polito rfid v8 final

7/29/2019 Polito Rfid v8 Final

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RFID Technology:

overview, trends and

challenges

Mara Victoria Bueno Delgado, PhD

Assistant Professor

Department of Information Technologies and Communications

Technical University of Cartagena, Spain

Torino, November 2010
mailto:[email protected]


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Contents

What is RFID?

How does RFID work?

RFID: a bit of history

Research topics on RFID

To summarize

2


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What is RFID?

3


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Contactless Smartcards Personal identification: access control

Contactless Smart coin tags

Animal identification

Contactless keys

Lock/unlock cars

Contactless library labels

Books control

4

Radio Frequency

Identification

Radio Frequency Identification (I)


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Radio Frequency Identification (II)

5

RFID is the technology that enables the identification

of distant objects/people by means of a RF communication link

RFID system

Tags

Readers

Middleware

5


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6

Passive LF tags

Passive HF tags

Passive UHF tags

Active tags

Radio Frequency Identification (III)

Passive Tag Active Tag

Battery No Yes

Data R/W R/W

Cost Low, 0.15 (2) High, 20(1)

OperatingFrequency

LF: 100-500 KHzHF: 10-15 MHz

UHF: 850-950 MHz

UHF: 433 MHzMicrowaves: 2.45 GHz

Range LF: < 50cm

HF: < 1m

UHF< 10 m

Up to 100 m

Applications Simple applications: stockcontrol, personal/animal id,

traceability

Complex applications:monitor temperatures,

humidity, etc.

Standards EPCglobal Class-1 Gen-2 ISO-18000-7 (DASH7)

(1) Price 2009(2) LF/HF tags, UHF 0.30 /u. Price 2009


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RFID systems: readers

LF Fixed LF Portable

HF Fixed HF Portable

UHF Fixed UHF Portable

Active Readers

7

Radio Frequency Identification (IV)


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How does RFID work?

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How does RFID work? (I)

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Is anyone there?

Passive RFID systems Reader transmits electromagnetic waves, creating a coverage area

Tags enter the reader read range

Readers always start communication

The way reader and tags communicate depends on the frequency

Im

here!


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How does RFID work? (II)

Passive RFID systems at Near Field (LF, HF) The reader antenna (coil) generates a magnetic field

The field induces voltage in the coil of the tag and supplies the tag with

energy (Faradays Law) . It is called inductive coupling

The energy used in the tag is drawn from the primary coil of the antenna

Operating distance is usually equal the diameter of the reader antenna

Field energy decreases proportionally to 1/d3 (short range)

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How does RFID work? (III)

UHF systems are based on Backscatter Coupling

Reader uses a dipole antenna to transmit electromagnetic waves.

Incident waves are modulated and reflected from the dipole antenna of

the tag

Boundary between near and far field: d= /2

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Passive RFID systems at Far Field (UHF)


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How does RFID work? (IV)

Reader transmits electromagnetic waves, creating a coverage area

Both readers and tags can start the communication

Tags listen readers and other tags (carrier sense capability)

Tags sleep after transmitting data (energy save mode)

Active RFID systems (UHF and Microwaves)

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Im

here!

Im here!


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RFID seems to be a

simple and not newtechnology, so

13


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Where is the novelty?

Why RFID could be of interest

for us?

To understand the present we have to look at the past


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RFID: A bit of history

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1940-1950....1950-1960.....1960-1970.....1970-1980.....1980-1990.....1990-2000.....2000-2010

1939- First use of RFdevice in 2nd WorldWar. Britain used toidentify enemyairplanes: Friend orFoe (FoF)

1948-Harry Stockman,Communication bymeans of reflectedpower (Proc. of theInstitute of RadioEngineers)

Early explorations of

RFID technology,laboratoryexperiments

Development ofthe theory of RFIDStart ofapplications fieldtrials

Every country focused on

different applications (LF andHF):

USA: access control andtransport . Europe: industrialapplication and animal control.Japan: FeliCa card (contactlesspayment)

1973-First patentthe ancestor of themodern RFID (U.S.Patent 3,713,148)

RFID developmentprogresses in related fields:microelectronics, antennadesign, SW, andmicroprocessors. RFIDapplications extended byTexas Instruments, Philips


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In this decade(I)

2000-2004 Advances in communications, microelectronics, antennas design Huge decrease in the cost of the technology

No global standards:

Hundreds of proprietary communication protocols for RFID at differentoperating frequencies (UHF, LF, HF), different product data codes, etc.

