Biology 30SThe Circulatory System

ObjectivesBy the end of this unit students will be able to:

Compare the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries. Relate the structure of the capillary to its role as the site of exchange in the circulatory system. Identify the anatomical components of the human heart and their related functions. Trace the pathway of blood flow through the human heart and associated vessels and organs. Identify factors responsible for the regulation of human heartbeat. Differentiate between the systolic and diastolic stages of the heartbeat. Identify types of heart diseases, define heart failure, and describe causes and treatments. Describe lymph nodes. Describe lymphatic circulation. Compare the structure and functions of the lymphatic system to the blood circulatory system. Compare the structure, function and site of manufacture of the formed elements of the blood. Describe blood groups, including Rh. Describe the components of the blood clotting mechanism. Describe the role of the circulatory system in homeostasis. Describe the role of the circulatory system in immunity. Investigate selected blood disorders. Describe the body’s defense mechanisms for protection from foreign agents. Compare and contrast non-specific verses specific defenses. Describe the body’s response to allergens, vaccines, and viruses/bacteria. Outline the immune response Investigate and describe conditions/disorders that affect protection and/or control in the human body.

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INTRODUCTION

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Intro Circ. Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVU_zANtroE

In humans, there is a single coordinated system for transport of fluids. This is the ____________ _______________________and the lymphatic system associated with it.

There is no special transport system for gases, as these are moved about dissolved or combined in the body fluids.

The blood circulatory system of humans has three parts: _____________________ – the circulating fluid _____________________ – the transporting medium _____________________ – the pumping station

PART ONE – BLOOD

The average human adult has ____________________ of blood. Blood is composed of two parts: 1. Plasma - a complex fluid2. Cellular Components – erythrocytes, leucocytes, and platelets

Blood Video (Recap): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrE6Y0Se8bw

BLOOD PLASMA:

_______________________________________ Makes up _________________ of blood volume Consists of:

o 91.5% watero 7% organic proteinso 1.5% dissolved food, enzymes, vitamins, hormones, antibodies, waste products,

inorganic salts and gases Also carries blood proteins which make up 7% of the plasma are of four types:

o ___________________ (54%) – made in the liver and is important in maintaining blood pressure

o ___________________ (38%) – used in the body’s defense against diseaseo ___________________ (7%) – necessary for blood clottingo ___________________ (1%) – necessary for blood clotting

Function of blood plasma:o Carry _____________________ (amino acids, fatty acids, simple sugars etc.)o Carry______________________ (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide)o Carry _____________________ (calcium, sodium, potassium) and vitaminso Carry _____________________________________o Carry __________________________ (urea)

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RED BLOOD CELLS / ERYTHROCYTES:

Appearance: Have _____________________when mature so there is more room for oxygen to be carried

in the cell and hence around the body. _______________________________________(narrow in the center) for maximum surface

area o This shape gives the cell a large _______________ through which oxygen can diffuseo Also ensures that all oxygen held in the cell is near the surface and can be

________________________________________o Also makes them ____________________, easily squeeze through capillaries

Origin: produced in ________________________________ and become filled with hemoglobin that

pushes out the nucleus when worn out they are _______________________, and ____________________________ continually produced and die (life span _______________days)

Number: 5 million per cubic millimeter RBC make up ______________ of blood more red blood cells than any other cell in the body

Function: Transport oxygen and small amount of carbon dioxide through the use of hemoglobin to and

from the lungs to cells Recall: oxygen + hemoglobin = _________________________(bright red) Helps maintain a ______________________ for the body (blood buffer = 7.2-7.4 stable pH) Problem with CO2

o carbon monoxide __________________________ and _______________________ from being circulated to organs, and cells.

o Carbon monoxide is produced by car emissions, and smoking

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Watch video on Carbon Monoxide poisoning:

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=carnon+momnoxide+poisoning+TED+ed&&view=detail&mid=3D9913B0838D2641CA9C3D9913B0838D2641CA9C&&FORM=VRDGAR

WHITE BLOOD CELLS / LEUCOCYTES:

Appearance: variety of _____________ blood cells __________________________ cells contain a __________________ can reproduce by mitosis contain ________________________ larger than __________________ capable of their own movement

outside blood stream (pseudopods)

Origin: Formed in ____________________

and _______________________ Can live for __________________________________

Number: Less numerous than erythrocytes 5 – 10 thousand per cubic millimeter There is approximately 1 white blood cell for every 600 red blood cells (makes up about

________ of the blood)

Function: part of ____________________________________ ____________________________and prevent disease by ingesting foreign cells or

substances and __________________________________

Types:

There are two kinds of leucocytes:

1. _____________________– lifespan of _______________, produced by the bone marrowa. Eosinophils – active in _____________environments and during allergic reactionsb. Basophils – active in ______________environments also may aid in blood clot

formationc. Neutrophils – active in _____________environments, very motile

2. _____________________ – lifespan of __________________________

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a. Lymphocytes i. Produced in the lymph nodes and make antibodies which are involved with

the immune response to small foreign proteinsb. Monocytes

i. Made in red bone marrowii. Are mobile and phagocytic

PLATELETS / THROMBOCYTES

Appearance: not cells but _____________________________________________________________ each platelet is surrounded by a membrane and is filled with ______________________ _______________________shape ____________________________

Origin: made when small pieces of cytoplasm are pinched off the large cells which are found in

_____________________________

Number: 250, 000 platelets per cubic millimeter of blood produced at the rate of 200 billion a day

live for average of __________________ days

Function: involved in _______________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ each platelet is surrounded by a membrane and filled with _________________________

o the fragile membrane breaks easily if exposed to any environment other than the blood

o when a wound is made and blood vessels are damaged, the platelets break down and thromboplastinogen is released into the blood plasma

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COMPONENTS OF BLOOD SUMMARY

RED BLOOD CELL WHITE BLOOD CELL PLASMA PLATELETS

Also called?

