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Page 1: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Conference (EC)/EC08-15... · • Pelvic, para‐aortic nodes + at same rate as high ... Wani 2009. Ddx ... • CS has worse prognosis than
Page 2: Please Silence Your Cell Phones - USCAP Conference (EC)/EC08-15... · • Pelvic, para‐aortic nodes + at same rate as high ... Wani 2009. Ddx ... • CS has worse prognosis than

Please Silence Your Cell Phones

Thank You

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WHO Classification of Uterine Tumors 2014

RJ Kurman, ML Carcangiu, CS Herrington, RH Young, Ed

Joanne Rutgers, M.D.Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center

Los Angeles, CA

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Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships

The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control the content of all CME activities disclose  any relevant relationship(s) which they or their spouse/partner have, or have had within the past 12 months with a commercial interest(s) [or the products or services of a commercial interest] that relate to the content of this 

educational activity and create a conflict of interest.  Complete disclosure  information is maintained in the USCAP office and has been reviewed by the CME Advisory Committee. 

Dr. J. Rutgers declares she has no conflict(s) of interest to disclose.

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Clinical History• 67 year old G4P1 with personal history of colon cancer 10 years ago

• 2 weeks of vaginal bleeding• Ultrasound: large uterine mass• Hysterectomy, BSO, staging performed

• Uterine intracavitary polypoid 9 cm mass 

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IHC• Desmin ‐• Myogenin ‐

keratin

vimentin

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Final diagnosis

• Carcinosarcoma• [Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor (MMMT)]• Homologous type

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Outline

• Staging and Classification– History

• WHO 2014 Classification• Clinical, risk factors• Pathologic, IHC, genetics• Ddx• Pathogenesis

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Pre‐2008

• Uterine Sarcomas– MMMT (CS) 40%– Leiomyosarcoma– ESS, low grade and high grade

• All uterine ca & sa staged using one system:

• I    confined to uterus• II   cervix• III  pelvic, nodes• IV  bladder/rectal or distant metastases

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Earlier studies

• Heterologous MMMT had worse prognosis– Rhabdomyosarcoma– Chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma no significant impact

• High rate of hematogenous spread

Rose 1989, Norris 1966

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1990’s: emphasis on carcinomatous component

• Carcinomatous not sarcomatous element determines prognosis – Endometrioid, Type I: favorable– Serous, clear cell, Type II: unfavorable

• Heterologous elements do not affect prognosis

Bitterman 1990, Silverberg 1990

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1990’s: Carcinoma driver of prognosis

• LVI relates to prognosis• LN mets as frequent in CS as EM cancer• Carcinoma most common in LVI, LN, and peritoneal metastases

• Shared risk factors as EM ca • CS as Metaplastic carcinoma

Yamada 2000, McCluggage 2002, Zelmanowicz 1998

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2008‐2009 FIGO staging systems

• Kept CS with EM Ca• Slight modifications to staging system for EM Ca

• Two new staging systems for sarcoma:

• Leiomyosarcoma and Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma

• Adenosarcoma

2010 AJCC 7th Ed

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WHO 2014

• CS preferred term over MMMT• Classified morphologically as one of the mixed epithelial‐mesenchymal uterine tumors

• ‘Biphasic tumor composed of high‐grade carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements’

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WHO: CS

• Ca & sa ‘closely admixed but do not merge’• Homologous

– High grade, non‐specific

• Heterologous (50%)– Rhabdomyosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, rarely osteosarcoma, neuroectodermal

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CS: Clinical

• Postmenopausal; mean age 65• More common in Black women• Vaginal bleeding, or prolapsing polypoid mass

Bland 2009; Felix 2013

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Extra‐uterine CS

• Cervix• Fallopian tube• Ovary• Extra‐genital

Associated endometriosis

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Risk Factors

• Radiation• Tamoxifen• Estrogen replacement therapy• Metabolic factors (BMI, diabetes)

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Hormonal Risk Factors Similar for EM ca & sa

Felix 2013

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

BMI Diabetes Estrogen

EMCaCSsarc

OddsRatio

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5 Year survival: Worst of any “EM Ca”

• <5% uterine malignancies but 15% of deaths

• No significant improvement in survival over last few decades

• Non‐invasive CS 25% recurrence

Type I 90%

Type II 50‐60%

CS 35%

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Prognostic Factors

• Stage• LVI• Nodal status• Rhabdo in low stage CS

Ferguson 2007

Stage 5 yr survival

I 56%

II 31%

III 13%

IV 0

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Treatment

• Hyst, BSO, staging incl nodal dissection• Radiation of uncertain benefit• Chemotherapy