Applications: passports, libraries, hospitals, museums, traceability, airports

A massive RFID implementation started around the world!!!: Everyonewanted to be RFID developer, RFID supplier, RFID consumer.

Auto-ID consortium was created to put in order the chaos that wasappearing on RFID world. Auto-ID was formed by hundreds ofcompanies focused on RFID, universities and research centers (MIT, U.Cambridge, U. Adelaide, U. Keio, U. Fundan, U. St. Gallen)

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CHAOS!!!


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In this decade(II)

At the end of 2004 AutoID + ISO Global standardization of active RFID: ISO 18000-7 Global standardization of passive RFID

LF: ISO 18000-2

HF: ISO 18000-3

UHF: EPCglobal class-1 Gen-2 standard (ISO-18000-6)

EPCglobal Network standard (middleware for global interconnection)

Unique data format: Electronic Product Code (EPC)

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In this decade(III)

2005- RFID tracking as a replacement of barcodes Wal-Mart required its top 100 suppliers to apply RFID labels to all shipments After that, other companies followed the same steps: DoD in US, Target, Tesco, Metro

Group, etc.

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RFID Barcodes

Data Quantity Up to Kbytes 1 to 100 bitsWritable Read only, WORM, R/W Read only

Dirt Influence, sight

Obstruction

No effect Very high

Degradation/wear none Susceptible

Unauthorized copying Encryption prevented Susceptible

Read speed ms s

Read distance 0.50m, 1 m, 10m, 100m 10 cm

Data format standards Few Many

Quality standards No, inmature Yes

Cost From 0.05 Inexpensive


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Currently (I)

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We are imagining a world where everything is tagged with RFID:clothes, food, medicines, mobiles, laptops, humans


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Currently (II)

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Many applications are emerging for managing millions of tags inthe world, developing

Intelligent Human Environment

Smart appliances RFID Washing machine

RFID Refrigerator

Healthcare applications Patient safety (identification and medication

administration)

Mobile applications

NFC for access control, e-ticket, payment, carparking

Applications for locking/unlocking Human implants to lock/unlock the house,

car, laptop, collect medical data, etc.


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RFID sounds great

butresearch is only focusedon developing RFID

applications?


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Not at all.

There is several hot research topics in Passive and Active RFID

Most of them can be extracted from any example of futureapplication

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Research topics on RFID

YouTube - IBM RFID Commercial - The Future Market
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=related


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Many factors degrade the performance ofpassive RFID systems:

Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF

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Research topics on passive RFID (I)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=related


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Research topics on passive RFID (II)

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Region LF HF UHF Microwaves

Region 1 125 KHz 13.56 MHz 868-870 MHz

(4 W EIRP)

2.446-2.454 GHz


(3.2 W EIRP)

2.40-2.4835 GHz


(4 W EIRP, China 2 W ERP, Singapur and Taiwan

and Philippines 0.5 W ERP)

2.427-2.470 GHz

TraceabilityGlobal interconnection?


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Challenge: HARDWARE DESIGN Reader/tag antennas to work at different frequencies

A.T. Mobashsher et al.,A novel High-Gain Dual-Band antenna for RFID Reader Applications, IEEE

Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol.9, pp. 653-656, 2010.

T. Deleruyelle et al., Dual band mono-chip HF-UHF tag antenna, Proc. of IEEE International

Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Society, pp. 1-4, 2010.

P. Iliev et al., Near field/Far field RFID tag antenna. Proc. of 4th European Conference on

Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1-4, 2010.

G.J. Owen et al., On The Effect of Mutual Coupling on LF and UHF Tags Implemented in Dual

Frequency RFID Applications. Proc. of IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and

Propagation, pp. 1-4, 2009.

Reader/tag antennas to work in the full UHF band A. Amin et al., Design and characterization of Efficient Flexible UHF RFID tag Antennas. Proc. of

3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 2784-2786, 2009.