Function

Description

Illustration

Percentage of Total Blood

Origin

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Associated Diseases

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FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

1. Oxygen Transport red blood cells transport ________________________ they give blood its red colour because of their red pigment, _________________________ each hemoglobin molecules consists of ____________________________ attached to a

central globin (protein) molecule the _________in the hemoglobin has the ability to form a temporary union with _________ one hemoglobin molecule can carry ________________________________ at once where the oxygen concentration is high, as in the lungs, hemoglobin combines with oxygen

forming a bright red compound called ___________________________ where the oxygen concentration is low as in most tissues the oxygen separates from the

hemoglobin forming a dark purplish compound called ____________________________

2. Carbon Dioxide Transport Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular oxidation. It can be carried in the blood in one

of three ways:o ___________________________________________________________________o ___________________________________________________________________o ___________________________________________________________________

when carbon dioxide reacts with water, carbonic acid is formed carbonic acid breaks down to from hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion and is

carried in the blood as ions when the bicarbonate ion reaches the lungs the reverse reaction occurs and

the carbon dioxide is released and exhaled from the lungs

3. Blood Clotting This is a protective mechanism to prevent excessive _________________________ Platelets, also called __________________________, function in the clotting of blood and

repairing of _____________________________________ Platelets, prothrombin and fibrinogen are necessary for the clotting process. They are

present in the plasma whether or not a blood vessel has been damaged. They are ________________unless a vessel wall is actually damaged.

Blood Clotting Videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--bZUeb83uU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFNWGCx_Eu4

Dangers of Blood Clots in the Body:

Blood clots that form in the body present potential danger for several reasons:1. ___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________2. ___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________3. ___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

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Steps to clotting:

When a blood vessel is cut:a) Platelets that come in contact with the damaged tissue break, releasing _________________

and adhere to the broken vesselb) They themselves become _____________ to other platelets, which adhere to them and in

turn become sticky to other platelets. c) A _____________________________________ forms over the damaged area.

After the initial plug is formed:d) The thromboplastinogen is activated to ________________________by an enzyme and

several blood clotting factors.e) Thromboplastin is an enzyme that, in the presence of calcium ions, catalyzes the conversion

of _________________________________f) Thrombin is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the soluble ____________________

______________________________g) Fibrin consists of long, ___________________________________that form a network across

the opening in the blood vesselh) The clot slows the flow of blood and eventually stops it if the amount of damage is not too

greati) Normally clots do not form in undamaged vessels. Circulating in the blood is an

anticoagulant, _______________________ that normally prevents clotting in intact vessels. It does this by interfering with the conversion of ___________________________________

4. Defense against Disease

The body’s outer covering prevents the majority of disease organisms from entering; any that do must be destroyed immediately.

Cellular Defense _______________________________are responsible for destroying the bacteria When bacteria break through the outer defenses, the capillaries _________________ This causes____________________ and an increase in local ________________________ Leucocytes are attracted to the area and begin ____________________ the disease bacteria The leucocytes are killed while destroying the bacteria and accumulate in pockets with other

dead tissue and plasma to form _____________ _________________ and __________________are the most effective bacteria killing cells

Chemical Defense Lymphocytes and monocytes produce ______________________that make an organism

_____________________ to an _____________________ Foreign protein called ______________________, when introduced to the body, triggers the

production of ________________________to destroy it The _____________________ is most important in antibody production during infancy and

early childhood because it produces _____________________________ Immunity can either be _______________________________________

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BIO30SPRACTICE QUESTIONS - BLOOD COMPONENTS:

1. List the functions of the blood. (4)

2. Briefly describe the FOUR components of the blood. (4)

3. Describe the function of each of the FOUR components of the blood. (4)

4. Reorganize the events in each group in the order in which they would likely occur. Write 1 next to the first event, 2 next the event that would happen second, and so on. (2)

_______ Thromboplastin mixes with prothrombin and calcium to produce thrombin

_______ Fibrin forms the clot.

_______ Injury occurs, and platelets rupture releasing thromboplastin

_______ Thrombin mixes with fibrinogen to produce fibrin

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5. Explain why red blood cells are the most numerous of the blood cells and why they have such a short life span. (2)

6. Why are white blood cells the least numerous of the blood cells, and why do they have a longer life span. (2)

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BLOOD GROUPS

Human blood can be differentiated into four groups:1. _________________________________2. _________________________________3. _________________________________4. _________________________________

Blood types are determined by either the _____________________________________found on the cell membranes of the red blood cells (antigens) and in the plasma part of the blood(antibodies) that cause ____________________________________(clumping) of the red blood cells.

