polymeric flexible hose and tubing

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Polymeric Flexible Hose & Tubing

Published on May 2013

Report Summary

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Flexible hose and tubing are old and established products, and their manufacture and sale has become a moderately large and quite

broad'based sector of the United States economy. This study covers flexible hose/tubing made from polymeric materials (that is, what

we commonly call plastics or rubber materials), as contrasted with rigid piping and rigid metal tubing (e.g., aluminum and copper

tubing for automobiles and refrigerators), the latter is a subset of the piping industry. (Rigid polymeric pipe and tubing is covered at

length in a recent companion BCC Research report, PLS053A, The U.S. Market for Plastic Pipe.)

The broad base of the U.S. polymeric hose and tubing industry is illustrated both by the many different materials, both elastomeric

and non'elastomeric, that are used to make hose and tubing, and also by the many different markets that are served by these

materials and products. The terms tube and tubing are also different from pipe and piping. All pipes are tubes; however, because rigid

tubing is smaller in diameter and usually quite thin, it is differentiated from piping. We also differentiate between flexible hose and

tubing. A tube is usually defined as a long cylindrical body with a hollow center that is used to convey fluids, and a hose is generally

considered to be a flexible tube. However, in flexible products we differentiate hose and tubing by also considering tubing to be a

simpler product constructed from a single material, while hose is a more complex structure that usually consists of three layers: the

tube itself at the center, some type of external reinforcement, and a protective covering material of some type.

This study is an update of a 2008 BCC Research study by the same author of polymeric flexible hose and tubing materials and their

markets, in which we bring up to date the state of the industry and BCC Research's estimates and forecasts for U.S. markets for base

year 2012 and forecast year 2017. The U.S. hose and tubing industry is generally considered to be mature, but that does not tell the

whole story. The changing nature and general decline in the U.S. manufacturing sector has increased competition among supplier

companies and materials of hose and tubing construction and caused some important changes in this industry in recent years; we

review them here and forecast their effects on the industry. However, in this update, like in the last one, there were fewer really new

developments in the last five years or so, compared to years past. Continual improvements yes, but no real new materials to

revolutionize the industry.

However, even with the general state of maturity in this industry, some changes continue to add an interesting dynamic to what is

essentially a stable market that grows on average at about the rate of the U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

The first of these changes has been the development of newer hose and tubing materials that compete with older more established

synthetic resins and elastomers. The most important of these are thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs); products that no longer can be

considered to be 'new' but which still are being developed and competing. Important hose and tubing TPEs include thermoplastic

olefins (TPOs) and alloys (TPVs) produced with metallocene/single site and other newer catalyst systems, as well as the older TPEs

such as thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) and styrene block copolymers. As thermoplastics they are easier to process than older

thermosetting rubbers.

Next, engine changes are constantly being made in the very important automotive under'the'hood hose and tubing category. Newer

overhead cam four'valve engines tend to run hotter than older push rod designs, and several of the most common elastomers,

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especially nitrile rubber, cannot be used at the temperatures now occurring under the hood; other materials must be substituted.

Newer engine types, primarily hybrids at this time with electric cars still relatively rare, will have some effect on the use of polymeric

hose and tubing. For example, electric motors need few or no hoses and tubing but since today's hybrid vehicles still have a gasoline

engine, hose and tubing should be needed in good quantities through our forecast period.

Another continuing change is in motor gasoline formulations, with lowered aromatics content and increasing use of oxygenates as

octane enhancers and anti'pollution additives. Legislation calls for the addition of oxygenates to motor fuel with increasing quantities

to meet ongoing Congressional mandates: today and for the foreseeable future this additive will be ethanol. Fuel lines must not only

withstand new fuels and additives, but also cannot allow them to permeate through the hose or tube wall into the atmosphere.

The ethanol situation is interesting, and it may affect the markets for flexible hose and tubing. Ethanol is water soluble, and carmakers

are learning what effects it has on hoses (and engine performance). To date it has been found that ethanol has little effect on

automotive fuel lines, at least at the current 10% maximum inclusion rate. However, farm'state Congressmen and Senators are

constantly pushing to get this maximum increased and have passed legislation mandating that 36 billion gallons of ethanol be blended

into U.S. motor fuels by 2022. The EPA, calculating that this amount of ethanol could not be blended without increasing the ethanol

level to 15%, ruled in January 2010 that the maximum level could be raised to 15%, but only for vehicles built since 2007. The 15%

level is being fought by both the automotive and petroleum refining industries, as well as hose and tubing suppliers that claim that this

level will damage engines, make them run poorly, and damage parts such as hoses. This controversy is ongoing.

Another major automotive industry change in the mid'1990s was that of primary auto air conditioner refrigerant, from CFC'12

(Freon'12) to HFC'134a. This necessitated changes in the hose and tubing used; this change was made successfully since HFC'134a

operates under similar conditions to CFC'12 and major compressor and other component redesigns were not required. Now there is a

push by global warming activists to also ban HFCs, which do not deplete the ozone layer but do increase global warming. The

European Union has banned HFC'134a in all cars in that area starting with model year 2011, and car makers and producers of auto

air conditioners scrambled to find another replacement. The most promising replacement is a new hydrofluoroolefin called

HFO'1234yf, which has almost no global warming potential. The affects this new refrigerant has on automotive air conditioning hoses

remains to be seen.

Competition between synthetic elastomers and natural rubber is constant and is based on price for many applications. At the time of

the last update of this report in 2008 natural rubber had increased to the point that synthetic rubbers were replacing natural rubber. At

this writing in spring 2013 the price of natural rubber remains above that of most of its competing synthetics for tires and other large

markets, and synthetic rubbers continue to replace natural rubber. The recent fall in the U.S. dollar (which affects export and import

markets) also affects the U.S. producers, for a falling dollar makes imports of natural rubber more expensive.