M. Martinez-Moreno et al., Dipole antenna design for UHF RFID tags. Proc. of International

Conference on Electrical, Communications and Computers, pp. 220-224, 2009.

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Research topics on passive RFID (III)


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Harsh environment with several interferences

Fluorescent bulbs and electronic devices (electromagnetic noise)

Mobiles from clients (GSM interferences)

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Research topics on passive RFID (IV)


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Is anyone there?

Too much noise!!I cannot

receive reader signals

properly!!

Research topics on passive RFID (V)


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Challenge: ANALYSIS OF INTERFERENCES To know how they affect on RFID system performance

R. Hosaka, An analysis for electrical noise of electric bulb shaped fluorescent tube to maintain

security level of medical use RFID tag. Proc. of World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical

Engineering, vol.1 25/12, pp 217-220, 2009.

R. Hosaka,An analysis of PLC noise level for risk management of medical use RFID system. Proc. of

4th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering, vol.22, pp. 21030-1033, 2008.

W. Hong, R. Kan, S. Li, Electromagnetic compatibility of UHF-RFID to GSM. Proc. of International

Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp. 63-66, 2008.

To decide how to configure/set RFID system for minimizing impairmentscaused by interferences G. Ibrahim, A. Plytage, UHF RFID Systems; Their Susceptibility to Backscattered Signals Induced by

Electronic Ballast Driven Fluorescent Lamps. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.

58, n. 7, pp. 2473-2478, 2010.

D. Arnaud-Cormos, T. Letertre, A. Diet, A. Azoulay, Electromagnetic Environment of RFID systems.

Proc. of 37th

European Microwave Conference, pp. 1652-1655, 2007.28

Research topics on passive RFID (VI)


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Harsh environment with interferences

Fluorescent tubes and electronic devices (electromagnetic noise)

Mobiles from clients (interferences)

Tags

Attached to liquids (absorption), Attached to metals (reflection)

Harsh environment (placed in freezers)

Close to human bodies

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Research topics on passive RFID (VII)


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Research topics on passive RFID (VIII)

Is anyone there?

I am attached or

close to a item

with high % ofwater/liquid

Most of incident energy isabsorbed by water!!!... I have

not enough energy to generate aresponse!!

ABSORPTION!!!!


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Research topics on passive RFID (IX)

Is anyone there?

I am attached or

close to a item

with high % ofmetal

Most of incident energy isreflected by metal!!! I have not

enough energy to generate aresponse!!

REFLECTION!!!!


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Challenges: To analyze absorption and reflection effects

D.D. Arumugam, D.W. Engels, M.H. Mickle, Specific absorption rates in muscle tissues for passive

UHF RFID tag backscatter. Proc .of Radio and Wireless Symposium, pp. 445-448, 2009.

J. Singh, E. Olsen, K. Vorst, K. Tripp, RFID Tag Readability Issues with Palletized Loads of Consumer

Goods. Journal of Packaging Technology and Science, vol. 22 (8), pp. 431-441, 2009.

V. Derbek, C. Steger, R. Weiss, J. Preishuber, M. Pistauer, A UHF RFID measurement and evaluation

test system, Elektrotechnik & Informationstechnik, vol. 124, no. 11 pp. 384390, 2007.

To design new tags non susceptible to the above phenomena S.K- Kuo et al., Analysis and design of an UHF RFID metal tag using magnetic composite material

as substrate. Progress in Electromagnetic Research, vol. 24, pp. 49-62, 2010.

G.H. Hwang et al., UHF RFID metal tag applying to license plate using metal shielding and

watertight methods. Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, vol.2 (4), pp. 549-563, 2009.

R. Harish et al., Conformal RFID antenna design suitable for human monitoring and metallic

platforms. Prof of 4th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1-5, 2010.

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Research topics on passive RFID (X)


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Harsh environment with noise



Tags

Attached to liquids (absorption), attached to metals (reflection)

Harsh environment (freezer)

Close to Human bodies

Communication

Tag-to-tag collisions Reader-to-reader collisions

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Research topics on passive RFID (XI)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=related


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Tags




Communication

Tag-to-tag collisions Reader-to-reader collisions

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Research topics on passive RFID (XI)


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Is anyone there?