Two of these antigens on the RBC are classified __________________________________________

The two antibodies that correspond to antigens A and B are designated _______________________

Agglutination is due to the combination of an ____________________________________________

For example: blood cells with antigen A will clump in the presence of anti-A antibodies.

BLOOD TYPE ANTIGENS ANTIBODIES

TYPE A

TYPE B

TYPE AB

TYPE O

Blood Group Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttjn1jVACk8

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BLOOD TYPING

In blood typing, ________________________ are used: one has anti-A antibodies, the other anti-B antibodies. To one drop of blood a drop of serum is added; the two drops are mixed together and observed for evidence of ________________________________________________.

If clumping occurs with anti-A serum the person’s blood must have antigen A on the red blood cells. _______________________________________________________________.

If clumping occurs with anti-B serum, _____________________________because it has antigen B on the erythrocytes.

If clumping occurs when a drop of blood is mixed separately with anti-A and anti-B serums, it must be __________ because it contains both antigens A and B.

If no clumping is evident, ______________________, because neither antigen A nor antigen B is present in the blood.

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BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS:

When large quantities of blood are transfused, the possible reaction of the donor’s antibodies with the _________________________________________________________________.

Incorrect matching of blood could be _____________________________.

Persons with type O are considered to be _________________________,as they contain no antigens to cause recipient’s antibodies to clump around “foreign antigens”

Persons with type AB are ___________________________, as they contain no antibodies to attack donor’s antigens.

Persons with type A cannot receive type B blood as type A has antigen A and antibodies B, antibodies B will attack “foreign antigen B” that is does not recognize, and cause clumping

of the blood.

Rh FACTOR

In addition to the ABO antigens, there is ______________________________________________ called the ________________________ (named after the rhesus monkey in which the antigen was discovered).

People who have the Rh antigen on their red blood cells are said to be __________________ (Rh+)

People who do not have the Rh antigen on their red blood cells are said to be _____________(Rh-)

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ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS: Rh factor can cause complications in some _______________________________.

Problem occur only if the mother is ____________________________________________________.

FIRST PREGNANCY:At birth the Rh+ baby’s blood mixes with the Rh- blood of the mother. The mother’s blood then makes anti-Rh+ antibodies.

SECOND AND SUBSEQUENT PREGNANCIES:Should the mother become pregnant again, these ________________________________________. If the new fetus is Rh+, the anti-Rh+ antibodies from the mother will __________________________ _________________, endangering the fetus.

TREATMENT:When the Rh+ fetus is 28 weeks old, and again shortly after birth, the Rh- mother is given a _________________________________________________________________________________. As a result her fetus will no longer be in danger.

Erythroblastosis Fetalis Videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97E8NZ6apS8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZaL6420GVlE

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BIO30SPRACTICE QUESTIONS - BLOOD TYPE:

1. Complete the following chart:

Blood type of Recipient Blood type of Possible Donors

A

B

AB

O

2. What blood type is the universal donor? Why would this type not cause clumping in other blood types?

3. What blood type is the universal recipient? Why would this type not be clumped by other blood types?

4. Can a type A recipient safely receive group B blood? Explain.

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5. What is Rh factor?

6. If a mother has the Rh negative factor and her fetus is Rh positive, complications may result. Explain.

7. Reorganize the events in each group in the order in which they would likely occur. Write 1 next to the first event, 2 next the event that would happen second, and so on.

_______ During the mother’s next pregnancy, Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and endanger the fetus.

_______ Mother is exposed to Rh antigens at the birth of her Rh+ baby

_______ Mother makes anti-Rh+ antibodies

_______ Baby inherits Rh+ from the father and the mother is Rh-.

8.

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PART TWO – BLOOD VESSELS

ARTERIES

Arteries are blood vessels which carry blood __________________ from the heart to various parts of the _____________________

The large arteries branch many times to from smaller and smaller arteries. The smallest arteries are called __________________________.

The ____________________ the largest artery, is about 25 mm in diameter. Arterioles are about 0.2 mm in diameter.

Artery walls are ______________, ________________ and _________________ and made of three tissue layers.

o The inner most layer is the _______________________ – a smooth, thin sheet of tightly packed cells.

o The middle layer is made of _________________and ______________________.o The arteries outer most layer is made up of ____________, ____________________,

__________________, and ___________________________ that nourish the artery’s walls.

Functions of the Arteries:

Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. This blood is normally oxygenated, with the exception of the pulmonary and umbilical arteries.

The arterial system is the _____________________________________ of the circulatory system with the pressure varying between the peak pressure during heart contraction, called the systolic pressure, and the minimum, or diastolic pressure between contractions, when the heart expands and refills.

The increase in arterial pressure during systole, or ventricular contraction, results in the ____________________________ which is an indicator of __________________________.