We have subdivided the market into four main sectors:

Automotive.

Hydraulics.

Industrial.

Consumer/healthcare.

Automotive, hydraulic, and many industrial products are primarily hose, while tubing is primarily medical with some industrial tubing.

There are many subcategories in each segment, as can be seen from the length and complexity of the Table of Contents. Most of

these market segments follow the ups and downs of the national economy, with the exception of tubing for healthcare applications

that have been growing at a faster rate as healthcare spending has tended to outpace GDP. With the onset of managed care,

healthcare cost controls, and proposed government anti'deficit measures, the growth of medical tubing continues to come down, and

we believe that it will approach or equal GDP rates, at least in some sectors.









It is the goal of this report to give the reader a comprehensive update on the state of the U.S. flexible hose and tubing industry and the

polymeric materials from which such products are made, and where BCC Research believes it is headed for the next five years, with

market estimates and forecasts through 2017.

Flexible hose and tubing is made from many different polymeric materials, both elastomeric and non'elastomeric (that is, hoses and

tubes that may or may not stretch) both natural (which means natural rubber in this case) and synthetic. Among the synthetics we

have both thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. Because of this diversity of materials we place major emphasis in this report on

these materials, their properties, manufacture, and markets.

Our objectives include:

To describe the flexible hose and tubing industry, its importance to the functioning and quality of life, and its future prospects. We

include a brief historical perspective on the materials and the industry.

To describe many different types of hose and tubing products, the polymeric materials from which they are made, and their major

end'use markets in the United States. We describe, discuss, and estimate markets for major types of hose and tubing by type of

polymer used and by several of the important major applications.

To analyze and estimate industry production and shipments in base year 2012 and forecast growth through 2017 for several of the

major hose and tubing material and application markets.

To describe methods used both to manufacture the polymeric raw materials and to fabricate hose and tubing structures.

To identify and profile some of the major suppliers of materials and products for the hose and tubing industry.

To describe hose and tubing technology and trends. This includes both polymer and hose and tubing production technology.

To note and discuss some of the major dynamics in the industry, including industry concentration, inter'material competition, and

some international effects on the U.S. industry, primarily from activities of foreign firms.

To discuss some environmental and regulatory issues and factors that affect the hose and tubing industry, including the many

standards that affect manufacture and quality.

This study focuses primarily on the United States but also, as noted above in our objectives, has some international observations,

given the global nature of business and trade these days, when no nation or region can operate without consideration of the rest of

the world. However, most of the products covered are American in nature and production, and our market estimates and forecasts are

for the U.S. market.

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

Flexible hose and tubing continues to be a dynamic industry, despite its maturity and modest growth rate and the rather staid general

impression of garden hose, under'the'hood automotive hose, and other everyday products. Several important changes have occurred

in this industry in recent years, and they continue; in fact, their pace will probably increase with new regulatory and environmental

rules and requirements in such important sectors as automotive and industrial hose and tubing. For example, as we note in this

report, newer auto engines tend to run hotter under the hood, increasing the need for hoses and tubing that can withstand these

higher temperatures.

But these changes are for the most part coming in an evolutionary, rather than a revolutionary, way. Only a sudden major change can

cause revolutionary change. Examples of such changes, both again from the important automotive sector, can be the banning of one

auto air conditioner refrigerant and the substitution of another, and major changes in the composition of motor fuels such as the

mandating of significant increases in ethanol content.

Both newer and older materials compete for places in the hose and tubing market. The major competitive factors in the market are

those between materials and technologies. Inter'material competition is a way of life in a technologically advancing society, and hose

and tubing markets are no exception. There is strong competition and significant overcapacity in several sectors, and new

technologies and products continue to also strive for market share. For example, thermoplastic elastomers have gained markets at









the expense of older traditional thermosets. Higher'performance thermoplastics like fluoropolymers and nylons are finding new uses

where their properties justify their cost.

BCC Research has performed and updated this study to provide a comprehensive and updated reference for those interested and/or

involved in the polymeric flexible hose and tubing industry, including those that serve and benefit from this industry. This is a wide and

varied group of personnel in the materials, chemical, polymer, mechanical equipment, and parts suppliers; the latter both for original

equipment manufacturers (OEM) and for those involved in the important maintenance, repair, and operations (MRO) aftermarket

business. We have sorted through, organized, and condensed information from a large amount of literature and other reference

materials to compile this report.

INTENDED READERSHIP

Because of the size and diversity of flexible hose and tubing materials, products, and markets, this report should be of interest to a

wide group of organizations and individuals that are involved in the development, design, manufacture, sale, and use of hose and

tubing and materials, as well as politicians and the general public. BCC Research believes that this report will be of value to technical

and business personnel in the following areas, among others:

Marketing and management personnel in companies that produce, market, and sell all types of hose and tubing, as well as those

involved in installing equipment and parts, components, maintenance materials, and chemicals for cleaning and other uses.

Companies that supply, or want to supply, equipment and services to hose and tubing material and equipment supply companies.

Financial institutions that supply money for such facilities and systems, including banks, merchant bankers, venture capitalists, and

others.

Personnel in end'user companies, communities, and industries that purchase and use hose and tubing. This includes some huge

industries such as automotive and healthcare.

Personnel in government and standards'writing organizations. Local, state, and federal officials are all involved in writing and

enforcing standards to ensure and protect public health and safety as well as the environment. Since much hose and tubing is used to

convey flammable, hazardous, toxic, or otherwise potentially dangerous fluids, the public must be assured that it is made and used in

a proper and safe manner.

