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Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I. Spatial Distributions A. Dispersion

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Page 1: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Population Ecology

Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool.

I. Spatial Distributions A. Dispersion

Page 2: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

I. Spatial Distributions A. Dispersion

- Regular

Page 3: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

I. Spatial Distributions A. Dispersion

- Regular

- intraspecific competition

- allelopathy

- territoriality

Page 4: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

I. Spatial Distributions A. Dispersion

- Clumped

- patchy resource

- social effects

Page 5: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

I. Spatial Distributions A. Dispersion

- Random

- canopy trees, later in succession

Page 6: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

I. Spatial Distributions A. Dispersion

- Complexities

- can change with development. Seedlings are often clumped (around parent or in a gap), but randomness develops as correlations among resources decline. regular can develop if competition becomes limiting.

Page 7: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

I. Spatial Distributions A. Dispersion

- Complexities

- can change with development. Seedlings are often clumped (around parent or in a gap), but randomness develops as correlations among resources decline. regular can develop if competition becomes limiting.

- can change with population, depending on resource distribution.

Page 8: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

I. Spatial Distributions A. Dispersion

- Complexities

- can change with development. Seedlings are often clumped (around parent or in a gap), but randomness develops as correlations among resources decline. regular can develop if competition becomes limiting.

- can change with population, depending on resource distribution.

- varies with scale. As scale increases, the environment will appear more 'patchy' and individuals will look clumped.

Page 9: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Species Interactions

Effect on Species 2

Effect on species 1Positive Neutral Negative

Positive mutualism commensal consumer

Neutral commensal - amensal

Negative consumer amensal competition

Page 10: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

II. COMPETITION

B. Modeling Competition

1. Intraspecific competition

Page 11: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

II. COMPETITION

B. Modeling Competition

2. Interspecific competition

The effect of 10 individuals of species 2 on species 1, in terms of 1, requires a "conversion term" called a competition coefficient (α).

Page 12: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

II. COMPETITION

A. Modeling Competition

B. Empirical Tests of Competition

Page 13: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

B. Empirical Tests of Competition

1. Gauss

P. aurelia vs. P. caudatum

P. aurelia outcompetes P. caudatum.

Page 14: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

B. Empirical Tests of Competition

1. Gauss

P. aurelia vs. P. bursaria

): 

 

Page 15: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

B. Empirical Tests of Competition

1. Gauss

P. aurelia vs. P. bursaria: coexistence

): 

 

Page 16: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

B. Empirical Tests of Competition

1. Gauss

Why do the outcomes differ?

- P. aurelia and P. caudatum feed on suspended bacteria - they feed in the same microhabitat on the same things. P. bursaria feeds on bacteria adhering to the glass of the culture flasks.

): 

 

Page 17: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

B. Empirical Tests of Competition

1. Gauss

Why do the outcomes differ?

- P. aurelia and P. caudatum feed on suspended bacteria - they feed in the same microhabitat on the same things. P. bursaria feeds on bacteria adhering to the glass of the culture flasks.

- Gauss concluded that two species using the environment in the same way (same niche) could not coexist. This is the competitive exclusion principle.

): 

 

Page 18: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

B. Empirical Tests of Competition

1. Gauss

2. Park

 

 

Tribolium castaneum

•Competition between two species of flour beetle: Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum.

TEMP HUMT. casteum won (%)

T. confusum won (%)

COOL dry 0.0 100.0

COOL moist 29.0 71.0

       

WARM dry 13.0 87.0

WARM moist 86.0 14.0

       

HOT dry 10.0 90.0

HOT moist 100.0 0.0

Page 19: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

B. Empirical Tests of Competition

1. Gauss

2. Park

  TEMP HUMT. casteum won (%)

T. confusum won (%)

COOL dry 0.0 100.0

COOL moist 29.0 71.0

       

WARM dry 13.0 87.0

WARM moist 86.0 14.0

       

HOT dry 10.0 90.0

HOT moist 100.0 0.0

Competitive outcomes are dependent on complex environmental conditions

Basically, T. confusum wins when it's dry, regardless of temp.

Page 20: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

B. Empirical Tests of Competition

1. Gauss

2. Park

  TEMP HUMT. casteum won (%)

T. confusum won (%)

COOL dry 0.0 100.0

COOL moist 29.0 71.0

       

WARM dry 13.0 87.0

WARM moist 86.0 14.0

       

HOT dry 10.0 90.0

HOT moist 100.0 0.0

Competitive outcomes are dependent on complex environmental conditions

But when it's moist, outcome depends on temperature

Page 21: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

B. Empirical Tests of Competition

1. Gauss

2. Park

3. Connell): 

 

  

Intertidal organisms show a zonation pattern... those that can tolerate more desiccation occur higher in the intertidal.

