Planning: the 12-17 year old (endurance) athlete

Dr Andi DrakeDirector UKA National Centre for Race Walking, Leeds Metropolitan University

a.drake@leedsmet.ac.uk

Strategy & objectives at Carnegie

PASSIONDEVELOPING TALENT

CHAMPIONSHIP COMPETITOR

CURRENCYATHLETES IN TEAMS

BEST IN THE WORLD?

FULFIL POTENTIAL

Collins, J. (2004) Good to Great. Harper Business, New York.

• Experiences• Current product• Athlete development• Successful programmes

Planning: the 12-17 year old (endurance) athlete

Shared experience?

• Think back(!)• Activities at primary school?• Activities at start (11) of secondary school?• Activities at finish (16/18) of secondary school?

Shared experience?

• Think now... ...about athletes you coach• Activities at primary school?• Activities at start (11) of secondary school?• Activities at finish (16/18) of secondary school?

Activity

Coach

Activity

The deliberate practice framework• Elite athletes:

1. specialise in main sport at younger age than sub-elite

2. start deliberate practice at younger age than sub-elite

3. accumulate more deliberate practice hours than sub-elite throughout career

Côté, J., Fraser-Thomas, J. Play, practice, and athlete development. In Farrow, D., Baker, J., MacMahon, C. (2008) Developing Sport Expertise. Routledge.

A development model of sport participation

• Elite athletes:1. sample various sports during childhood

instead of specialising in one2. involved in greater amounts of deliberate

play than practice during childhood3. involved in more deliberate practice and

less deliberate play during teenage and adult years

Côté, J., Fraser-Thomas, J. Play, practice, and athlete development. In Farrow, D., Baker, J., MacMahon, C. (2008) Developing Sport Expertise. Routledge.

Coaching factors within the development model of sport participation• Framework of elite performance AND healthy development

Stage of participation

Deliberate play/ other sport activities:

% total involvement

Deliberate practice:% total involvement

Involvement in other sports:

no. sports

Sampling(age 6-12) 80 20 3-4

Specialising(age 13-15) 50 50 2-3

Investment(age 16-22) 20 80 1-2

Côté, J., Fraser-Thomas, J. Play, practice, and athlete development. In Farrow, D., Baker, J., MacMahon, C. (2008) Developing Sport Expertise. Routledge.

• Planning for the 12 year old athlete?• Different product?• Different skillset?• Physically literate?• Early specialisation?

• Challenging coaching environment

Robertson, S., Hamilton, A. (2008) Long-Term Athlete Development – Canadian Sport for Life. Canadian Sport Centres, Vancouver.

Deliberate practice v development model?

• Plan appropriate activities for:• career stage• year stage (macrocycle)• each day (microcycle)

Athlete development

Introduction

to sport

High perform

ance

career term

inationSampling Specialising Investment Maintenance

PEAK PERFORMANCE

Baker, J. Cobley, S. Does practice make perfect? In Farrow, D., Baker, J., MacMahon, C. (2008) Developing Sport Expertise. Routledge.

Baker, J., Horton, S., Robertson-Wilson, J., Wall, M. (2003) Nurturing sport expertise: factors influencing the development of elite athlete. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2, 1-9.

Year of involvement

Accu

mul

ated

hou

rs

Hou

rs p

er w

eek

Experts accumulated hours

Non-experts accumulated hours

Experts hours per week

Non-experts hours per week

The 10-year rule

12

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150

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12 to 13 14 to 15 16 to 17 18 + Senior

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95

The 10-year rule

(Damilano, S. (1993) Avviamento alla Marcia: proposte per l’attività giovanile delle fasce comprese tra 12 e 17 anni. Atleticastudi. 24:6. 345-349. Drake, A. (2005) The training methods of Ivano Brugnetti and Italian race walkers. The Coach. 27. 55-61)

12

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12 to 13 14 to 15 16 to 17 18 + Senior

Kil

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95

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

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12 to 13 14 to 15 16 to 17 18 + Senior

Kil

om

etr

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r w

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k (

av

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)

95

The 10-year rule

(Damilano, S. (1993) Avviamento alla Marcia: proposte per l’attività giovanile delle fasce comprese tra 12 e 17 anni. Atleticastudi. 24:6. 345-349. Drake, A. (2005) The training methods of Ivano Brugnetti and Italian race walkers. The Coach. 27. 55-61)

Training development

# ac

tiviti

es

Hou

rs p

er w

eek

Non-experts activities

Experts activities

Non-experts hours per week

Experts hours per week

Age

The 10-year rule

Baker, J., Horton, S., Robertson-Wilson, J., Wall, M. (2003) Nurturing sport expertise: factors influencing the development of elite athlete. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2, 1-9.