– Standard chemo: platinin, taxanes– ifosfamide

Temkin 2007

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Metastases

• Pelvic, para‐aortic nodes + at same rate as high grade EM Ca

• High incidence hematogenous metastases– Lung 48%– Brain 7%– Bone  19%– Visceral organs  30%

Rose 1989

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Composition of Metastases

73

2

26 Carcinoma

Sarcoma

Carcinoma andSarcoma

55

27

18

Sreenan and Hart, 1995

At Presentation Recurrence

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CS metastatic to lung

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Microscopic: Intimate admixture

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Carcinoma

Endometrioid Serous

Clear cell UndifferentiatedSquamous

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Sarcoma: Homologous

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Sarcoma: Heterologous

myogenin

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Practical Tip: Curettage/Biopsy:

• Only anaplastic, high grade, mixed, difficult to classify carcinoma is present

• High grade ca & only rare foci (<1 mm) high grade spindled sarcoma

• When only high grade sarcoma is present

• (Incidence of CS >>>undiff ut sarc or rhabdo)

• Both components may not be present• One can suggest that CS may be seen in hysterectomy when:

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Practical tip: How much sarcoma is required to diagnosis CS?

• Problem: ca > sa; sa may only be present in superficial, polypoid portions 

• When available, consider both EMB & hyst, and if CS dx was well established on EMB, do not overturn dx based on scant sa in hyst 

• On hyst in a well sampled tumor if only sa < 1 mm, ‘not enough’ to establish CS

Soslow.Histopathology 2013

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Keratin                         Vimentin

• Usually marks appropriately• EMoid Adenoca often co‐expresses ker & vim• sarc focally ker +

Meis 1990

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Other IHC

• P53• WT1• p16• PAX8 (carcinoma)• ER, PR variable, usually negative

• Desmin: LMS, Rhabdo• Myo D1, myogenin: Rhabdo

• S‐100: chondrosarc

Buza 2009; Franko 2010; Holmes 2014

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Uterine Adenocarcinomas

Type I (Endometrioid)    Type II (Serous)

• PTEN• KRAS• Beta catenin (CTNNB1)• PI3KCA• ARID 1a• MSI/MLH1 methylation

• P53• p16

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G. Larry Maxwell et al. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:4056-4066

Genetics• Gene expression profile show CS as distinct from Type I or II

©2005 by American Association for Cancer Research

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CS: Genetics

• Chromosomal abnormalities (high copy number) (8q c‐myc; 20q)

• P53 early event• Rare MSI/Lynch• EGFR• (HER‐2 rare)

0

20

40

60

80

100

p53 PI3K CA PTEN ARID1a Kras

TCGA

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50% CS mutations in PI3KCA/AKT and/or RAS/braf pathway

Saegusa 2009; Biscuola 2013

PTEN

PTEN

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CS: Clonality

• >85% are monoclonal• 10‐15% biclonal (‘collision tumors’)

Wada 1997; Thompson 1996; Gorai 1997

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WHO: Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Tumors

Glands StromaAdenomyoma Benign BenignAtypical polypoid adenomyoma

Atypical, low grade endometrioid adenocarcinoma

Benign

Adenofibroma Benign BenignAdenosarcoma Benign Low grade 

sarcomaCarcinosarcoma High grade 

carcinomaHigh grade sarcoma

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Adenosarcoma with Sarcomatous Overgrowth

• Def:  sarc > 25%, without admixed epithelium• Typically high grade sarc• Heteologous incl rhabdo, chondroid• Similar poor outcome as CS Krivak 2001

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Ddx: Endometrial Carcinoma variants

• Solid spindled• Benign heterologous elements• Corded and Hyalinized Endometial Carcinoma• Undifferentiated carcinoma

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Solid spindled Em Ca

Keratin Reticulin

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CHEC: Corded & Hyalinized Endo CA

Murray, Young 2005

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CHEC

• Low grade spindle cells and low grade adenocarcinoma

• Merging of the epithelial and spindled elements

• Frequent foci of abrupt keratinization within the spindled elements

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IHC: CHEC & spindled EMCa vs. CSP53WT1p16

Beta‐catenin

E‐cadherin

ERPR

CHEC/ Spindled ‐

+ both components

‐ (CHEC) +

CS + ‐ ‐ +/‐

Wani 2009

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Ddx: Undifferentiated/Dedifferentiated carcinoma