Page 22: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

3. Connell - reciprocal transplant experiments

): 

 

Fundamental Niches defined by physiological tolerances

incr

easi

ng d

esic

catio

n st

ress

Page 23: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

3. Connell - reciprocal transplant experiments

): 

 

Realized Niches defined by competition

Balanus competitively excludes Chthamalus from the "best" habitat, and limits it to more stressful habitat

Page 24: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

II. COMPETITION

A. Modeling Competition

B. Empirical Tests of Competition

C. Competitive Outcomes: - Reduction in organism growth and/or pop. size (G, M, R)

- Competitive exclusion (N = 0)- Reduce range of resources used = resource partitioning. - If this selective pressure continues, it may result in a

morphological change in the competition. This adaptive response to competition is called Character Displacement

): 

 

  

Page 25: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Character Displacement

 

 

  

Page 26: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

III. PredationA. Predators can limit the growth of prey populations

 

  

Page 27: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

A. Predators can limit the growth of prey populations

 

  

Page 28: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I
Page 29: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Kelp and Urchins In 1940's:

 

  

Page 30: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Kelp and Urchins In 1940's:

 

  

Page 31: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Moose and Wolves - Isle Royale

 

  

Page 32: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Moose and Wolves - Isle Royale

1930's - Moose population about 2400 on Isle Royale

 

  

Page 33: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

1930's - Moose population about 2400 on Isle Royale

1949 - Wolves cross on an ice bridge; studied since 1958

 

  

http://www.isleroyalewolf.org/educ_mat'ls/educ_video/index.htm
Page 34: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

1930's - Moose population about 2400 on Isle Royale

1949 - Wolves cross on an ice bridge; studied since 1958

 

  

Page 35: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

V. Dynamics of Consumer-Resource InteractionsA. Predators can limit the growth of prey populationsB. Oscillations are a Common Pattern

 

  

Page 36: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

IV. MutualismTrophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients

Page 37: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients

1-Esophagus

2-Stomach

3-Small Intestine

4-Cecum (large intestine) - F

5-Colon (large intestine)

6-Rectum

Low efficiency - high throughput...

Page 38: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients

Page 39: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients

Page 40: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients

Page 41: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients

http://www.magnetictimes.com.au/index.php?cID=68&pic=1370
http://www.magnetictimes.com.au/index.php?pic=1371&cID=68
Page 42: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients

Page 43: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients

Page 44: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Defensive Mutualisms – Trade protection for food

Page 45: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Defensive Mutualisms – Trade protection for food

Page 46: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Acacia and Acacia ants

Defensive Mutualisms – Trade protection for food

Page 47: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Cleaning Mutualisms – Trade cleaning for food

Page 48: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Dispersive Mutualisms – Trade dispersal for food

Create floral ‘syndromes’ – suites of characteristics that predispose use by one type of disperser

Page 49: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Dispersive Mutualisms – Trade dispersal for food

Page 50: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Dispersive Mutualisms – Trade dispersal for food

Not mutualism (commensal or parasitic)

Page 51: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Community Ecology

I. Introduction

A. Definitions of Community

- broad: a group of populations at the same place and time

“old-hickory community”

Page 52: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Community Ecology

I. Introduction

A. Definitions of Community

- broad: a group of populations at the same place and time

“old-hickory community”

- narrow: a “guild” is a group of species that use the same resources in the same way.

Page 53: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Community Ecology

I. Introduction

A. Definitions of Community

- broad: a group of populations at the same place and time

“old-hickory community”

-narrow: a “guild” is a group of species that use the same resources in the same way.

-complex: communities connected by migration or energy flow

Page 54: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

I. Introduction

A. Definitions

B. Key Descriptors

Species Richness

Species Diversity

Evenness

Diversity indices

Simpson’s: Σ(pi)2

Habitat 1 Habitat 2

species A

species B

Richness

Simp. Div.

50 1

2 2

2 1.02

50 99

Page 55: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

C. Conceptual Models

1. Lindeman - 40's - energetic perspective

Page 56: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

C. Conceptual Models

1. Lindeman - 40's - energetic perspective

- energetic conversion rates determine biomass transfer:

- endotherm food chains are short; only 10% efficient

Page 57: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

C. Conceptual Models

1. Lindeman - 40's - energetic perspective

- energetic conversion rates determine biomass transfer:

- endotherm food chains are short; only 10% efficient

- ectotherm food chains can be longer, because energy is transfered more efficiently up a food chain (insects - 50% efficient).