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CAPILLARIES

The capillaries have very ________________ composed of a single layer of endothelial cells. The average diameter is 7/1000 mm – just wide enough to let red blood cells pass

__________________________________________ The two outermost layers of the arteries disappear and the arterioles branch into a network

of capillaries. There are approximately 100,000 km of capillaries in an adult. They provide a great deal of ________________________ that contacts other tissue; more

than 6000 square meters allow for a great deal of exchange between blood and the tissues. The capillaries consist of _____________________ alone, the walls being only _______ cell

thick. Substances in the blood and substances in the body tissue are ________________________

_______________________________, and not across the walls of arteries and veins.

Functions of the Capillaries

Capillaries function in a group, or a __________________, which is an __________________________________________of capillaries.

The _________________ a cell is the ____________________________ that are needed to supply the proper blood flow and exchange of materials.

These blood vessels are microscopic, but their presence is viewable at times. When a person blushes, this occurs in the capillaries and turns the cheeks red. This is partially possible because the wall of the capillary is only one cell thick.

VEINS

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Although blood is forced into the arteries under pressure, by the time it reaches the capillaries this pressure is ______________________

Since the blood pressure in the veins is less than 1/10 of the pressure in the aorta it is obvious that another mechanism must be present for getting blood back to the heart.

Capillaries reunite to form _________________, which join to form larger and larger ______________, having progressively thicker layers ________________________________ ______________________________________

The structure of a vein is similar to that of an artery, except the middle section containing muscle and elastic fiber is ________________ because there is very little blood pressure in it.

Veins act as ____________________________ for the flow of blood from the tissues back to the heart.

The veins depend largely on the pressure exerted on them by ______________________ to return blood to the heart.

Most veins, particularly in the arms and legs have ___________________________ that prevent the backflow of blood into the capillaries.

While standing a person unconsciously contracts muscles in his legs to force blood through the leg veins.

When blood is not being forced forward in the vein the _________________________ to prevent blood from flowing backwards

Functions of the Veins

Veins serve to return blood from organs to the heart. Veins are also called "___________________________" because most of the blood volume

(60%) is contained within veins. Standing or sitting for a prolonged period of time can cause low venous return from venous

pooling. Jet pilots wear pressurized suits to help maintain their venous return and blood pressure.

The difference between veins and arteries is their _______________________________ (out of the heart by arteries, returning to the heart for veins), not their oxygen content.

One Exception:o Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up

oxygen.o Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart to be pumped to

the rest of the body.

Blood Vessels Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v43ej5lCeBo

A Comparison of Arteries and Veins and Capillaries

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Artery Vein CapillariesFunction

Oxygenated/Deoxygenated Blood

Structure

Volume and Pressure

Valves

Smaller Blood vessels

Blood Movement

PART THREE – THE HUMAN HEART

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The adult heart is about the size of a large fist and has a mass of approximately ________________. The heart is a _________________________________ which beats about 72 times and pumps 5 litres of blood every minute. Pumping over ___________________ of blood each day, 35 million litres in the life time of a grade 11 student, your heart provides the ___________________ for the circulatory system.

The human heart is really ______________________ working side by side. A thick wall of muscle, called the __________________, separates the hearts right and left sides.

Each side is divided into two chambers: ___________________________________.

The upper chambers, the _______________, collect blood ______________________ to the heart through veins. The think muscles of their walls push blood a short distance to the lower chambers, the ventricles. The thick, muscular walls of the __________________ contract_________________, pushing blood _____________________ to the _____________and ___________ through arteries.

The Human Heart Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmpd82mpVO4 STRUCTURE OF THE HEART:

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FOUR CHAMBERS: two upper chambers called ATRIA two lower chambers called VENTRICLES

THE SEPTUM The right and left sides of your heart are divided by an _______________________________

called the _____________________. The septum ________________________________________________________________.

VALVES in the Heart:

There are _____________________________ (4 individual valves) located within the heart.

Function is to _____________________________________________________________________.

1st set - ___________________________________ (AV valves): located between the ______________________________________ flaps of tissue are supported by __________________________________________ to

muscles that pull the flaps open. when blood ________________________________, the valves close ________________ valve contains _____________ and is called the ____________________ ________________ valve contains _____________ and is called the ____________________

(also known as the MITRAL Valve)

2nd set - __________________________________: these valves resemble little pockets or

__________________________ flaps of tissue located in the arteries that

leave the ventricles ___________________________________

alone (no muscular control) ______________________________ of

blood into the heart from the aorta and pulmonary arteries

each valve consists of three half moon cusps attached to the arterial walls

Found at the opening of the ______________________________ is the ___________________________________

Found at the opening of the ____________ is the ______________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________.BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART AND BODY

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Blood from any body tissue other than the lungs returns to the heart through either one of two veins: ____________________________________________________________.

The superior vena cava drains blood from the _____________________________________. The inferior vena cava drains the _______________________________________________.

Having come from living and therefore respiring tissues, the blood in these veins is called ______________________, has a _______oxygen content and a _________ carbon dioxide content.

Deoxygenated blood passes from the superior and interior vena cava into the __________________ of the heart. A contraction of the atrium forces blood into the lower chamber, the ______________________.

The __________________________________ valve between the two chambers prevents the backward flow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium.

This valve, commonly called the ______________________, consists of _________________ of tissue that together form a more or less funnel-shaped arrangement, the narrow end extending into the ventricle.

The ___________________________ in the atrium forces the valve ____________, but when pressure develops in the ventricle, the pressure pushes the flaps against each other, effectively _____________________the opening.

