pool training-rescue and survival at sea

8/9/2019 Pool Training-Rescue and Survival at Sea

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POOL TRAINING

RESCUE AND SURVIVAL AT SEA

Prepared by

NORDIANA BTE ISMAIL

R B KENNEDY ENIS

SHAHIFFUL BAHTIAR BIN MAT ISA

BACHELOR¶S DEGREE IN MARINE TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERLIS



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1.0 Introduction

Survival is the ³preservation of one¶s own life under conditions of immediate peril.´

To preserve one¶s own life at sea requires ability to live through extreme conditions of

emotional and physical shock, and hardship for an indefinite period of time. When

faced with an open water survival situation, it is important to remember that

environmental obstacles are as much mental as physical. Before accumulating

information on the use and operation of survival systems, it is important to first

understand the psychological barriers to the will to survive that must be overcome.

The most predominant psychological barrier to survival is fear; fear of the unknown,

fear of discomfort, and fear of one¶s own weakness. Fear of the environment in an

open water situation leads us to fear our own chances of confidence in our ability may

weaken our will to survive. Studies of survivors and their experiences show that the

successful survival of any situation depends on several factors. The survivors must:

y Be mentally and spiritually prepared for the possibility;

y Be in good physical condition;

y Have the proper equipment available and know how to use it;

y Be properly dressed for any survival situation; and

y Be thoroughly familiar with vessel egress procedures.

The key of these experiences is developing a survivor¶s ³attitude´. In other words, to

develop those traits and characteristics that will enhance one¶s change of survival.



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Figure 2: Reaching pole

y Buo yant thr owing assist with a buo yant line attached : The

length of the line should be at least the width of the pool.

Figure 3: Buoyant throwing

y S ound signalling device: For example, a loud whistle or

personal alarm.

Figure 3: Sound signalling device



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T he International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code

gives specific technical requirements f or LSA s and is

mandat ory under Reg ulation 34, which states that all

life-saving appliances and arrangements shall comply

with the applicable requirements o f the LSA C ode.

An adult life jacket shall be so constructed that:

y shall not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally

enveloped in a fire for a period of 2 seconds.

y at least 75% of persons, who are completely unfamiliar with the

lifejacket, can correctly don it within a period of one min

without assistance, guidance or prior demonstration;

y after demonstration, all persons can correctly don it within a

period of one minute without assistance;

y it is clearly capable of being worn in only one way or, as far as

is practicable, cannot be donned incorrectly;

y it is comfortable to wear;

y it allows the wearer to jump from a height of at least 4.5 m into

the water without injury and without dislodging or damaging the

lifejacket;

y shall have buoyancy which is not reduced by more than 5% after

24h submersion in fresh water;

y shall be fitted with a whistle firmly secured by a cord.

An adult lifejacket shall have sufficient buoyancy and stability in calm

fresh water to:

y 1 lift the mouth of an exhausted or unconscious person not less

than 120 mm clear of the water with the body inclined

backwards at an angle of not less than 20° from the vertical

position;



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y 2 turn the body of an unconscious person in the water from any

position to one where the mouth is clear of the water in not

more than 5 s.

y shall allow the person wearing it to swim a short distance and to

board survival craft.

2.2.2 Donning the Life Jacket

Following are the steps of donning of life jacket:

a. Put your arms through the holes.

b. Pull the jacket up and around your shoulders.

c. Put the neck straps through the D rings on each side of the

jacket and tie them in a bowknot.

d. Pull the chest strap and the waist straps tight, and then tie with

bowknots.

e. Take the slack out of the belly strap and snap it together.

f. Reach down and back between your legs and grab the left-leg

strap and pull it up between your legs.

g. Put the end through the D rings and pull tight.

h. Repeat the procedure for the right-leg straps.

i. Practice putting on and securing your life jacket until you are

able to don and secure it within 2 minutes.

1.3 HELP Position

In the HELP position, it is a survival technique use to conserve heat in coldwater. The HELP position is difficult to do unless wearing a life jacket.

"HELP" stands for Heat Escape Lessening Posture. This posture can increase

the chances of survival by reducing the amount of body surface area that is

directly exposed to cold water. In this position, the chest and knees were in

contact with each other rather than being in contact with cold water.



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Figure 5: HELP position

1.4 CON Position

The CON position is a circle shape of formation by members of surviving

when stranded at sea. The purpose of this technique is to attract a helicopter

view at sea. The techniques are hand-in-hand of each other¶s and leg propel on

the water.

Figure 6: CON position



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1.5 PERSON RAFTING Position

The purpose of PERSON RAFTING position is to pushing or towing an

injured survivor at sea. It is a technique where the survivors must work

together to create a person-raft by foot flanked between two conflicting

between each other while flanked hand side with other survivor.

