ENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTION

BY:PALLAVI TIWARICLASS:VIII

POLLUTION

• Pollution – POLLUTION is any discharge of material or energy into water, land, or air that causes or may the Earth's ecological balance or that lowers the quality of life.

• The industrialization of society, the introduction of motorized vehicles, and the explosion of the human population, however, have caused an exponential growth in the production of goods and services.

TYPES OF POLLUTION

• WATER POLLUTION• THERMAL POLLUTION• LAND POLLUTION• AIR POLLUTION• NOISE POLLUTION• RADIATION POLLUTION• PESTICIDE POLLUTION

WATER POLLUTION

1) Water pollution is the introduction into fresh or ocean waters of chemical, physical, or biological material that degrades the quality of the water and affects the organisms living in it. This process ranges from simple addition of dissolved or suspended solids to discharge of the most insidious and persistent toxic pollutants (such as pesticides, heavy metals, non-degradable, bio-accumulative, and chemical compounds).

THERMAL POLLUTION

2) Thermal pollution is the discharge of waste heat via energy dissipation into cooling water and subsequently into nearby waterways. The major sources of thermal pollution are fossil-fuel and nuclear electric-power generating facilities and, to a lesser degree, cooling operations associated with industrial manufacturing, such as steel foundries, other primary-metal manufacturers, and chemical and petrochemical producers.

LAND POLLUTION

3) Land pollution is the degradation of the Earth's land surface through misuse of the soil by poor agricultural practices, mineral exploitation, industrial waste dumping, and indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes.

AIR POLLUTION

4) Air pollution is the accumulation in the atmosphere of substances that, in sufficient concentrations, endanger human health or produce other measured effects on living matter and other materials. Among the major sources of pollution are power and heat generation, the burning of solid wastes, industrial processes, and, especially, transportation. The six major types of pollutants are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulates, sulfur dioxide, and photochemical oxidants.

NOISE POLLUTION

5) Noise pollution has a relatively recent origin. It is a composite of sounds generated by human activities ranging from blasting stereo systems to the roar of supersonic transport jets. Although the frequency (pitch) of noise may be of major importance, most noise sources are measured in terms of intensity, or strength of the sound field.

RADIATION POLLUTION

6) Radiation pollution is any form of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation that results from human activities. The most well-known radiation results from the detonation of nuclear devices and the controlled release of energy by nuclear-power generating plants. Other sources of radiation include spent-fuel reprocessing plants, by-products of mining operations, and experimental research laboratories. Increased exposure to medical x-rays and to radiation emissions from microwave ovens and other household appliances, although of considerably less magnitude, all constitute sources of environmental radiation.

PESTICIDE POLLUTION

7) Pesticides are organic and inorganic chemicals originally invented and first used effectively to better the human environment by controlling undesirable life forms such as bacteria, pests, and foraging insects. Their effectiveness, however, has caused considerable pollution. The persistent, or hard pesticides, which are relatively inert and non-degradable by chemical or biologic activity, are also bio-accumulative; that is, they are retained within the body of the consuming organism and are concentrated with each ensuing level of the biologic food chain.

GLOBAL

8) Humans also pollute the atmosphere on a global scale, although until the early 1970s little attention was paid to the possible deleterious effects of such pollution. Certain pollutants decrease the concentration of ozone occurring naturally in the stratosphere, which in turn increases the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Such radiation may damage vegetation and increase the incidence of skin cancer.

CAUSES OF POLLUTION

• The ultimate cause of pollution is human activity itself. Pollution is a human contribution to nature. Science has evolved technologies, and technologies have helped the human welfare. In the process, the pollution has been a part of technology and therefore a part of human miseries.

Human activities mainly include:

• Industries for various human needs - directly and indirectly.

• Agriculture for food production and industrial needs.

• Health care for health of human beings and animals.• Transport for mobility of human beings.• Dwelling for settlement in city or villages.• Energy for various direct human needs and

industrial needs.

• All of them contribute to pollution in one way or other and therefore cause miseries. All of them are aimed to be part of human welfare programmes. Along with welfare, all of them have brought the maladies of pollution.

• Although all these industries have potentiality to generate pollutants in the environment. Some of them cause serious pollution than others.

SOME OF THESE ARE:

• Chemicals, pesticides, medicines manufacturing industries.

• Cement, steel industries.• Textile manufacturing and processing industries.• Petroleum based industries.• Paper industries.• Sugar industries.• Food industries.

HOW TO AVOID POLLUTION

1) Using Paper the Smart Way • Using double-sided copying, reusing single-

sided paper, using electronic mail and circulating documents with routing slips can save an organization, a significant amount of energy and natural resources.

• Purchase paper products containing post-consumer recycled paper.

• Do you know that one ton of recycled paper uses: 64 percent less energy, 50 percent less water and 74 percent less air pollution

2) SHOPPING THE GREEN WAY

1) Buy products that contain recycle materials.2) Buy in bulk when you can to avoid excess

packaging. Use concentrated products which use less packaging.

3) Reduce waste with reusable shopping bags4) Use cat litter or sand instead of salt on icy

walks.

3) Using Water Efficiently

1) Install a water efficient shower head (2.5 gallons or less per minute) to reduce water consumption and energy use.

2) Run only full loads in the washing machine or dish-washer.

3) Turn off water while brushing your teeth and shaving.

4) DRIVING SMARTER

• Leave your car at home at least two days a week .• Walk, bike or take the bus or subway to work instead.

You will reduce greenhouse gas emission.• Check your tire pressure regularly.• Under-inflation, increase tire wear, reduce your fuel

economy by up to 3 percent and leads to higher greenhouse gas emissions.

• Never pour harmful household products down a sink, toilet or bathtub drain unless the label indicates it is safe to do so.

5) LANDSCAPING THE GREEN WAY

• Use a variety of native plants. Native plants are more likely to thrive with minimal care and that means more resources, energy and money are saved.

• Small engines contribute significantly more air pollution per hour of operation than cars.

• Use hand tools when possible.