polymer pv – status and challenges - chalmers · polymer pv – status and challenges ......

Chalmers University of Technology

Polymer PV – Status and challenges

Mats R. Andersson Polymer Technology

Department for Chemical and Biological Engineering Chalmers University of Technology

Göteborg, Sweden [email protected]

CHALMERS

chalmerssolar.org


Outline

•!Polymer solar cells in general •!Materials developed

at Chalmers for polymer solar cells and their device performance

Mats Andersson, Polymer Technology!


Solar energy

Area required to produce ~15 TW through PV (75 TWp, 15% eff): 6 sites, 290 km x 290 km PV-area, each producing 2.5 TW

Average power consumption throughout the year is today, ~ 16 TW (2.3 TW electricity)

Cheap and earth abundant materials!!


www.ez2c.de/ml/solar_land_area/

www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/37656.pdf


Goal: Printed polymer solar cells Mats Andersson, Polymer Technology!

www.cpos.ucsb.edu

Normally polymers are isolators, but we use soluble semiconducting polymers!

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Testing cells for evaluation: Spin-coating

Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 93 (2009) 394!



Printing modules using roll-to-roll methods

Organic Electronics, 12 (2011) 566!

www.mekoprint.dk!


www.risoe.dtu.dk!F.C. Krebs at!

Chalmers University of Technology Mats Andersson, Polymer Technology!


Critical triangle for solar cells Lifetime

Prize Efficiency

Organic solar cells

Upscaling into modules, presently large reduction in efficiency for polymer solar cells!!


Energy payback time!!


www.konarka.com www.energy-sunbags.de!

99 !

A company developing polymer solar cells Mats Andersson, Polymer Technology!


Our research areas

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HV-cables!

LEDs!

Solar cells!Electrochromic!

IR-diodes!



Generation and transport of electricity

Solar cells!- generation of electricity!!HVDC cables!- small losses!!!!!!

www.desertec.org



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OSpecific goals:!•! Absorption!•! Energy levels!•! Morphology!•! Mobility!•! Stability!!

Overall goal:!To develop conjugated polymers for cheap and stable solar cells!

Light!

I!

e- (~40 fs)!

PCBM!

Solar cells!

Synthesis of polymers with improved properties!!

Our polymer solar cell research

~100 nm!

Mainly in cooperation with Prof. Olle Inganäs and his group at Linköping University but also with other groups in Sweden and abroad.!


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Our polymer solar cells

Morphology! Two bicontinuous phases with large surface area.!

Al!

ITO!Glass!

PEDOT-PSS!

LiF!

Polymer:fullerene (1:1-1:4) from solvents !

Cross section of our solar cells!

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HOMO

LUMO

e- Cathode

Polymer! Fullerene!

Vacuum

LUMO

HOMO

e-

e-

Anode


Bulk heterojunction !~100 nm!


Active materials in polymer solar cell Nanostructured composite of donor (polymer) and acceptor materials to overcome ~10 nm exciton diffusion length (bad semiconductors)

Problems: •! Islands •! Dead ends

+ +


Figures: R.A.J. Janssen


Electron t omography

Electron tomography reconstructions of APFO-Green9:[60]!PCBM (1:3) (a) and APFO-Green9:[70]PCBM (1:3) (b) cast on

PEDOT:PSS. !

Macromolecules, 42 (2009) 4646!



Utilized solar energy


RR-P3HT!


Solar cells made from some of our polymers

400 600 800 1000 12000.0

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Wavelength (nm)

solar spectrum APFO17:C70 LBPP5:C70Green 9:C70 Green1:C60 LBPP1:C60

EQE

(%)

APFO-17 PCE = 2.9%!

LBPP-5 PCE = 2.8%!

APFO-Green9 PCE = 2.3%!

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LBPP-1 PCE = 0.4%!

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APFO-Green1 PCE = 0.7%!

Adv. Mater., 22 (2010) E100!



Isoindigo-based small bandgap polymer

P3TI Mn= 43 kDa Mw= 133 kDa


JACS, 133 (2011) 14244!

PTI-1 Mn= 86 kDa Mw= 189 kDa

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Chem. Commun., 75 (2011 ) 4908!


Device performance

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Solvent weight ratio thickness(nm)

Voc(V)

Jsc(mA cm!2)

FF PCE (%)

P3TI:C70

P3TI:C60

PTI-1:C60

1:1.5 90 0.70 13.1 0.69 6.3

1:1.5 100 0.71 11.4 0.65 5.3

1:1 ~80 0.91 9.1 0.54 4.5

PTI-1:C70 1:2 85 0.89 5.4 0.63 3.0

2.5% (wt.) of DIO in ODCB!


Appl. Phys. Lett., 99 (2011) 143302

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[70]PCBM!

JACS, 133 (2011) 14244

Chem. Commun., 75 (2011 ) 4908


EU-Project:

High module efficiency to be competitive with other photovoltaic (PV) technologies!Multilayer structure (“tandem”) to achieve high efficiency!Cost effective barriers and getters to achieve long lifetime!Roll-to-roll atmospheric printing processes to lower costs [where costs include fabrication (Eur) and environmental impact (kgCO2)]!

www.sunflower-fp7.eu!



Summary: Polymer PV – Status and challenges

Today:!•! Decent efficiency for

small cells (10%)!•! Printed modules have

low efficiency!•! Lifetime appr. 1 year!

!

Challenges:!•!Modules with higher

efficiency !•! Lifetime (encapsulation) !•! Synthetic simplicity!•! Earth abundant materials!•! Renewable starting

materials!•!…..!



Acknowledgement

Zaifei Ma, Linköping!Dr. Lintao Hou, Linköping!Dr. Koen Vandewal, Linköping!Asso. Prof. Fengling Zhang, Linköping!Prof. Olle Inganäs, Linköping!!

Synthesis!SWV!!!

!

!

!

!

!

Solar cells….!!!!!!!!

Thank you for your attention!!!


Financial support from: !Swedish Energy Agency!and !Swedish Research Council !and !European Union!!!!!

polymer pv – status and challenges - chalmers · polymer pv – status and challenges ......

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