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Tag-to-tag collisions:

Im

here!

Im

here!

Im here!

Im

here!!

Im

here!

Im here!

COLLISION!

Research topics on passive RFID (XII)

Anti-collision/Identification protocol


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Restrictions:

Passive tags are very simple devices:

No battery

No internal clocks

No carrier sense

No extra memory No data processing

Standards propose simple Id. protocols:

Based on binary tree protocols in LF and HF

Based on Frame Slotted Aloha in UHF

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Research topics on passive RFID (XIII)


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E.g. Identification protocol in standards at LF and HF

Reader query tags sending groups of bits

Tags receive bits and respond if bits match with the ID tag.

If only one tag answers, successful identification . Otherwise, reader continues

sending group of bits with new combinations

Research topics on passive RFID (XIV)

Tag A: ID-010Tag B: ID-011Tag C: ID-100

Who starts with 0? Me!

Me!

A

B

C

Who starts with 01?

Collision!

Who starts with 010?

Tag identified!

Based on binary tree protocols

Low performance with high quantity of tags in coverage


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Challenges:

An efficient MAC protocol

To Avoid/handle collisions

To minimize identification delay

Compatible with standards

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Research topics on passive RFID (XV)

M.V. Bueno-Delgado et al., Analysis of DFSA Anti-collision protocols in passive RFID

environments. 35th IEEE Conference of the Industrial Electronics Society, 2009.


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M.V. Bueno-Delgado, Contribution to Anti-collision protocols and Deployment

Techniques for Radio Frequency Identification Systems. Ed. ProQuest Informationlearning. 2010.

M.V. Bueno-Delgado et al., On the Optimal frame-length Configuration on real

passive RFID systems. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. In press

(doi:10.1007/s00779-006-0111-6) 2010.

J. Vales-Alonso et al., Analysis of Tag Loss Ratio in dynamic RFID systems. Journal

of RF Technologies. In press (doi:10.3233/RFT-2010-005)2010.

M.V. Bueno et al., Estimation of the Tag Population with physical layer collision

recovery. Proc. of 3rd International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology. 2010.

C. Angerer et al., Recovering from collisions in Multiple Tag RFID Environments.

Proc. of 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technologies, 2010.

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Research topics on passive RFID (XVI)


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Tags




Communication

Tag-to-tag collisions

Reader-to-reader collisions

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Research topics on passive RFID (XVII)


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EPCglobal Network

R2

R3

R1

Research topics on passive RFID (XVIII)

Reader-to-Reader collisions:


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Max. Distance for energyzing tags

R2

R3

R1

Im a passive tag, Icannot select a

specificReader/frequency!!!

Reader-Tag Collision (RTC)

Research topics on passive RFID (XIX)


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43Max. Interference distance Reader-Reader

R2

R3

R1

Reader-Reader Collision (RRC)

I receive a weak signal

from a tag and a strongsignal from a reader,

provoking interefences!!

Research topics on passive RFID (XIX)

( )


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Challenges:

Mechanisms to mitigate effects of RTC and RRC collisions

Maximizing throughput (number of tags identified per time unit)

Maximizing Fairness (readers operation per time unit)

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Research topics on passive RFID (XX)

h i i ( )


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M.V. Bueno-Delgado et al., A comparative Study ofRFID Schedulers in Dense Reader

Environments. 3rd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technologies, 2010.

F. Gandino et al., Introducing Probability in RFID Reader-to-Reader Anti-collision. 8th

IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications, 2009.

N.K Chen et al., Array-based Reader Anti-Collision Scheme for Highly Efficient RFIDNetwork Applications. Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing Journal, vol. 9,

pp.976-987, 2009.

J.B. Eom et al., An efficient reader anti-collision algorithm in dense RFID networks

with mobile RFID readers. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 7, pp.

2326-2336, 2009.

F. Gandino et al., Probabilistic DCS: A reader to reader anti-collision protocol. Journal

of Network and Computer Applications. In press, (doi:10.1016/jnca.2010.04.007) 2010.