Figure 7: PERSON RAFTING position

1.6 Free Fall Jumping From Spring Board

One of the importance tasks in a survival at sea training is free fall jumping

from spring board. This technique is required courage and spirit from each of

the trainee to do the jumping.

First of all, make sure that the life jacket is well secured. If it is not well

secured, it could be hurt to the jumper¶s head after his jump. Then get down to

a height of less than 30 feet if available; below 15 feet is ideal. If the jumpers

is jump from height than 30 feet, it can hurt to the jumpers (depends on the

height from which the jumping height and the angle at which the body hits the

water). If worn, remove false teeth, eyeglasses, or contact lenses. Also remove

any sharp objects from your pockets. Get in the jump position and do the

following:



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a. Stand on the gunwale and check the water for debris.

b. Check to see if the life jacket is tied and all the straps are secured.

c. Hold your nose and cover your mouth with your left hand.

d. Cross over your left hand with your right hand and hold the life jacket

collar securely.

e. Hold your elbows into your side as much as possible.

f. Keep head and eyes straight ahead. Do not look down.

g. Take one step out using either foot.

h. Bring your trailing leg up behind your leading leg so that they cross at

the ankles. This will protect you if you should land on any floating

debris.

Figure 8: Free fall jumping from spring board



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1.7 Life Raft

1.7.1 Introduction of life raft

Life raft is an emergency raft used in case of serious problems to the

parent vessel, such as sinking.

Figure 9: Life raft (25 persons)

Following are the requirements of life raft under SOLAS convention:

y Every life raft shall be so constructed as to be capable of

withstanding exposure for 30 days afloat in all sea conditions.

y The life raft shall be so constructed that when it is dropped into

the water from a height of 18 m, the life raft and its equipment

will operate satisfactorily. If the life raft is to be stowed at a

height of more than 18 m above the waterline in the lightest

seagoing condition, it shall be of a type which has been

satisfactorily drop-tested from at least that height.

y The floating life raft shall be capable of withstanding repeated

jumps on to it from a height of at least 4.5 m above its floor

both with and without the canopy erected.



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y Step 10: Read the survival manuals that are found inside the

raft. These will give you complete instructions on what to do

while you are in the life raft.

Figure 11: Throwing-in of life raft and yanking on the operating c ord

2.7.3 Overturn of Life Raft

A capsized raft can be righted (turned right side up) before the inverted

(upside down) canopy fills with seawater, one person can easily right it

using the following procedure:

y Swim to the side marked "RIGHT HERE", if it is not marked,

go to the side where the CO2 cylinder is located. Reach up and

grab the righting strap. Start pulling yourself up onto the raft. It

may help to kick your feet out as if swimming, if this does notwork, tries putting your feet or knees into the external lifelines

to help you pull yourself up on the raft. Some rafts may right

while you are climbing onto them. Others are more difficult to

right.

Note: A righting strap is fitted on the underside of the raft to

right the raft if it capsizes or inflates upside down. The righting

strap runs the full width of the oval or round raft.

y Stand on the very edge, where the CO2 cylinder is located. Lean

back with all your weight while pulling on the righting strap. If

the canopy is clear of water, the raft will begin to follow you. If

the raft is large, it will land on your head unless you bend your

knees and spring backwards just as the raft begins to free fall.



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Figure 12: Righting of life raft

2.7.4

Boarding the Life Raft

y Step 1: make a human ³crocodile towing´ technique and move

in a line of group to lift raft.

Figure 13: ³Crocodile towing´ technique

y Step 2: after reach at the life raft¶s boarding location, the most

in-front survivor need to clamp with the life raft.

y Step 3: the survivor that in the most behind need to move onto a

life raft by linking the other survivors one-by-one. Then, with

the help of survivor who are in-front, the survivor who are most

behind just know is pull-up into the life raft.



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y Steps 4: repeat step 3 until all the survivors up into life raft.

Figure 14: Boarding life raft

2.7.5 In The Life Raft

After up into the life raft, all survivors shall do as following:

y Put off individual life jacket and tight together and throwing

outside the raft.

y Check the physical condition of all on board. Give first aid if

necessary. Take seasickness pills if available. The best way to

take these pills is to place them under the tongue and let them

dissolve. There are also suppositories or injections against

seasickness. Vomiting, whether from seasickness or other

causes, increases the danger of dehydration.

y Try to salvage all floating equipment - rations; canteens,

thermos jugs, and other containers; clothing; seat cushions;

parachutes; and anything else that will be useful to you. Secure

the salvaged items in or to your raft. Make sure the items have

no sharp edges that can puncture the raft.