EMA Reticulin

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Un‐ or de‐differentiated carcinoma

• Dyscohesive, patternless sheets, not cohesive or trabecular 

• No glandular diff• Small to medium , uniform cells, nucleoli 

• Abrupt foci keratinization

• Rhabdoid cells in a myxoid background

• LVI common • Significantly more aggressive than grade 3 EmCa

• May occur in young individuals

• Frequent DNA MMR abnormalities (Lynch)

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IHC: Undifferentiated carcinoma

vimentin

EMA

• Keratin ‘negative’ at low power, rare cells +

• CK18, EMA• Loss of E‐cadherin• vimentin + (!)• P16• Neuroendocrine markers: –or <10% 

• If diffusely + classify as neuroendocrine carcinoma

EMA

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Pathogenesis

1. Collision2. Composition3. Arise from 

Adenosarc 4. Combination = 

Divergent5. Conversion = 

Metaplastic ca

• 2 clones • 10‐15% CS are bi‐clonal

• Histologically identical to other CS, or appear as two adjacent tumors

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Pathogenesis

1. Collision

2. Composition3. Arise from 

Adenosarc 4. Combination = 

Divergent5. Conversion = 

Metaplastic ca

• Pseudosarcomatous stroma

• NOT true for CS

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Pathogenesis

1. Collision2. Composition

3. Arise from Adenosarcoma

4. Combination = Divergent

5. Conversion = Metaplastic

• AS develops both sa & ca overgrowth (Seidman year)

• 10‐15% CS show lower grade areas resembling AS.  

• This pathway may explain CS with more abundant sarcoma

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Pathogenesis1. Collision2. Composition3. Arise from Adenosarc 

4. Combination = Divergent

5. Conversion = Metaplastic ca

• Monoclonal• One clone or progenitor cell diverges into either ca or sa

• Supported by experimental data

• Accounts for admixture without merging of 2 components, & variable composition of mets

• Allows for ‘stemness’, EMT & MET

Fujii 2000; Emoto 1992, 93; Abeln 1997;Ishiwata 1987

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Pathogenesis

1. Collision2. Composition3. Arise from 

Adenosarc 4. Combination = 

Divergent5. Conversion = 

Metaplastic carcinoma

• Monoclonal• Ca ‘converts’ to sa• Some molecular studies show add’l genetic abnl in sa 

• “stable” EMT• Most widely quoted theory• Ca, not sa is driver of prognosis• Some oncologists want to lump all mixed epith/mesen tumors in body together: sarcomatoid carcinoma renal upper GI, resp, metaplastic ca breast

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Epithelial‐Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) & Mesenchymal‐Epithelial Trans (MET)

• Embryogenesis: epithelium of blastocyst forms mesoderm (EMT) & later mesoderm gives rise to organs w/ epith incl. uterus (EMT)

• Wound healing• Cancer: EMT promotes invasion, metastases, & ‘stemness’

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EMT and MET• Epithelial cadherins: E‐cadherin

• Mesenchymal cadherins: N‐Cadherin

• Snail, slug, ZEB, Twist suppress E‐cadherin & maintain ‘stemness”; all upregulated in mesen component of CS

• Epithelial component of CS• Undiff ca, CHEC 

Mattias-Guiu; Romero-Perez Mod Path 2013; Romero-Perez Hum Path 2013; Castilla J Pathol 2011; Lopez-Garcia 2010; Chiyoda 2012

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Conclusions

• CS preferred term over MMMT–Homologous or Heterologous sa

• CS is staged using EmCa system• CS has worse prognosis than ser ca• Major Ddx are EM Ca variants (CHEC, Undiff) H&E more useful than IHC

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Conclusions

• Most CS are monoclonal • Metaplastic ca is most widely quoted theory

– In my opinion some CS do look like metaplastic carcinoma

• Combination (Divergent) theory best explains majority

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WHO Authors

Did not dispute classifying CS with EM CA for management took a balanced approach using a morphologic classification 

of CS as a mixed epith‐mesen

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Important Information Regarding CME/SAMs

The Online CME/Evaluations/SAM claim process will only be available on the USCAP website until October 2, 2015.

No claims can be processed after that date!

After October 2, 2015 you will NOT be able to obtain any CME or SAMs credits for attending this meeting.

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Please go to the USCAP website to complete your Evaluation of the course and claim CME and/or SAMs Credits. 

Thank You!