A _______________________ of the right ventricle can force blood out only though the ____________________________________, the only artery departing from the right ventricle.

Another valve, the _______________________________________, between the right ventricle and the pulmonary truck prevents backflow of blood.

Shortly after leaving the right ventricle, the pulmonary trunk branches into the _____________________________________, each of which serves a different __________.

In the capillaries of the lungs, _________________________________ releases the ______________________________ received from the body tissues and receives a fresh supply of ___________________________.

After passing through the lungs, ____________________________ returns to the _____________by way of the ___________________________, which enter the ___________________. Contraction of this chamber forces blood into the _______________________.

Another AV valve, known as the __________________________, between the left atrium and left ventricle prevents the backflow into the left atrium.

Contraction of the left ventricle forces blood into the ________________, the largest artery of the body. The ____________________________________ prevents backflow into the left ventricle when the ventricle relaxes.

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The branches of the aorta carry oxygenated blood to _____________________________________.

In the brain, a muscle, a gland, or some other organ the oxygenated blood becomes deoxygenated blood as it _________________________________ and ___________________________________ from the tissues.

The venules and veins that drain capillaries carry deoxygenated blood to either the _______________________________________, both of which return blood to the right atrium of the heart.

In the human circulatory system, there are two prominent blood circuits: the ________________________________ and the __________________________________.

o The pulmonary system is concerned with the passage of blood from the heart through the lungs and back to the heart.

o The systemic system is concerned with the passage of blood from the heart and all other organs (except the lungs) and back to the heart.

One complete cycle of the flow of blood through the systemic circuit takes about 90 seconds. The two-circuit arrangement is an efficient circulatory pattern that avoids the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

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THE CARDIAC CYCLE (THE HEARTBEAT)

Each heartbeat requires approximately ________________________________________________, although this varies with age, exercise, state of health, and emotion. Unlike other striated muscles, the heart requires no _____________________________to contract. A heart continues to beat if all nerve connections to it are severed. However the nerves serving the heart do control the _______________________________________________________.

A single beat of the heart consists of a contraction of the atria followed by a contraction of the ventricles and a period of relaxation of all four chambers of the heart.

Contractions are called ___________________, and relaxations are called ___________________.

An atrial systole lasts one eight of a second, and permits blood to flow from the _______________ into the ________________________. It is followed by an atrial diastole, lasting seven eights of a second, which allows blood from the ___________________________________________________ and the _________________________________ to enter the __________________.

The beginning of the atrial diastole coincides with the beginning of the ventricular systole, which lasts three eights of a second and forces blood into the __________________________________ and the __________________. The ventricular diastole lasts through the atrial systole of the next beat. For half of the beat (half a second) all the chambers of the heart _____________________.

The contraction of the heart muscles of the atria and ventricles is initiated by a mass of specialized cells known as the ________________________ (SA node).

The SA node is located in the posterior wall of the _________________________, near the entrance of the superior vena cava.

The SA node is called the _________________________ because it produces the ______________________ that starts each _________________________.

The nerve impulse spreads quickly over both atria, causing the atrial muscles to contract.

The impulse reaches a second node, the ________________________(AV node), located in the septum between the ventricles but in contact with the lower portion of the right atrium.

The stimulation of the AV node causes never impulses to be sent down the bundle of nerve fibres, known as the ____________________________.

The Bundle of His branches into a pair of nerve fibres going down the septum with one going around the base of each ventricle.

The impulse started in the SA node and picked up by the AV node reaches the muscles of the ventricles and causes them to contract.

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THE HEART CYCLE:

Each heartbeat has two basic parts: ____________________(di-AS-toe-lee, or relaxation) and atrial and __________________________________ (SIS-toe-lee, or contraction).

____________________________: is the contraction of the heart muscle and blood is being pumped out(emptying of blood) high pressure

____________________________: is the relaxation of the heart muscle and blood is flowing into the heart (filling with blood) low pressure

Systole or Diastole What is occurring?-both atria contract to finish filling the ventricles

-ventricle muscles relax-heart is passively filling with blood again as blood is returned to heart by the veins-AV valves are open and SL valves are closed (“dub”)

-both atria are at rest

-ventricle muscles are contracting simultaneously-AV valves are closed and SL valves are open (“LUB”)-blood passes into aorta and pulmonary artery

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ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (EKG or ECG)

Video: What is an ECG? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jq6zqx8E-Cg

If you’ve ever seen the heart test called an ___________________(electrocardiogram), you’ve seen a graphical picture of the electrical activity of your heart.

The ______________________ is a record of the electrical activity through the upper heart chambers (atria).

The ______________________ is a record of the movement of electrical impulses through the lower heart chambers (ventricles).

The______________________ corresponds to the time when the ventricle is contracting but no electricity is flowing through it. The ST segment usually appears as a straight, level line between the QRS complex and the T wave.

The ______________________ corresponds to the period when the lower heart chambers are relaxing electrically and preparing for their next muscle contraction.

Electrical signals within the heart can be measured and recorded by a machine called an ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH. This recording is then shown as an electrocardiogram. An EKG is a technological device that monitors the heart’s electrical activity.