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y If there are other rafts, lash the rafts together so they are about

7.5 meters apart. Be ready to draw them closer together if you

see or hear an aircraft. It is easier for an aircrew to spot rafts

that are close together rather than scattered.

y Remember, rescue at sea is a cooperative effort. Use all

available visual or electronic signaling devices to signal and

make contact with rescuers. For example, raise a flag or

reflecting material on an oar as high as possible to attract

attention.

y Locate the emergency radio and get it into operation. Operating

instructions are on it. Use the emergency transceiver only when

friendly aircraft are likely to be in the area.

y Have other signaling devices ready for instant use. If you are in

enemy territory, avoid using a signaling device that will alert

the enemy. However, if your situation is desperate, you may

have to signal the enemy for rescue if you are to survive.

y Check the raft for inflation, leaks, and points of possible

chafing. Make sure the main buoyancy chambers are firm (well

rounded) but not overly tight. Check inflation regularly. Air

expands with heat; therefore, on hot days, release some air and

add air when the weather cools.

y Decontaminate the raft of all fuel. Petroleum will weaken its

surfaces and break down its glued joints.

y Throw out the sea anchor, or improvise a drag from the raft's

case, bailing bucket, or a roll of clothing. A sea anchor helps

you stay close to your ditching site, making it easier for

searchers to find you if you have relayed your location.

Without a sea anchor, your raft may drift over 160 kilometersin a day, making it much harder to find you. You can adjust the

sea anchor to act as a drag to slow down the rate of travel with

the current, or as a means to travel with the current. You make

this adjustment by opening or closing the sea anchor's apex.

When open, the sea anchor acts as a drag that keeps you in the



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y SOLAS fishing kit

y SOLAS/USCG Thermal protective aids (TPA¶s)

y Drinking cup

y Safety tin opener

y Repair kit

y Rescue quoit & line

y Buoyant safety knife

y Scissors

y Sunscreen

y Survival rations:

y SOLAS/USCG Food rations

y USCG/SOLAS Drinking water

Following are medical equipments on life raft:

y Seasickness pills

y Seasickness bags

y SOLAS First aid kit

Following are signaling equipments on life raft:

y Emergency Positioning Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB)

y SOLAS/USCG Hand flares

y SOLAS/USCG Signal mirror

y SOLAS/USCG Parachute rockets

y SOLAS/USCG Smoke signals

y Whistle

y SOLAS flashlight

y Extra batteries & bulb

Note: Do not throw any body liquids (blood, urine, dropping or etc)

into the sea because it can be able to attract a shark.



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2.7.8 Management of Survival

Following are the management of survival that should be practice by

survivors if stranded at sea:

a. Position

b. Organize

c. Location

d. Comfort

Following are the steps of survival management:

a. Appoint a leader.

b. Appoint each members responsibilities.c. Treat the injured members.

d. Locate all safety equipments.

e. Activate the EPIRB.

2.0 Search and Rescue (SAR)

The International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR) was

adopted by an international conference held in Hamburg, Germany, in April 1979. As

its title implies, this Convention is designed to improve existing arrangements and

provide a framework for carrying out search and rescue operations following

accidents at sea.

Following are the steps of search and rescue procedures that stated in IAMSAR:

a. receives, acknowledge and relay notifications of distress;

b. co-ordinate SAR response; and

c. conduct SAR operations.



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Fi

2.1 R C i ti C t (RCC

The RCC i an operational facilit responsi le for promoting eff icient

organi ation of SAR services and for co-ordinating the conduct of SAR

operations within Search and R escue R egion (SRR .

Fi i i

Following are the requirements of RCC:

y 24-hour availabilit

y Trained persons

RECEIVE Emergency Distress

RESPONSE

Rescue Co-ordination Centre

Broadcasting and Communication

ACT

Rescue Sub-centre

Search and Rescue



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y Persons with a working knowledge of the English language

y Charts which apply to the SRR

y Means of plotting

y Ability to receive distress alerts

y Immediate communications

2.2 Search and Rescue Regions (SRR)

An SRR is an area of defined dimensions associated with an RCC within

which SAR services are provided.

Figure 17: Search and Rescue Regions (SRR)



3.0 Conclusion

On the whole, the survival at sea training is very important and compulsory for those

who involve in maritime and aviation industries. Those people have to practice the

techniques of survival at sea for saving their own life when at emergency such asHELP position, CON position and etc.

Besides that, the survival training is not complete without the knowledge of survival

management where it is the keys of successful for saving life at sea. Position,

organizing, location and comfort are the basic procedures that survivors have to know

and learn it.

The participants will be provide with an information of search and rescue (SAR), how

their responses and actions to saving life at sea.

4.0 References

International Maritime Organization, 2008. IAMSAR Manual: Organization and

Management (Volume 1). ICAO Publication Company. Canada.

International Convention on Aviation and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR),

2008.

D. J. House, 2004. Seamanship Techniques: Shipboard and Marine Operations (Third

Edition). Elsevier Publication Company. United Kingdom.

International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR), 1979.

International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) ± Life Saving Appliances

Code, 1974.

pool training-rescue and survival at sea

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