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Research topics on passive RFID (XXI)

h i i ( )


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Tags




Communication

Tag orientation, Tag-to-tag collisions, reader-to-reader collisions

Middleware

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Research topics on passive RFID (XXII)

R h i i RFID (XXIII)


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EPC Network

Manufacturer(Gillete)

Retailer (SUPERMARKET)

Research topics on passive RFID (XXIII)

EPCglobal network standard: middleware for global interconnection?



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Retailer/SUPERMARKET

EPC Network


1. Manufacturer tags the product

1




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Retailer

EPC Network

Manufacturer


1

3

urn:epc:1:44368.37400

Electronic Product Code

urn:epc:1:44368.37400


urn:epc:1:18559.47400

comonsepc4740018559EPC

comverisignvndsdsDomainName

Top level2nd level3rd level4th levelSyntax

Manufacturer ID identifies supplier as Gillette

Object (product) Class identifies as Mach 3 razor (12 pk)

. . .

. . .


R h t i i RFID (XXIII)


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Retailer (SUPERMARKET)

EPC Network



2. Manufacturer records product information (e.g., manufacture date, expiration date, location)

into EPC Information Service (Data Base)

3. EPC Information Service registers EPC knowledge with EPC Registry (Entity records

traceability every EPC product in the world).

1

2

3




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Retailer (Supermarket)

EPC Network


4. Manufacturer sends product to Retailer

5. Retailer records receipt of product into EPC IS (Data Base)

6. Retailers EPC IS then registers product knowledge with EPC Discovery Service

4

5

6




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EPC Network


When the retailer reads a tag, it only reads EPC code, without any information.

Retailer wants to know: who is the manufacturer??? What is the product??, what is the

product expiration date??, etc

RetailerApplication


urn:epc:1:44368.37400


urn:epc:1:44368.37400


urn:epc:1:18559.47400



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EPC Network


7. Retailer must query to Root ONS. This entity answer a IP address to connect with the

Manufacturers Local ONS

7

8

8. Manufacturers Local ONS is queried for location of EPC-IS

RetailerApplication




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Retailer(Supermarket)

EPC Network


9. Retailer queries Manufacturer EPC IS for desired product information (e.g., manufacture

date, expiration date, etc.)

9

RetailerApplication


Research topics on passive RFID (XXIV)


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EPC Network


Retailer(Supermaket)

RetailerApplication

Challenges:

Global Data Synchronization

Data security

Scalability

Research topics on passive RFID (XXIV)

Research topics on passive RFID (XXV)


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P. Manzanares-Lopez,An efficient distributed discovery service for EPCglobal Network in nestedpackage scenarios. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, in press (doi:

10.10.16/j.jnca.2010.04.018) 2010.

Y-W. Ma et al., Load Balancing mechanism for the RFID middleware applications over grid

networking. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, in press (doi:

10.10.16/j.jnca.2010.04.010) 2010.

E. Bottani et al., The impact of RFID and EPC network on the bullwhip effect in the italian FMCG

supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 124 (2), pp. 426-432, 2010.

T. Nam et al., Bussiness-aware framework for supporting RFID-enabled applications in EPC

network. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, in press (doi:10.10.16/j.jnca.2010.04.021) 2010.

A. P. Anagnostopoulos et al., REFiLL: A lightweight programable middleware platform for cost

efective RFID application development. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, vol. 5(1), pp. 49-63,

2009.

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Research topics on passive RFID (XXV)

Research topics on passive RFID (XXVI)


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Frequency incompatibilities: tags working at LF, HF or UHF Harsh environment with noise



Tags




Communication

Tag orientation, Tag-to-tag collisions, reader-to-reader collisions

Middleware

Data security and Retailers/Clients privacy

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Research topics on passive RFID (XXVI)

Research topics on passive RFID (XXVII)


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RFID security and privacy at manufacturers/retailers side Unauthorized inventory of a store by scanning tags with an unauthorized

reader to determine the types and quantities of items. Spoofing

Information disclosure

An attacker modifies the EPC number on tags or kills tags (tags disabled)inthe supply chain, warehouse, or store disrupting business operations andcausing a loss of revenue. Tampering with data

Denial of service

An attacker modifies a high-priced items EPC number to be the EPCnumber of a lower cost item. Tampering with data