SCOPE AND FORMAT

This BCC Research study covers in depth many of the most important economic, technological, political, regulatory, and

environmental considerations in U.S. markets for materials used in manufacture of polymeric flexible hose and tubing, as well as

those for the resulting hose and tubing products.

Such products are made from several different polymers, natural and synthetic, both elastomeric and non'elastomeric, to produce a

number of different types of hose and tubing. We focus on thermosetting elastomers, both natural and synthetic rubbers, and on

thermoplastic hose and tubing materials; the latter group includes both plastic resins and thermoplastic elastomers.

Our study includes older and newer key technologies, the markets, and major companies that make up the U.S. hose and tubing

industry. This is, primarily, a study of activities and markets in the United States, but because of the global nature of most industries

these days, it touches on some noteworthy international activities. These include activities that can have an impact on U.S. business

and markets, particularly those of foreign'based companies in U.S. markets.

Demand data are estimated for base year 2012 and forecast for five years through 2017. Markets are all analyzed, estimated, and

projected in pounds of materials used. Five-year growth rates are all compounded (signified as compounded annual growth rates or

CAGRs). Market volumes are, in all cases, rounded to the nearest million pounds. In some sub'markets individual material volumes

are small, lower than half a million pounds. We list these volumes as zero, noting with an asterisk that there is a market but a very









small one. Because of rounding some growth rates will not agree exactly with figures in the market tables, especially for very small

markets of only a few million estimated pounds that have been rounded to the nearest million.

Including this Introduction, there are 10 sections of this report. Following the Introduction is the summary chapter, which encapsulates

our findings and conclusions, and provides a summary market table. This table is where busy executives can find major findings of

the study in summary format.

Next is an overview of the flexible hose and tubing industry. We start with some historical background and perspective on hose and

tubing and define and describe the major markets in the United States.

Next is the first of our market analysis sections, this one devoted to estimates and forecasts by physical volume in pounds of hose

and tubing material.

The next section looks at hose and tubing markets by some of the most important applications. These include automotive, hydraulic,

industrial, and consumer markets; the latter includes the important healthcare tubing market. We break out several important types of

hose and tubing for expanded discussion and analysis.

Next is a section devoted to hose and tubing technology, with special emphasis on the manufacture of hose and tubing materials and

products. We cover the basic technologies of rubber and polymer manufacture as well as hose and tubing fabrication and process

economics. We also include a discussion of some technical innovations in hose and tubing.

Following the technology section we look at the structure and some competitive factors and trends in the U.S. flexible hose and tubing

industry. We discuss competition among materials and note some international aspects that affect the U.S. industry.

The next section is devoted to a discussion of regulatory, environmental, and public issues that affect the hose and tubing industry.

These include (1) important standards for hose and tubing manufacture that are designed to protect the public, (2) regulatory issues,

(3) some ongoing environmental issues, and (4) public perceptions.

The final narrative section is devoted to information and profiles of the most important suppliers to this large industry. Contact

information is also provided.

The final chapter is an appendix that provides a glossary of some important terms, abbreviations, acronyms, etc., used in the hose

and tubing industry and related technologies.

Some topics and materials covered in the text of this report are not included in our market forecast tables. We include these topics

and materials for completeness; however, they are either outside the scope of this study (such as discussion of international activities

and markets) or may be too new to have yet developed a measurable commercial market.

As noted as the beginning of this section, this is a study of flexible hose and tubing produced from polymeric materials. We do not

cover either rigid plastic pipe/tubing or metal pipe and tubing. Markets for rigid plastic pipe and tubing are covered, as noted earlier, in

detail in a companion BCC Research report by the same author, The U.S. Market for Plastic Pipe, Report PLS053A.

Outside the scope of this study are tubes and tubing that are not usually considered part of the traditional industries for hose and

tubing that transport fluids and other materials. Other uses for tubes and tubing include such products as core tubes for paper towel

and tissue products, fiber tube packaging for juice concentrates and other food/beverage products, toothpaste and other product

packaging tubes, drinking straws, etc. Structural, and other fabrication tubing, as well as decorative tubes, are also outside our scope.

Thus this report is devoted exclusively to flexible hose and tubing used for material transport.









METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES

Extensive searches were made of literature and the Internet, including many leading trade publications, as well as technical

compendia, government publications, and information from trade and other associations. Much of the product and market information

was obtained from the principals involved in the industry. The information for our company profiles was obtained primarily from the

companies themselves, especially the larger publicly owned firms. Other sources included directories, articles, and Internet sites.

ANALYST CREDENTIALS

Dr. J. Charles Forman has more than 50 years of chemical engineering and business experience in private business in the healthcare

industry, at a major educational not'for'profit association, and as an independent technical writer and analyst. He is knowledgeable of

the worldwide chemical process industries, with specialization in healthcare, petroleum and petrochemicals, specialty and

agrichemicals, plastics, and packaging. He has written many market research reports for BCC Research on subjects including

polymers and plastic packaging, petroleum processing, healthcare policy and products, food and feed additives,

chemicals/petrochemicals/specialty chemicals, pesticides, biotechnology, catalysts, and spectroscopy.

Table of Content

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 2

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 2

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 5

INTENDED READERSHIP 6

SCOPE AND FORMAT 6

METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES 8

ANALYST CREDENTIALS 8

RELATED BCC REPORTS 9

BCC RESEARCH ONLINE SERVICES 9

DISCLAIMER 9

CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY 11

SUMMARY TABLE OVERALL VOLUME ESTIMATE OF MATERIALS USED IN U.S.