Page 58: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

C. Conceptual Models

1. Lindeman - 40's - energetic perspective

- energy available in lower level will determine the productivity of higher levels... this is called "bottom-up" regulation.

not enough energy to support another trophic level

Page 59: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

C. Conceptual Models

1. Lindeman - 40's - energetic perspective

2. Hairston, Slobodkin, and Smith (HSS) - 1960

- Observation: "The world is green" - there is a surplus of vegetation

Page 60: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Hairston, Slobodkin, and Smith (HSS) - 1960

- Observation: "The world is green" - there is a surplus of vegetation

- Implication: Herbivores are NOT limited by food... they must be limited by something else...predation?

Page 61: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Hairston, Slobodkin, and Smith (HSS) - 1960

- Observation: "The world is green" - there is a surplus of vegetation

- Implication: Herbivores are NOT limited by food... they must be limited by something else ....predation?

- If herbivore populations are kept low by predators, they must be the variable limiting predator populations - as food. SO:

Top Pred's: Limited by Competition

Herbivores: Limited by Predation

Plants: Limited by Competition

Page 62: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Hairston, Slobodkin, and Smith (HSS) - 1960

- Observation: "The world is green" - there is a surplus of vegetation

- Implication: Herbivores are NOT limited by food... they must be limited by predation.

- If herbivore populations are kept low by predators, they must be the variable limiting predator populations - as food. SO:

Top Pred's: Limited by Competition

Herbivores: Limited by Predation

Plants: Limited by Competition

Community structured by "top-down effects" and trophic cascades

Page 63: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Community Ecology

I. Introduction

II. Multispecies Interactions with a Trophic Level

A. Additive Competitive Effects

. Vandermeer 1969

Dynamics in 4-species protist communities of Blepharisma, P caudatum, P.aurelia, and P. bursaria were consistent with predictions from 2-species L-V interactions.

Page 64: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Community Ecology

I. Introduction

II. Multispecies Interactions with a Trophic Level

A. Additive Competitive Effects

B. Non-Additive Competitive Effects

Page 65: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Community Ecology

I. Introduction

II. Multispecies Interactions with a Trophic Level

A. Additive Competitive Effects

B. Non-Additive Competitive Effects

so, the addition of a third species changes the effect of one species on another .... which is defined as α12N2.

Page 66: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Community Ecology

I. Introduction

II. Multispecies Interactions with a Trophic Level

A. Additive Competitive Effects

B. Non-Additive Competitive Effects

so, the addition of a third species changes the effect of one species on another .... which is defined as α12N2.

Well, that means the third species can influence the competitive effect by changing either component (α12) or (N2).

Page 67: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Community Ecology

I. Introduction

II. Multispecies Interactions with a Trophic Level

A. Additive Competitive Effects

B. Non-Additive Competitive Effects

1. Indirect Effects - mediated through changes in abundance

Page 68: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Worthen and Moore (1991)

 

 

  

Indirect, non-additive competitive effects. D. falleni and D. tripunctata each exert negative competitive effects on D. putrida in pairwise contests, but D. putrida does better with BOTH competitors present than with either alone

ADDITIVE

NON-ADDITIVE

Page 69: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Worthen and Moore (1991)

 

 

  

Indirect, non-additive competitive effects. D. falleni and D. tripunctata each exert negative competitive effects on D. putrida in pairwise contests, but D. putrida does better with BOTH competitors present than with either alone

D. putridaD. tripunctata

D. falleni

Page 70: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Community Ecology

I. Introduction

II. Multispecies Interactions with a Trophic Level

A. Additive Competitive Effects

B. Non-Additive Competitive Effects

1. Indirect Effects - mediated through changes in abundance

2. Higher Order Interactions - mediated through changes in the competitive interaction (coefficient), itself; not abundance

consider 2 species, and the effect of N2 on N1 as aN2.N2N1

Page 71: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Community Ecology

I. Introduction

II. Multispecies Interactions with a Trophic Level

A. Additive Competitive Effects

B. Non-Additive Competitive Effects

1. Indirect Effects - mediated through changes in abundance

2. Higher Order Interactions - mediated through changes in the competitive interaction (coefficient), itself; not abundance

Now, suppose we add species 3 HERE, as shown...N2N1 N3

Page 72: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Community Ecology

I. Introduction

II. Multispecies Interactions with a Trophic Level

A. Additive Competitive Effects

B. Non-Additive Competitive Effects

1. Indirect Effects - mediated through changes in abundance

2. Higher Order Interactions - mediated through changes in the competitive interaction (coefficient), itself; not abundance