The EKG is an important tool used in ____________________________________. Each _____________________________________in the EKG tracing represents a ________________ ___________________________that takes place during a heartbeat.

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WHAT IS AN ARRHYTHMIA?

An arrhythmia (also referred to as dysrhythmia) is an ___________________________________, which can __________________________________________________.

Arrhythmias can cause problems with contractions of the heart chambers by:

_________________________________________________________________ because the electrical signal is causing the heart to pump too fast.

_________________________________________________________________ because the electrical signal is causing the heart to pump too slowly or too irregularly.

In any of these situations, the body may not receive enough blood because the heart cannot pump out an adequate amount with each beat as a result of the arrhythmia's effects on the heart rate.

What is an Arrhythmia Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nq7B08suZJw

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FIBRILLATION:

Is the condition that results when the __________________________________________________ In this situation, the ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Therefore the heart can only be restored to normal beating by means of ______________________.

DEFIBRILLATION:

Is the delivery of an __________________________ into the heart muscle. This “shock” stops the uncontrolled electrical activity and allows the heart’s normal pacer to take over.

What is a defibrillator and how does it work Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_83MqtTOGkhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FejwQWkwfUQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3il0ii7Svwk

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NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROL OF THE HEART:

the _______________________________(SA node) controls _____________________________________________, a portion of the brain called the ____________________________________ regulates the rate of the pacemaker, speeding or slowing its nerve impulses.

if the heart beats too _________________, sensory cells in the arteries (aorta) near the heart become stretched. These cells send a signal, via the nervous system, to the medulla oblongata, which in turn sends a signal to _________________________________.

if the heart _______________________________, blood pressure in the arteries drops, signaling the medulla oblongata to ________________________________________________________.

Afferent nerves convey impulses toward the brain, specifically the autonomic nervous system centered in the medulla oblongata .Efferent nerves convey impulses from the brain outward carrying messages to regulate heartbeat

Autonomic nervous system (controls involuntary actions) is composed of both sympathetic nerves, and parasympathetic nerves.

o ____________________________________________________________________o ____________________________________________________________________

chemical receptors in the blood vessels are sensitive to oxygen or _________________________ levels and stimulate various nerves to affect heart rate.

These inform the nervous system of the changes in oxygen content in the blood and stimulate the appropriate nerves.

HOMEOSTASIS AND HEARTBEAT CONTROL:

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FACTORS AFFECTING HEART RATE:

1. ____________________________________:Fear, excitement, shock, anger, tension will all cause an ___________________ in heart rate

2. ____________________________________ : Carbon monoxide will _________________________ the heart Excess carbon dioxide will ___________________________ heart rate Excess oxygen will ____________________________ heart rate Nicotine, caffeine will _________________________ heart rate Alcohol will _______________________ heart rate Hormones such as adrenaline will ______________both force and rate of the heart beat

3. Additional Factors Affecting Heart Rate: ________________________________________________________________________

Effects of ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE on heart rate:

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REGULATORY CONTROL CENTER (Medulla

Oblongata)

EFFECTOR(Impulses are

received in heart and heart muscle

beats slower)

STIMULUS(fast heart rate)

RESPONSE(Pacemaker slows

down and heart rate decreases)

RECEPTORS(Sensory cells in arteries become

stretched and detect fast heart rate)

(also called epinephrine and norepinephrine)

when the body is in ______________________________________, adrenaline and noradrenaline are released from the _________________________________

these hormones causes the ________________________________ to act on heart rate and breathing rate are both increased

this is called ____________________________ response as it prepares the body to either ______________________________________________________.

once the danger has passed, the body returns to __________________________________ controlled by the ______________________________________________.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM’S ADJUSTMENT TO EXERCISE:

The circulatory system adjusts in various ways to changes in physiological conditions. These adjustments are controlled by negative feedback mechanism, which bring conditions in the body back to normal range.

As exercise begins, the nervous system sends impulses to the adrenal glands to release adrenaline (epinephrine) into the blood stream.

Effects: blood vessels in the skin and abdominal organs constrict, _______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________. This in effect increases the volume of blood available.

_____________________________________ of small arterioles and capillaries in the muscle and the heart, increasing blood supply to these organs.

This trade off of blood supplies helps to maintain the blood pressure in the whole body.

stimulates _______________________________, and __________________________________ both delivery of extra oxygen to the muscles and removal of wastes.

________________________ is removed from the body by the ___________________________ in the skin, allowing extra heat to be given off to the environment.

BLOOD PRESSURE

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Blood pressure is determined mainly by:a) _____________________________________________________________________b) _____________________________________________________________________ c) _____________________________________________________________________

The thick, muscular walls of the arteries are elastic, and expand to accommodate this great pressure by the blood. As the ________________________________________________________________.

Blood pressure ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Blood pressure rises and falls as the heart contracts and then relaxes. Muscles in the walls of a blood vessel may contract or relax, changing the vessel’s

diameter, and this changes the blood pressure by making it harder or easier for blood to pass through the vessel.

The narrower the vessel, the greater the resistance, and so the speed of blood flow drops very low in capillaries.