FLEXIBLE POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, BY MATERIAL CATEGORIES, THROUGH

2017 (MILLION POUNDS) 12

SUMMARY FIGURE OVERALL VOLUME ESTIMATE OF MATERIALS USED IN U.S.

FLEXIBLE POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, BY MATERIAL CATEGORIES, 2012 AND


CHAPTER 3 INDUSTRY OVERVIEW 15

SOME HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND PERSPECTIVE 15

THERMOSETTING ELASTOMERS (RUBBER COMPOUNDS) 17

Nomenclature/Acronyms 19

THERMOPLASTIC RESINS 20

THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS 22

IMPORTANCE OF HOSE AND TUBING TO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY 23

TABLE 1 ANNUAL SHIPMENTS FOR SELECTED U.S. MANUFACTURING SECTORS,









2001-2009 ($ BILLIONS) 24

PRIMARY MARKETS FOR HOSE AND TUBING 26

AUTOMOTIVE HOSE AND TUBING 27

Air Conditioning (A/C) System Hose 28

Cooling System Hose 28

Fuel System Hose 28

Power Steering System Hose 29

Transmission Oil and Engine Oil Coolant Hose 29

Vacuum Hose 30

Other Automotive System Hose and Tubing 30

HYDRAULIC HOSE AND TUBING 30

INDUSTRIAL HOSE AND TUBING 31

Air Hose/Multipurpose Hose 31

Chemical/Petroleum Process and Transfer Hose 32

Fire Hose 32

Food Handling Hose and Tubing 32

Material Handling Hose 33

Steam Hose/Industrial Cleaning Hose 33

Other Industrial Hose 33

Industrial Tubing 33

CONSUMER AND HEALTHCARE HOSE AND TUBING 34

Garden Hose 34

Medical Tubing 35

Other Consumer Applications 35

CHAPTER 4 MARKETS BY MATERIALS 37

INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 37

THERMOSETTING ELASTOMERS 38

THERMOPLASTIC RESINS 38

THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS (TPES) 38

THERMOPLASTIC VS. THERMOSETTING HOSE/TUBING MATERIALS 39

ELASTOMERIC VS. NON-ELASTOMERIC HOSE/TUBING MATERIALS 39

OVERALL MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST 40

TABLE 2 OVERALL VOLUME ESTIMATE OF MATERIALS USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE

POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, BY MATERIAL CATEGORIES, THROUGH 2017

(MILLION POUNDS) 40

THERMOSETTING ELASTOMERS 41

EXTENDERS OR DILUENTS 43

FILLERS 43

PROTECTIVE CHEMICALS 43

TABLE 3 INFORMATION PARAMETERS FOR HOSE/TUBING MATERIAL SELECTION 44

NATURAL VS. SYNTHETIC RUBBER 46

Natural Rubber 46

Synthetic Rubber 47

TABLE 4 A COMPARISON OF RUBBER PROPERTIES 49

THERMOSETTING HOSE/TUBING MATERIALS: OVERALL MARKET ESTIMATE

AND FORECAST 49

TABLE 5 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF THERMOSETTING ELASTOMERS USED IN U.S.

FLEXIBLE POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, BY TYPES OF MATERIALS, THROUGH










Acrylate-Based Rubbers (ABR, ACM, EAM) 51

Market Analysis and Estimate 51

TABLE 6 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF ACRYLATE-BASED ELASTOMERS USED IN U.S.

FLEXIBLE POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, THROUGH 2017 (MILLION POUNDS) 52

Acrylate-Butadiene Rubber Properties 53

TABLE 7 ACRYLATE'BUTADIENE RUBBER PROPERTIES 53

Butyl (Isobutene-Isoprene) Rubber (IIR) 53


TABLE 8 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF BUTYL/HALOBUTYL RUBBER USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE

POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, THROUGH 2017 (MILLION POUNDS) 54

Butyl Rubber Properties 55

TABLE 9 BUTYL (ISOBUTENE'ISOPRENE) RUBBER PROPERTIES 55

Chlorinated Polyethylene Elastomer (CPE or CM) 56


TABLE 10 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE ELASTOMER

RUBBER USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, THROUGH 2017

(MILLION POUNDS) 57

CPE Rubber Properties 58

TABLE 11 CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE ELASTOMER PROPERTIES 58

Chloroprene Rubber (CR/Neoprene) 58


TABLE 12 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF CHLOROPRENE (NEOPRENE) RUBBER USED IN U.S.


Chloroprene Rubber Properties 60

TABLE 13 CHLOROPRENE RUBBER PROPERTIES 60

Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber (CSM/Hypalon) 61


TABLE 14 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF CHLOROSULFONATED POLYETHYLENE RUBBER

USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, THROUGH 2017 (MILLION

POUNDS) 61

CSM Rubber Properties 62

TABLE 15 CHLOROSULFONATED POLYETHYLENE RUBBER PROPERTIES 62

Ethylene-Propylene Rubbers (EPR/EPM and EPDM) 63


TABLE 16 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE RUBBERS USED IN U.S.


