PAST PERFECTPAST PERFECT. He had already left when you arrived Had he already left when you arrived?

FUTURE.FUTURE. They will finish before 5p.m.

Will they finish before 5p.m.?

CONDITIONALCONDITIONAL. You would do it

Would you do it?

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNSINTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

WH –WHAT an objectWHERE a placeWHO a personWHEN a timeWHY a reasonWHICH between twoWHOSE possession

OBJECT QUESTIONSOBJECT QUESTIONSbegin with the interrogative pronounwhat, where, who, why, when,

whose, which, how• Combinations with

“WHAT” + noun• What time..• What day..• What colour..• What size..• What shape…• What nationality…

• Combinations with “HOW” + adjective

• How old…• How often….• How much…• How many….• How far…• How long

QUESTION WORD

AUXILIARY VERB

SUBJECT

MAINVERB

WHENWHEN DO DO I I FINISH?FINISH?

WHAT TIMEWHAT TIME WILLWILL YOU YOU ARRIVE?RRIVE?

WHEREWHERE HASHAS HE HE GONE?GONE?

WHAT WHAT DIDDID WEWE KNOW?KNOW?

HOW MUCHHOW MUCH SHOULDSHOULD YOUYOU TAKE?TAKE?

WHOWHO CAN CAN THEY THEY SEE?SEE?

SUBJECT QUESTIONSSUBJECT QUESTIONSWhen the subjectsubject of the question is the

interrogative pronoun the verb remains affirmative, so you do not use: DO, DOES,DID

• WHO, WHICH, WHAT, HOW MUCH/MANY

• Who wants to go out?• Which animals live in the jungle?• What happened next?• How much money is spent on

useless products?• How many people live in Ferrara?

QUESTIONS WITH QUESTIONS WITH PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS

• Where are you from?• Who did he talk to?• What are they talking about?• What will you spend the money on?• What is the book about?• What are we waiting for?

FIRST CONDITIONALFIRST CONDITIONALIf +If + simple presentsimple present ++ simple futuresimple future

If If I’mI’m lucky, I’ll catch a lucky, I’ll catch a big fish.big fish.

If I If I catchcatch a big fish, a big fish, we’ll have it for dinnerwe’ll have it for dinner..

If I If I gogo home without a fish. home without a fish.my wife won’t be pleasedmy wife won’t be pleased

If he If he doesn’t catchdoesn’t catch a fish soon, he’ll move to another a fish soon, he’ll move to another placeplace he may movehe may move

FIRST CONDITIONALFIRST CONDITIONAL

Represents a possibileRepresents a possibilesituation (more realistic)situation (more realistic)

SECOND CONDITIONALSECOND CONDITIONAL

Represents an improbable Represents an improbable situation (less realistic)situation (less realistic)

IF + SIMPLE PAST + CONDITIONALIF + SIMPLE PAST + CONDITIONAL

3rd conditional : If + past perfect + past conditional ( imaginary situations in the past)e.g. If Tom had studied harder,he would have passed the exam.

PAST PERFECT = HAD + PP

PAST CONDITIONAL = WOULD HAVE + PP

IF + HAD ………., WOULD HAVE …….

3rd conditional : If + past perfect + past conditional ( imaginary situations in the past)e.g. If Tom had studied harder,he would have passed the exam.

PAST PERFECT = HAD + PP

PAST CONDITIONAL = WOULD HAVE + PP

IF + HAD ………., WOULD HAVE …….

FUTURE FORMS

There are various ways of interpreting the future:

PRESENT CONTINUOUS ( I am doing)

(INTENTIONAL FUTURE I am going to do)

SIMPLE FUTURE ( I will do )

FUTURE CONTINUOUS ( I will be doing )

FUTURE PERFECT ( I will have done )

MAY / MIGHT ( I may do )

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

USE: to show you are talking about your FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS:e.g. Appointments & organised events, official arrangements

TIME EXPRESSIONSe.g. Tonight, at eight, this…weekend, next….. in April, The time element is IMPORTANT

THE INTENTIONAL FUTURE. USE (i) to talk about your intentions and decisions already taken (before the moment of speaking)e.g. I’m going to concentrate on my career from now on. I’m going to buy a new car next week

TIME EXPRESSIONS:In this form time expressions are secondary, as the emphasis is on the INTENTION of the speaker and not the TIME of the action

(ii) To indicate an imminent action based on present evidence:e.g. Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain.

THE SIMPLE FUTURE

USE: (i) to state a new decision (at the moment of speaking)e.g. A: I’m going to have lunch now. B: O.K. I’ll come with you

(ii) To make predictions & express opinions.e.g.I think the government will make new cuts. I know….. I’m sure …… I hope there will not be any more cuts.

FUTURE CONTINUOUSUSE: to talk about something happening around a certain time in the futuree.g. In five years’ time I’ll be retiring This time next week I’ll be travelling to the USA

FUTURE PERFECTUSE: to talk about something completed by a certain time in the future.e.g. I will have worked in this department for 10 years by next June.

SIMPLE PAST vs PRESENT PERFECT

DEFINED TIME UNDEFINED TIMEvs

Last …..

Ago

Yesterday

In …1990

On …Monday

When I was young

Just

Already

Ever

Never

Yet

TodaySince / ForHow long?

When / What time….?In …London

PRESENT PERFECT vs SIMPLE PAST

The The PRESENT PERFECTPRESENT PERFECT can express can express an action at an indefinite time before nowan action at an indefinite time before now E.g. I’ve been to Europe and Asia, but I’ve neverE.g. I’ve been to Europe and Asia, but I’ve never been to Americabeen to AmericaPeter has broken his leg. So now he cannot walk.Peter has broken his leg. So now he cannot walk.If our attention moves to the time of an actionIf our attention moves to the time of an action then we must use then we must use THE SIMPLE PAST THE SIMPLE PAST E.g. E.g. I went to the United States in 1987.I went to the United States in 1987.Peter broke his leg when he was in thePeter broke his leg when he was in themountains in April. mountains in April.

WHAT ARE MODAL VERBS?

The modal verbs are used to express concepts of :

• NECESSITY• POSSIBILITY• OBLIGATION• ABILITY• ADVICE• REQUESTS• DEDUCTION

CAN & MUST

• NO INFINITIVE• NO GERUND• NO “S” IN 3RD PERSON PRESENT• NO “DO/DOES”• NO “TO” IN THE FOLLOWING VERB

THE MISSING PARTS ARE PROVIDED BY OTHER VERBS:

• CAN = TO BE ABLE ; MAY• MUST = TO HAVE TO

May/MightMay/MightTo know how /To know how / to be ableto be able

CouldCould May/ to be allowedMay/ to be allowed

OBLIGATION

MUST• Personal obligation – the speaker has made the decision. He imposes the obligation on himself.e.g. I must telephone mydentist for an appointment.I’m gaining weight, I mustgo on a diet. I must check the time of themeeting.

HAVE TO• External obligation -Somebody else has madethe decision. The obligationhas come from outside the speaker.e.g.All children have to go toschool.I have to do an exam next week.

MUST NOT• Prohibition- the idea ofobligation is maintainede.g.

Ann is not well, she mustn’twork.You mustn’t smoke in a petrol station.It’s a secret. You mustn’ttell anyone.You mustn’t enter this roomwhen the patient is having an X-ray.

DO NOT HAVE TO• It is not necessary - the sense of obligation has beenremoved.e.g.Ann is rich, she doesn’t haveto work.Entrance to the museum is free- you don’t have to pay.You don’t have to wear auniform for this job.