So NOW, N2 may shift AWAY from N1, reducing its competitive effect. N2N1 N3

Page 73: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

2. Higher Order Interactions - Wilbur 1972

Ambystoma laterale

Ambystoma maculatum

Ambystoma tremblay

Page 74: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

2. Higher Order Interactions - Wilbur 1972

Mea

n m

ass

of

32 A

. la

tera

le

w/ 32 A. tremblay w/ 32 A. maculatum w/both

0.608 g

0.686 g

0.589 g

32 A. laterale alone = 0.940 g

Abu

ndan

ces

are

cons

tant

, so

the

non

-add

itive

eff

ect

mus

t be

by

chan

ging

the

nat

ure

of t

he in

tera

ctio

n

Page 75: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Community Ecology

I. Introduction

II. Multispecies Interactions with a Trophic Level

A. Additive Competitive Effects

B. Non-Additive Competitive Effects

1. Indirect Effects - mediated through changes in abundance

2. Higher Order Interactions - mediated through changes in the competitive interaction (coefficient), itself; not abundance

3. Mechanisms:

Change size of organisms and affect their competitive pressure Change activity level and affect their resource use Change behavior... and resource use

Page 76: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Community Ecology

I. Introduction

II. Multispecies Interactions with a Trophic Level

A. Additive Competitive Effects

B. Non-Additive Competitive Effects

C. Results

Page 77: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Community Ecology

I. Introduction

II. Multispecies Interactions with a Trophic Level

A. Additive Competitive Effects

B. Non-Additive Competitive Effects

C. Results1. Niche Partitioning at the Community Level: Species Packing

There should be a non-random ordering of species along some resource axis or associated morphological axis This can be tested through nearest neighbor analyses. What would you see if they were ordered randomly? Then compare.

Page 78: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

1. Niche Partitioning at the Community Level: Species Packing

Dayan et al., 1989. Species packing in weasels in Israel.

Page 79: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Community Ecology

I. Introduction

II. Multispecies Interactions with a Trophic Level

III. Multispecies Interactions across Trophic Levels

Page 80: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

Community Ecology

I. Introduction

II. Multispecies Interactions with a Trophic Level

III. Multispecies Interactions across Trophic Levels

A. Keystone Predators

Page 81: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

A. Keystone Predators

1. Paine (1966) - the rocky intertidal

Arrows show energy flow; point to consumer.

http://images.enature.com/seashore/seashore_l/SC0023_1l.jpg
Page 82: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

A. Keystone Predators

1. Paine (1966) - the rocky intertidal

- Pisaster prefers mussels

Page 83: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

A. Keystone Predators

1. Paine (1966) - the rocky intertidal

- Pisaster prefers mussels

- When predators are excluded,

mussels outcompete other species and

the diversity of the system crashes to a

single species - a mussel bed

Page 84: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

A. Keystone Predators

1. Paine (1966) - the rocky intertidal

- Pisaster prefers mussels

- When predators are excluded,

mussels outcompete other species and

the diversity of the system crashed to a

single species - a mussel bed

- When predators are present, the

abundance of mussels is reduced, space

is opened up, and other species can

colonize and persist.

Page 85: Population Ecology Populations are groups of potentially reproducing individuals in the same place, at the same time, that share a common gene pool. I

A. Keystone Predators

1. Paine (1966) - the rocky intertidal

- Pisaster prefers mussels

- When predators are excluded,

mussels outcompete other species and

the diversity of the system crashed to a

single species - a mussel bed

- When predator is present, the

abundance of mussels is reduced, space

is opened up, and other species can

colonize and persist.

So, although Pisaster does eat the other species (negative effect) it exerts a bigger indirect positive effect by removing the dominant competitor


Theory of Self-reproducing Automata

REPRODUCING KERNEL HILBERT SPACES - Bilkent … · of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces, generation of new spaces and relationships ... The Hilbert space with reproducing kernel K

Reproducing pictures

Reproducing Discipleship (GIFT)

Applications of Reproducing Kernel Hilbert

Online learning in Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spacesbouboulis.mysch.gr/files/website_eref.pdf · transforms, also belongs to the same path as the one followed by Mercer and Moore

Grow-Reproducing Through Organic Discipleship

Self Reproducing Machines

Reproducing Social Identities: Employer-Employee

Forest Population Ecology - University of Hawaii · 3 • Population – a group of potentially interbreeding & interacting individuals of the same species living in the same place

Information recording method, reproducing method and reproducing

On self-reproducing computer programs

Prospects of Reproducing Useful Transparencies

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