EPDM Rubber Properties 65

TABLE 17 ETHYLENE'PROPYLENE'DIENE (EPDM) RUBBER PROPERTIES 65

Fluoroelastomers (CFM, FKM, FFKM) 66

CFM Elastomers 66

FKM Elastomers 66

FFKM Elastomers 67

FXM Elastomers 67


TABLE 18 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF FLUOROELASTOMERS USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


Fluoroelastomer Properties 69









TABLE 19 FLUOROELASTOMER PROPERTIES 70

Natural Rubber (NR) 71


TABLE 20 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF NATURAL RUBBER USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


Natural Rubber Properties 72

TABLE 21 NATURAL RUBBER PROPERTIES 73

Nitrile (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene) Rubber (NBR) 73


TABLE 22 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF NITRILE RUBBER USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


Nitrile Rubber Properties 75

TABLE 23 ACRYLONITRILE'BUTADIENE (NITRILE) RUBBER PROPERTIES 75

Nitrile/PVC Blends (NBR/PVC) 76

TABLE 24 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF NITRILE/PVC BLENDS USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


Polyether Elastomers (CO, ECO, Etc.) 77


TABLE 25 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF POLYETHER ELASTOMERS USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


Polyether Rubber Properties 79

TABLE 26 POLYETHER RUBBER PROPERTIES 79

Silicone Rubber (Q, MQ, VMQ, Etc.) 80


TABLE 27 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF SILICONE RUBBER USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


Silicone Rubber Properties 82

TABLE 28 SILICONE RUBBER PROPERTIES 82

Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) 83


TABLE 29 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER USED IN U.S.


Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Properties 84

TABLE 30 STYRENE'BUTADIENE RUBBER PROPERTIES 85

COST/PERFORMANCE COMPARISONS 85

TABLE 31 COST-PERFORMANCE HIERARCHY FOR THERMO-SETTING ELASTOMERS 86

THERMOPLASTIC RESINS (NON-ELASTOMERIC) 86

TABLE 32 THERMOPLASTIC VERSUS THERMOSETTING MATERIALS 87

THERMOPLASTIC RESIN HOSE/TUBING MATERIALS: OVERALL MARKET

ESTIMATE AND FORECAST 88

TABLE 33 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF THERMOPLASTIC RESINS USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE

POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, BY TYPES OF MATERIALS, THROUGH 2017

(MILLION POUNDS) 88

Fluoropolymers 88


TABLE 34 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF FLUOROPOLYMERS USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


Important Fluoropolymer Hose and Tubing Uses 90









Fluoropolymer Properties 92

Polyamides (Nylons) 93


TABLE 35 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF POLYAMIDES (NYLONS) USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


Polyamide Properties 95

Polyethylenes and Ethylene Copolymers 95


TABLE 36 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF POLYETHYLENES USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


Polyethylene Properties 97

TABLE 37 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF COMMON GRADES OF

POLYETHYLENE 97

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 99

Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 99

Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) 100

Cross-linked Polyethylene 100

Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMW-HDPE or

UHMWPE) 101

Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers (EVA) 102

Polypropylene 103


TABLE 38 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF POLYPROPYLENE USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


Polypropylene Properties 104

Polyvinyl Chloride 105


TABLE 39 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


PVC Properties 107

THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS (TPE) 107


TABLE 40 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS USED IN U.S.

FLEXIBLE POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, BY TYPES OF MATERIALS, THROUGH


ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS 109

TABLE 41 PROCESSING STEPS FOR THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS COMPARED TO

THERMOSETS 110

TYPES AND GENERAL PROPERTIES OF THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS 111

TABLE 42 COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS CLASSES OF

THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS 112

Copolyester TPEs (COPEs) 112


TABLE 43 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF COPOLYESTER (COPE) TPES USED IN U.S.


Styrene Block Copolymers (SBS, SEBS, etc.) 114


TABLE 44 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER TPES USED IN U.S.










Thermoplastic Olefins (TPO) 115


TABLE 45 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF THERMOPLASTIC OLEFIN TPOS USED IN U.S.


Thermoplastic Alloys (TPVs and MPRs) 117


TABLE 46 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF THERMOPLASTIC ALLOY TPES USED IN U.S.


Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (TPUs) 118


TABLE 47 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES (TPUS) USED

IN U.S. FLEXIBLE POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, THROUGH 2017 (MILLION

POUNDS) 119

Thermoplastic Polyamides 120


COST/PERFORMANCE COMPARISONS OF THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS 120

TABLE 48 COST-PERFORMANCE HIERARCHY FOR THERMO- PLASTIC ELASTOMERS 121

CHAPTER 5 MARKETS BY MAJOR APPLICATIONS 123

GENERAL OVERVIEW AND MARKET STRUCTURE 123


POLYMERIC MATERIALS MARKET VOLUME ESTIMATES 124

TABLE 49 OVERALL VOLUME ESTIMATE OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS USED IN U.S.

FLEXIBLE HOSE AND TUBING, BY MAJOR APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2017 (MILLION

POUNDS) 124

HOSE AND TUBING MARKET VALUES 125

AUTOMOTIVE/AERONAUTIC HOSE AND TUBING 126

MARKET ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATE 127

TABLE 50 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE

HOSE AND TUBING: AUTOMOTIVE/AERONAUTICAL APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2017

(MILLION POUNDS) 127

UNDER-THE-HOOD HOSE AND TUBING 128



HOSE AND TUBING FOR AUTOMOTIVE UNDER-THE-HOOD APPLICATIONS,

THROUGH 2017 (MILLION POUNDS) 129

Air-conditioning System 129

Cooling System 130

Fuel System 131

Power Steering System 133

Transmission Oil and Engine Oil Coolant Hose 133

Vacuum Systems 134

Unclassified/Other Automotive Hose and Tubing 134

AIR BRAKE HOSE 134

AERONAUTICAL APPLICATIONS 135

HYDRAULIC HOSE 136











HOSE: HYDRAULIC HOSE THROUGH 2017 (MILLION POUNDS) 138

THERMOPLASTIC HYDRAULIC HOSE 139

THERMOSET HYDRAULIC HOSE 140

INDUSTRIAL HOSE 140


TABLE 53 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS IN U.S. FLEXIBLE HOSE

FOR INDUSTRIAL HOSE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2017 (MILLION POUNDS) 141