Research topics on passive RFID (XXVII)

Research topics on passive RFID (XXVIII)


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RFID security and privacy at client side

Tracking Determine where individuals are and where they have been

Hotlisting Single out certain individuals because of the items they possess

Profiling Identifying the items an individual has in their possession

Research topics on passive RFID (XXVIII)

1500 Eurosin wallet

Serial numbers:597387,389473

Wig

model #4456(cheappolyester)

30 items

of lingerie

Das Kapitaland

Communist-party

handbook

Replacement hipmedical part #459382

Heres

Mr. Jonesin 2020

Research topics on passive RFID (XXIX)


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Challenges:

To set/manage authorized certificates (CA) to access to EPC info on EPC-IS, ONS,

Local ONS, etc.

To use encryption/cryptography in readers-to-tag communications, but tags too

simple, no channels to communicate secret keys

B. Alomair, Privacy versus Scalability in radio frequency identification systems. Computer Communications

Journal, vol. 33 (18), pp. 2155-2163, 2010.

P. Peris-Lopez et al., Vulnerability analysis of RFID protocols for tag ownership transfer. Computer Networks

Journal, vol. 54(9), pp. 1502-1508, 2010.

D. Han et al., Vulnerability of an RFID authentication protocol conforming EPCglobal Class-1 Gen-2 Standards.Journal of Computer, Standards and Interfaces, vol. 31(4), pp. 648-652, 2009.

C-L. Chen et al., Conformation of EPCglobal Class-1 Gen-2 standards RFID system with mutual authentication

and privacy protection. Journal of Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 22 (8) pp. 1284-1291,

2009.

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Research topics on passive RFID (XXIX)


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Too much challenges on

Passive RFID!!!

What about Active RFID?

Research topics on active RFID (I)


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Active RFID systems

Less restrictive than passive due to the complex hardware

Only two frequencies available (UHF- 433MHz, Microwaves 2.45 GHz)

Low influence of interferences

High read-range (up to 100 m)

Tag to tag communications by means of Carrier Sense Higher tag capabilities: complex identification/anti-collision protocols in tags,

data encryption, etc.

But similar problems than Wireless Sensor Networks

Batteries life: GOAL to minimize power consumption PHY layer: hardware design to reduce consumption

MAC layer: to minimize collisions, to maximize time in sleep mode

NET layer: efficient multi-hop mechanisms

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Research topics on active RFID (I)

Research topics on active RFID (II)


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H. Cho et al., Reader collision avoidance for multihop deployment of active RFID readers. IEICE

Electron. Express, vol. 7, no. 18, pp.1396-1402, 2010 .

J. Vales Alonso et al, On the optimal configuration of CSMA-MS algorithm. Proc. of 3rd

International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology, 2010.

M.V. Bueno Delgado et al.,Analysis of the identification process in active RFID systems with

Capture Effect assumption. Proc of 6th European Workshop on RFID Systems and Technologies,

2010.

A. Palomo Lopez et al., CSMA-Multi Stage Anti-collision Protocol for Active RFID Systems. Proc.

of 4th International Workshop on RFID Technology, Concepts, Applications, Challenges, 2010.

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Research topics on active RFID (II)

To summarize
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob532iEpqk&feature=related


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Absorption and reflection effects

Electromagnetic noise/signal detection

Energy Saving (only active RFID)

Improving reading efficiency

Anti-collision protocols for minimizing tag-tag collisions

Optimizing configuration parameters of MAC protocols

Schedulers for managing reader-reader collisions

Energy constraints in collisions (only active RFID)

New middleware platforms for worldwide data interchange

Applications for reader-tag interaction

PhysicalLayer

MACLayer

UpperLayers

64

To summarize

SecurityandPriv

acyproblem

s

For every application with RFID new challenges at different layers

+


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Thanks!M Victoria Bueno Delgado, PhD

Assistant Professor

Technical University of Cartagena

[email protected]

http://ait.upct.es/~mvbueno
mailto:[email protected]://ait.upct.es/~mvbuenohttp://ait.upct.es/~mvbuenomailto:[email protected]

polito rfid v8 final

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