___________________________________:

Blood pressure rises sharply when the ___________________________, pushing blood through the arteries.

systolic pressure indicates the _______________________________________________ The _____________________ is called SYSTOLIC PRESSURE (_______________ pressure)

___________________________________:

Blood pressure then drops dramatically as the ________________________________. diastolic pressure indicates the elasticity of the blood vessels, and is useful in diagnosing

hardening of the arteries The ________________________ occurs just before the ventricles contract again and is

called DIASTOLIC PRESSURE (________________ pressure)

The usual blood pressure reading is ________________________

120 represents the systolic pressure (_________________________)

80 represents the diastolic pressure (_________________________)

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HOW DOES BLOOD FLOW BETWEEN ARTERIES, CAPILLARIES AND VEINS?

ARTERIES: As blood flows through the arteries, there is a little drop in pressure. _________________________________________________________________________. There is a large drop in pressure when the blood reaches the arterioles.

CAPILLARIES: At the capillary ends of the arterioles there are rings of muscles that control the blood

flow through the capillaries. The capillaries _____________________________________________________________ Blood flow must ________________________to allow time for exchange of substances

between blood in the capillaries and the surrounding tissues.

VEINS: By the time blood reaches the veins, ________________________. It is too low to return

to the heart from the lower parts of the body. Blood flow in the veins is helped by the _________________________________________

as the body moves and __________________________________.

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REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE

Low blood pressure reduces your capacity to transport blood. High blood pressure can weaken an artery and eventually lead to rupturing of the blood vessel. Special ____________________________ are located in the walls of the ________________________________ (found in neck). These receptors are sensitive to ________________________________.

LOWERING BP: When blood pressure exceeds the acceptable levels, the receptors send a message to the

______________________. Afferent nerves message travels to the _____________________________, which is the

____________________________________ found at the stem of the brain. Efferent nerves transmit nerve messages from the brain to the ______________________. The sympathetic nerve is inhibited, and the parasympathetic nerve is stimulated.

Arterioles __________________, increasing the flow of blood from the artery. Heart rate and stroke volume ____________________, and as a result, the decreased cardiac output _____________the movement of blood into the arteries and ___________blood pressure.

INCREASING BP: When blood pressure is below the acceptable levels, adjustments are made by the

sympathetic nerve. Without nerve information from the pressure receptors of the aorta or the carotid arteries, the sympathetic nerve in not inhibited. Under the influence of the sympathetic nerve, _________________________, ___________________________, and __________________________________________________________ to normal levels.

REGULATORY CONTROL CENTER (Medulla

Oblongata)EFFECTOR

(Muscles relax and blood vessels dilate

= vasodilation)

STIMULUS(High Blood

Pressure)

RESPONSE(Blood Pressure

decreases)

RECEPTORS(Sensory cells in aorta and carotid artery detect high blood pressure)

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VARIATIONS IN BLOOD PRESSURE DUE TO INTRINSIC FACTORS:

1. _____________________injury or hemorrhage will cause loss of blood internally or externally and will decrease b.p.

2. _____________________faster heart rate will increase b.p.

3. ____________________ Change in blood vessel size due to chemicals, hormones act as vasodilators, and vasoconstrictors

a. _______________________: occurs in arterioles, where vessels become smaller (decrease diameter) which increases b.p. Caused by fear (pale), sickness

b. _______________________: occurs in arterioles, where vessels become wider (increase in diameter) which decreases b.p. Caused by embarrassment (blushing- red)

4. ___________________________________ ability to expand and relax through blood surges decreases with age leading to an increase in b.p.

5. _______________________ from the arteries due to narrowing or hardening, or blockages will increase the blood pressure as arteries have less stretch and a decrease in blood flow also occurs as less blood is able to move through a smaller opening.

6. _______________________ artery distance from heart also decreases blood pressure. As blood passes into smaller vessels and the distance from the heart becomes greater, the blood pressure becomes greatly reduced.

7. _________________________ depends upon the balance between the red blood cells and the amount of plasma

8. _____________________: a) primary caused by nervous disorderb) secondary caused by a great loss of blood

9. Anaphylactic- caused by antibody-antigen reaction which decreases the heart action, and causes an allergic reaction.

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EXTRINSIC FACTORS WHICH AFFECT BLOOD PRESSURE:

1. _____________________________________________________________________________ all can lead to elevated blood pressures

2. ______________ can lead to low blood pressure

3. ____________________________________________________ can regulate blood pressure.

HOW TO MEASURE BLOOD PRESSURE:

blood pressure is measured with a ________________________________________

(blood pressure cuff)

Each time the heart contracts, the sound is heard. A gauge measures the pressure that the blood exerts during ventricular contractions called systolic pressure. Diastolic pressure is measured when the heart is relaxing.

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__________________________________________________________________:

Is higher than average blood pressure, and occurs when the force or tension of the blood _________________________________________________________.

High BP =

CAUSE: Anything that abnormally overloads the heart such as: atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), stress and nervous tension, can all increase the risk of ____________________________ (heart attack)

High blood pressure can also cause shortness of breath, and kidney failure, and stroke

_________________________________________________________________:

Is lower than average blood pressure, and occurs when the force of blood ______________________________________________________.

Low BP =

Low blood pressure can lead to slight or even severe oxygen deprivation to the brain. Standing for long periods of time may be difficult.