AIR AND MULTIPURPOSE HOSE 142

CHEMICAL/PETROLEUM PROCESS AND TRANSFER HOSE 142

Chemical Hose 143

Petroleum Hose 143

Petroleum Transfer Hose 144

Petroleum Dock Hose 145

Offshore Well Product Transfer Hose 145

Petroleum Dispensing Hose 146

FIRE HOSE 146

FOOD HANDLING HOSE 147

MATERIAL HANDLING HOSE 148

STEAM HOSE/EQUIPMENT CLEANING HOSE 148

UNCLASSIFIED/OTHER INDUSTRIAL HOSE 149

INDUSTRIAL TUBING 149

MAJOR MARKETS FOR INDUSTRIAL TUBING 149



TUBING FOR INDUSTRIAL TUBING APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2017 (MILLION

POUNDS) 151

THERMOSETTING ELASTOMER INDUSTRIAL TUBING 152

THERMOPLASTIC RESINS (NON-ELASTOMERIC) INDUSTRIAL TUBING 152

THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERIC INDUSTRIAL TUBING 153

CHEMICAL TUBING 154

FOOD AND BEVERAGE TUBING 154

FUEL AND LUBRICANT TUBING 155

HYDRAULIC/PNEUMATIC CONTROL TUBING 156

INSTRUMENTATION TUBING 156

LABORATORY TUBING 157

Commodity Thermoplastic Resins 157

Fluoropolymers 158

Silicone Rubber Tubing 158

Vacuum Tubing 158

NATURAL GAS TUBING 158

TELECOMMUNICATIONS TUBING 158

ULTRAPURE MATERIALS TRANSPORT TUBING 159

WATER TUBING (DRAIN-LINES, SPRAY TUBING, ETC.) 159

UNCLASSIFIED/OTHER INDUSTRIAL TUBING 160

CONSUMER AND HEALTHCARE HOSE AND TUBING 160



HOSE AND TUBING FOR CONSUMER AND HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH










GARDEN HOSE 161

MEDICAL TUBING 162

Thermoplastic Medical Tubing 163

Thermosetting Elastomer Medical Tubing 164

Catheters 164

Drainage, Suction, and Connection Tubing 165

Tubing for Intravenous (IV) Solution Sets 166

Tubing for other Medical Bags and Systems 166

Peristaltic Pump Tubing 166

Ventilation and Oxygen Tubing 167

Other Medical Tubing 167

OTHER CONSUMER APPLICATIONS 168

LPG and Natural Gas Hose 168

Pool and Spa Hose 168

Vacuum Cleaner Hose 168

CHAPTER 6 TECHNOLOGY 170

OVERVIEW TO TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES 170

MANUFACTURE OF HOSE AND TUBING MATERIALS 170

RUBBER MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 170

NATURAL RUBBER MANUFACTURE 172

Natural Rubber Structure 173

SYNTHETIC RUBBER MANUFACTURE 173

Emulsion Polymerization 173

Mass Polymerization 173

Solution Polymerization 174

ACRYLATE-BASED RUBBERS (ABR, ACM, EAM) 174

BUTYL (ISOBUTENE-ISOPRENE) RUBBER (IIR) 174

Halobutyl Rubber 175

CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE ELASTOMER (CPE) 176

CHLOROPRENE RUBBER (CR) 176

CHLOROSULFONYL POLYETHYLENE RUBBER (CSM) 177

ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE RUBBERS (EPM/EPR AND EPDM) 178

FLUOROELASTOMERS 178

NITRILE (ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE) RUBBER (NBR) 179

