Urinary System Castillo Garcia Mariela

Leal Garcia Cesar

Treviño Rodriguez Karen Alejandra

Urinary tract infections

Infections are caused by microbes, including fungi, viruses, and bacteria.

Normally, bacteria that enter the urinary tract arerapidly removed by the body before they cause symptoms.

Women tend to have UTI more often than men.

•Urinary tract infections are the second most common type of infection in the body.

-Urethra: urethritis -Bladder: cystitis -Ureters: ureteritis -Kidneys: pyelonephritis

Common pathogens UTI:

Proteus mirabilisKlebsiellaE. coliEnterococciEnterobacter

Most UTIs are caused by bacteria that live in the bowel. The bacterium Escherichia coli causes the vast majority of UTIs.

Symptoms

UrgencyFrequency of micturitionPain in the abdomen Pain on one side of the back under the ribs. FeverNauseaVomiting

According to some reports, about 4 to 5 percent of pregnant women develop a UTI. Scientists think that hormonal changes and shifts in the position of the urinary tract during pregnancy make it easier for bacteria to travel up the ureters to the kidneys and cause infection.

-routinely screen pregnant women for bacteria in the urine.

UTI during pregnancy

Diagnosis

To find out whether a person has a UTI, the health care provider will ask about urinary symptoms and then test a sample of urine for the presence of bacteria and white blood cells.

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys

Autosomal dominant PKD + : Symptoms usually develop between the ages of 30 and 40, but they can begin earlier even in childhood. (90%)

Autosomal recessive PKD - : Symptoms can begin in the earliest months of life, even in the womb.

50%

25%

Symptoms & Complications

Pain in the back and the sides between the ribs and hips

Headaches The pain can

be temporary or persistent, mild or severe.

Urinary tract infections

Hematuria  Liver and pancreatic

cysts Abnormal heart

valves High blood pressure Kidney stones Aneurysms in the

brain Diverticulosis  Pregnancy

complications Loss of kidney

function

Diagnostic

Ultrasound examination

Computerized tomography scan

Magnetic resonance imaging

Genetic testing

Treatment PKD has no cure. Treatments include:

Medicine to control high blood pressure

Medicine and surgery to reduce pain

Antibiotics to resolve infections

Dialysis to replace functions of failed kidneys

Kidney transplantation

NephrolithiasisAlternative Names

Renal calculi; Stones - kidney

Definition A kidney stone is a solid mass made up of tiny crystals. One or more stones can be in the kidney or ureter at the same time.

Kidney stones are a common cause of blood in the urine and pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin. Kidney stones occur in 1 of 20 people at some time in their life.

WHERE IS THE STONE?

kidney (nephrolithiasis)

Ureter (ureterolithiasis)

Bladder (cystolithiasis)

SymptomsThe main symptom is severe pain that starts suddenly

Pain may be felt in the belly area or side of the back

Pain may move to groin area (groin pain)

Other symptoms can include:

Abnormal urine color

Blood in the urine

Chills

Fever

Nausea

Vomiting

PreventionIf you have a history of stones, drink plenty of fluids (6 - 8 glasses of water per day) to produce enough urine. Depending on the type of stone, you might need to take medications or other measures to prevent the stones from returning.