Blood Pressure Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWti317qb_w

High Blood Pressure Video: http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/video/bernstein-hypertension-affects-cardiac-risk

Foods that Lower Blood Pressure Video: http://www.eatingwell.com/videos/v/103099802/7-foods-to-lower-your-blood-pressure.htm

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STETHOSCOPES:

Doctors used to check the heart by simply putting an ___________ on the patient's ______________. However, that was a bit embarrassing for many people.

So in 1817, a French doctor named _______________________________ began using a ______________________________________ for the task. The idea caught on, and by the early 1900s, the stethoscope had evolved into its present form with rubber tubes and a metal bell on the end.

An acoustic medical device for ____________________________________ of an animal or human body. It is often used to listen to lung and heart sounds.

o listens for two sounds--_________________________________________. The "lub" is the sound of the first set of heart valves closing The “dub” is the second set closing. In-between the “lub” and “dub”, the heart should be quiet. If it isn't, there might be a

problem.

o also listens for a ____________________________________ heard in-between the lub and dub. This is called a murmur. Murmurs can be caused by a rough edge on a valve. A murmur may tell your doctor that some blood is leaking backward with every beat.

It is also used to listen to intestines and blood flow in arteries and veins.

In combination with a sphygmomanometer, it is commonly used for measurements of ________________________________.

Stethoscope Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8E6SrRhBSs

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BIO30SCIRCULATORY SYSTEM END OF UNIT PRACTICE QUESTIONS:

1. Blood Vessels– Fill in the blanks by naming the artery or vein in question.

Artery/Vein FunctionBlood vessel carrying oxygenated blood to the legs

Blood vessel carrying deoxygenated blood away from the head

Large blood vessel located in the arm

Blood vessel carrying blood to the kidneys

Blood vessel carrying blood from the lungs to the heart

Blood vessel carrying blood from the intestines

Blood vessel carrying blood to the liver

Largest blood vessel in the body

Two blood vessels that drain the upper and lower regions of the body andcarry blood directly to the heart Large artery in the neck

The only vein in the body that carries oxygenated blood

The only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood

2. List three ways in which the circulatory system maintains homeostasis in the human body. Be SPECIFIC!

3. Distinguish between an artery and a vein structurally.

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4. Trace the pathway, in point form, taken by a red blood cell as it passes from the lungs to the aorta of the heart. Include valves.

5. What is the function of the heart? Describe how the structure of the heart is related to its function.

6. Explain why the heart is called a double pump.

7. Why does the left ventricle contain more muscle than the right ventricle?

8. Name and explain the different in the two sets of valves found in the heart.

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9. What would happen if a person had a hole in their septum?

10. Label the diagram of the heart below.

11. Electrical impulses are sent out under the control of what part of the brain?

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12. Explain what an EKG tells you. What is an arrhythmia?

13. Describe how adrenaline affects the body, and heart rate.

14. List four factors that could affect heart rate, include how they affect heart rate.

15. State three factors that determine blood pressure levels.

16. Explain why the blood pressure changes periodically in the aorta and the small arteries, but not in the capillaries and veins.

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17. How do blood pressure regulators detect and respond to high blood pressure.

18. Discuss systolic and diastolic pressure.

19. Discuss four intrinsic factors that affect blood pressure.

20. Compare vasodilation vs vasoconstriction.

21. Discuss any two extrinsic factors that affect blood pressure.

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22. How is blood pressure values stated?

23. What is hypertension? Hypotension?

24. At what values is blood pressure considered to be “high” and “low”.

25. What effect would exercise have on a person systolic and diastolic pressure?

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Bio30S

Circulation Review

1. Compare and contrast the different blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries).

2. Understand the flow of blood through the heart. Understand and be able to describe the role and function of the following:

a) Superior and Inferior vena cavab) Right atriumc) Right ventricled) AV valve (tricuspid valve)e) Pulmonary Semi Lunar valvef) Pulmonary arteryg) Pulmonary veinh) Left Atriumi) Left ventriclej) Mitral valve (bicuspid valve)k) Aortal) Aortic semi lunar valve

3. What is the difference between the systemic system and the pulmonary system?

4. Know the heart diagram.

5. Understand the role of the SA node and the AV node in the cardiac cycle (also understand the role of the Bundle of His).

6. Explain the 5 major factors affecting pressure in arteries and veins.

7. What device measure blood pressure? What is systolic pressure? What is diastolic pressure?

8. What is an EKG? Name the 3 major peaks, what do they represent? What can an EKG tell us?

9. What does the lymphatic system do? What are the major components of the lymphatic system?

10. Blood is composed of two parts they are?

11. What are red blood cells? Name some characteristics.

12. What are white blood cells? Name some characteristics.

13. What is the main role of the platelets?

14. What are the steps of blood clotting?49

15. What are the four different blood groups? Why is it necessary to know the antigens and antibodies present in the blood? What could happen if incompatible blood mixes?

16. Name and describe the cause, symptom and treatment of 3 circulatory disorders.

17. How are diseases spread?

18. What are the three lines of defences the body has to defend itself from infections? Briefly explain each. (Chart in written notes)

19. What are the two types of immunity?

20. What are the three types of acquired immunity?

21. What are the similarities and differences between viruses and bacteria?

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