POLYETHER ELASTOMERS (CO AND ECO) 179

SILICONE RUBBER 180

STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR) 180

RUBBER PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE 181

FILLERS AND REINFORCING AGENTS 181

SOFTENERS 182

ACCELERATORS 182

SULFUR 182

SYNTHETIC POLYMER MANUFACTURE 182

FLUOROPOLYMERS 183

TABLE 56 FLUOROPOLYMER NAMES AND ACRONYMS 184

TABLE 57 FLUOROPOLYMER RAW MATERIALS AND SYNTHETIC ROUTES 184

POLYAMIDES (NYLONS) 185









POLYETHYLENES AND ETHYLENE COPOLYMERS 185

Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 186

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 187

Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) 187

Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) 187

POLYPROPYLENE 188

Atactic PP 188

Isotactic PP 188

Syndiotactic PP 189

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE 189

THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER (TPE) MANUFACTURE 190

COPOLYESTER TPES (COPE OR ETE) 191

STYRENIC BLOCK COPOLYMER TPES 191

THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMERS (TPO) 192

THERMOPLASTIC ALLOY ELASTOMERS (TPV AND MPR) 193

Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) 194

Single Phase Melt Processable Rubber (MPR) 194

THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE ELASTOMERS (TPU) 195

HOSE AND TUBING MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES 196

HOSE MANUFACTURE 196

Non-Mandrel Hose 196

Rigid Mandrel Hose 197

Flexible Mandrel Hose 197

Wrapped Ply Hose (Machine Built) 197

Wrapped Ply Hose (Hand Built) 198

Circular Woven Hose 198

Spiral Ply Hose 198

TUBING MANUFACTURE 199

TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS 199

AUTOMOTIVE HOSE AND TUBING 200

HYDRAULIC HOSE AND TUBING 200

INDUSTRIAL HOSE 200

INDUSTRIAL TUBING 201

MEDICAL TUBING 201

APPLICATIONS-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENTS 201

Automotive Hose 201

Hydraulic Hose 204

Industrial Hose 204

HOSE AND TUBING FABRICATION DEVELOPMENTS 204

Automotive Hose and Tubing 205

Hydraulic Hose 206

THERMOPLASTIC POLYMER DEVELOPMENTS 207

Fluoropolymers 207

Polyamides (Nylons) 207

Polyethylenes and Ethylene Copolymers 208

Polypropylene 209

Polyvinyl Chloride and Other Vinyl Resins 209

THERMOSET POLYMER DEVELOPMENTS 210









Chloroprene Rubber (CR) 210

Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber 211

Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubber (EPDM) 211

Fluoroelastomers 212

Nitrile Rubber (NBR) 212

Polyether Elastomers (CO and ECO) 213

Silicone Rubber 213

Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (SBR) 214

THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER DEVELOPMENTS 214

ELASTOMERIC POLYMER BLENDS 214

CHAPTER 7 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE FACTORS 216

INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 216

INDUSTRY CONCENTRATION 217

RECENT MERGERS, ACQUISITIONS, AND OTHER CORPORATE CHANGES 218

ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS 219

CUSTOM EXTRUSION 219

DISTRIBUTION 220

INTERMATERIAL COMPETITION 221

SOME INTERNATIONAL ISSUES 221

CHAPTER 8 REGULATORY, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND PUBLIC FACTORS 224

STANDARDS-WRITING AND REGULATORY ORGANIZATIONS 224

AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR 225

TABLE 58 REPRESENTATIVE SAE STANDARDS FOR AUTOMOTIVE HOSE AND

TUBING 226

DRINKING WATER 226

FOOD INDUSTRY 227

REGULATORY ISSUES 228

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 229

HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES AND FACILITIES 229

LEVELS OF EXTRACTABLES 230

CHLORINE AND CHLORINATED COMPOUNDS 231

CARCINOGENS 231

OSHA STANDARDS 232

RECYCLING AND USE OF RECYCLED MATERIALS 232

PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS 233

CHAPTER 9 SUPPLIER COMPANY PROFILES 236

INTRODUCTION 236

SUPPLIER COMPANIES 237

ARKEMA, INC. 237

ASHLAND INC./ASHLAND ELASTOMERS 238

AVON AUTOMOTIVE 238

BASF GROUP 239

BASF POLYURETHANES NORTH AMERICA 239

BAYER GROUP 239

BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE INC. 240

CELANESE CORPORATION/TICONA 241

CHEMTURA CORPORATION 242

COOPER-STANDARD AUTOMOTIVE, INC. 243









CRANE RESISTOFLEX 243

DAIKIN INDUSTRIES LTD. DAIKIN AMERICA INC. 244

DEXCO POLYMERS LP 244

THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY 244

DOW CORNING CORPORATION 246

DSM 246

E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY 247

EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY 248

EATON CORPORATION PLC 249

ENTEGRIS, INC. 250

EXXONMOBIL CORPORATION 250

FLEXMASTER U.S.A. INC. - SEE MASTERDUCT HOLDING, INC. 252

FLUORTUBING USA 252

GATES & TOMKINS LTD. 253

THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY 253

HBD INDUSTRIES/HBD THERMOID, INC. 254

HITACHI CABLE, LTD. 254

INTERNATIONAL SPECIALTY PRODUCTS - SEE ASHLAND INC. 255

KANAFLEX CORPORATION 255

KEY FIRE HOSE 255

KRATON PERFORMANCE POLYMERS, INC. 256

KURARAY AMERICA, INC. 256

KURIYAMA OF AMERICA, INC. 257

LANXESS CORPORATION 258

LION COPOLYMER LLC 259

THE LUBRIZOL CORPORATION 259

LYONDELLBASELL INDUSTRIES/EQUISTAR CHEMICALS LP 260

MARK IV, LLC 261

MASTERDUCT HOLDING, INC. 261

MINNESOTA MINING & MANUFACTURING COMPANY 262

MOMENTIVE PERFORMANCE MATERIALS INC. 263

MYTEX POLYMERS U.S. CORPORATION 263

NEW AGE INDUSTRIES, INC. 264

THE NOVAFLEX GROUP/FLEXMASTER CANADA - SEE MASTERDUCT

HOLDING, INC. 265

OMEGA ENGINEERING, INC. 265

PACCAR INC./DYNACRAFT 265

PARKER HANNIFIN CORPORATION 265

PLASTIFLEX COMPANY INC. 266

POLYONE CORPORATION/ GLS THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS 267

SAINT-GOBAIN PERFORMANCE PLASTICS CORPORATION 268

SCHULMAN (A.) INC. 269

SNAP-TITE INC. - SEE PARKER HANNIFIN CORPORATION 269

SOLVAY SPECIALTY POLYMERS USA LLC 269

STYRON LLC 270

TEEL PLASTICS, INC. 270

TEKNI-PLEX INC. 271

TEKNOR APEX COMPANY 272









TI AUTOMOTIVE 273

TITEFLEX CORPORATION 273

TOSOH USA, INC. 274

TOYODA GOSEI CO., LTD 274

ZEON CORPORATION 275

ZEUS, INC. 276

CHAPTER 10 APPENDIX: GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS,

ACRONYMS AND SO FORTH 278

LIST OF TABLES

SUMMARY TABLE OVERALL VOLUME ESTIMATE OF MATERIALS USED IN U.S.

FLEXIBLE POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, BY MATERIAL CATEGORIES, THROUGH


TABLE 1 ANNUAL SHIPMENTS FOR SELECTED U.S. MANUFACTURING SECTORS,

2001-2009 ($ BILLIONS) 24

TABLE 2 OVERALL VOLUME ESTIMATE OF MATERIALS USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE

POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, BY MATERIAL CATEGORIES, THROUGH 2017

(MILLION POUNDS) 40

TABLE 3 INFORMATION PARAMETERS FOR HOSE/TUBING MATERIAL SELECTION 44

TABLE 4 A COMPARISON OF RUBBER PROPERTIES 49

TABLE 5 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF THERMOSETTING ELASTOMERS USED IN U.S.

FLEXIBLE POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, BY TYPES OF MATERIALS, THROUGH 2017

(MILLION POUNDS) 50

TABLE 6 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF ACRYLATE-BASED ELASTOMERS USED IN U.S.


TABLE 7 ACRYLATE'BUTADIENE RUBBER PROPERTIES 53

TABLE 8 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF BUTYL/HALOBUTYL RUBBER USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


TABLE 9 BUTYL (ISOBUTENE'ISOPRENE) RUBBER PROPERTIES 55

TABLE 10 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE ELASTOMER

RUBBER USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, THROUGH 2017

(MILLION POUNDS) 57

TABLE 11 CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE ELASTOMER PROPERTIES 58

TABLE 12 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF CHLOROPRENE (NEOPRENE) RUBBER USED IN U.S.


TABLE 13 CHLOROPRENE RUBBER PROPERTIES 60

TABLE 14 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF CHLOROSULFONATED POLYETHYLENE RUBBER

USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, THROUGH 2017 (MILLION

POUNDS) 61

TABLE 15 CHLOROSULFONATED POLYETHYLENE RUBBER PROPERTIES 62

TABLE 16 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE RUBBERS USED IN U.S.


TABLE 17 ETHYLENE'PROPYLENE'DIENE (EPDM) RUBBER PROPERTIES 65

TABLE 18 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF FLUOROELASTOMERS USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


TABLE 19 FLUOROELASTOMER PROPERTIES 70

TABLE 20 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF NATURAL RUBBER USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE










TABLE 21 NATURAL RUBBER PROPERTIES 73

TABLE 22 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF NITRILE RUBBER USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


TABLE 23 ACRYLONITRILE'BUTADIENE (NITRILE) RUBBER PROPERTIES 75

TABLE 24 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF NITRILE/PVC BLENDS USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


TABLE 25 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF POLYETHER ELASTOMERS USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


TABLE 26 POLYETHER RUBBER PROPERTIES 79

TABLE 27 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF SILICONE RUBBER USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


TABLE 28 SILICONE RUBBER PROPERTIES 82

TABLE 29 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER USED IN U.S.


TABLE 30 STYRENE'BUTADIENE RUBBER PROPERTIES 85

TABLE 31 COST-PERFORMANCE HIERARCHY FOR THERMO-SETTING ELASTOMERS 86

TABLE 32 THERMOPLASTIC VERSUS THERMOSETTING MATERIALS 87

TABLE 33 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF THERMOPLASTIC RESINS USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE

POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, BY TYPES OF MATERIALS, THROUGH 2017 (MILLION

POUNDS) 88

TABLE 34 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF FLUOROPOLYMERS USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


TABLE 35 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF POLYAMIDES (NYLONS) USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


TABLE 36 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF POLYETHYLENES USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


TABLE 37 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF COMMON GRADES OF POLYETHYLENE 97

TABLE 38 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF POLYPROPYLENE USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


TABLE 39 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


TABLE 40 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS USED IN U.S.

FLEXIBLE POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, BY TYPES OF MATERIALS, THROUGH 2017


TABLE 41 PROCESSING STEPS FOR THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS COMPARED TO

THERMOSETS 110

TABLE 42 COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS CLASSES OF THERMOPLASTIC

ELASTOMERS 112

TABLE 43 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF COPOLYESTER (COPE) TPES USED IN U.S. FLEXIBLE


TABLE 44 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER TPES USED IN U.S.


TABLE 45 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF THERMOPLASTIC OLEFIN TPOS USED IN U.S.


TABLE 46 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF THERMOPLASTIC ALLOY TPES USED IN U.S.


TABLE 47 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES (TPUS) USED IN

U.S. FLEXIBLE POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, THROUGH 2017 (MILLION POUNDS) 119









TABLE 48 COST-PERFORMANCE HIERARCHY FOR THERMO- PLASTIC ELASTOMERS 121

TABLE 49 OVERALL VOLUME ESTIMATE OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS USED IN U.S.

FLEXIBLE HOSE AND TUBING, BY MAJOR APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2017 (MILLION

POUNDS) 124


HOSE AND TUBING: AUTOMOTIVE/AERONAUTICAL APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2017



HOSE AND TUBING FOR AUTOMOTIVE UNDER-THE-HOOD APPLICATIONS, THROUGH



HOSE: HYDRAULIC HOSE THROUGH 2017 (MILLION POUNDS) 138

TABLE 53 VOLUME ESTIMATE OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS IN U.S. FLEXIBLE HOSE FOR

INDUSTRIAL HOSE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2017 (MILLION POUNDS) 141


TUBING FOR INDUSTRIAL TUBING APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2017 (MILLION POUNDS) 151


HOSE AND TUBING FOR CONSUMER AND HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH


TABLE 56 FLUOROPOLYMER NAMES AND ACRONYMS 184

TABLE 57 FLUOROPOLYMER RAW MATERIALS AND SYNTHETIC ROUTES 184

TABLE 58 REPRESENTATIVE SAE STANDARDS FOR AUTOMOTIVE HOSE AND TUBING 226

LIST OF FIGURES

SUMMARY FIGURE OVERALL VOLUME ESTIMATE OF MATERIALS USED IN U.S.

FLEXIBLE POLYMERIC HOSE AND TUBING, BY MATERIAL CATEGORIES, 2012 AND









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