• Physiotherapy costs, September ’09 – March ’10

Costs…

Event PB 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Event PB 2006 2007 2008 2009 20107MW 54:55:00 54:55:00 7MW 54:33:00 54:33:00

400 58.75 58.75 1000W 04:05.8 04:05.8800 02:03.8 02:10.5 02:03.8 MileW 06:35.7 06:35.7

1500 04:19.3 04:24.8 04:19.3 3000W 12:58.6 16:21.0 13:34.6 12:58.63000 09:30.5 09:45.3 09:30.5 5000W 20:45.60i 25:39.9 23:22.1 20:45.60i

100HU17M 20.19 20.19 3KW 14:04 14:041500SC 04:48.9 04:48.9 5KW 21:59 28:31:00 26:14:00 23:42 21:592000SC 07:12.5 07:12.5 10KW 43:39:00 57:15:00 48:48:00 45:29:00 43:39:00MileW 06:31.3 06:31.33000W 12:51.9 16:44.9 15:41.3 14:15.9 13:12.3 12:51.95000W 21:55.0 26:28.2 23:39.9 22:40.3 21:55.010000W 45:26:00 49:07:00 45:26:00HJ 1.41 1.41PV 2.9 2.6 2.9LJ 4.6 4.6SPU17M 8.69 8.69DTU17M 25.6 25.6JT 37.69 37.69JTU17M 36.97 36.97OctU17M 3143 31433KW 15:14 15:145KW 22:15 25:54:00 24:36:00 22:26 22:155MW 42:53:00 42:53:0010KW 43:31:00 49:09:00 46:01:00 43:31:00

1 h 40 min = £64 9 h 5 min = £362

Functional Movement Screen

Clinical implications for deep squat • …requires closed-kinetic chain dorsi-flexion of ankles (1)…• …flexion of knees (2) and hips (3)….• …extension of thoracic spine (4)…• …flexion and abduction of shoulders (5)

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

Cook, G. (2001) Baseline Sports-Fitness Testing. In: B. Foran, ed.” High Performance Sports Conditioning”. Human Kinetics, Champaign.

External U20 athlete supportThe UKA National Race Walking Centre

Signposts Speed

(aerobic power) Can complete 2 km time trial performance commensurate with (training?) age norm.

Speed (anaerobic power)

Can complete 6 x 300 m with 1:1 work:recovery ratio at pace 10 % faster than 2 km time trial performance.

Stamina Can complete continuous 30 min session alternating 5 min a little faster and 5 min a little slower than current 5 km race pace.

Endurance Can complete 60 min continuous session.

Functional movement

Successfully complete assessment of symmetrical and bilateral strength and mobility in range of joints.

Work ethic

Practices (trains) daily outside of school/college physical education classes – defined as practice or training for athletics or other events/sports; in a training camp environment could race walk and/or run plus complete strength & conditioning activities daily with no increase in injury risk.

Table 2. Signposts demonstrating abilities and work ethic in relation to training.

Run equivalent3 km6 x 400 m

Commitment

Athletics Forms one of 3-4 non-academic activities at age 16; and one of 1-2 non-academic activities at age 18.

Annual training plan

Progressive 12 month programme planning peaks for key competitions; and part of long term development plan. (Building towards) daily practice/training. (Working) holidays planned at close of season (48 week commitment to programme).

Competition schedule

Programme of races linked to UKA championships/UK Challenge – UKA are the funding body for this programme...

Table 3. Athletic commitment to academic work and other sports/activities – athletes/coaches who consider commitment only to winter squad camps and spring races before taking the summer off will not be considered, regardless of talent; likewise athletes who fail to compete in designated races unless demonstrably medically unfit.

External U20 athlete supportThe UKA National Race Walking Centre

• High quality coaching• Primary factor during developmental ages 16-24

• Common principles• Training structured using sport science knowledge• Daily communication between athlete and coach re.

health/fitness/weakness• Daily analysis of training and performance prevents

overtraining• i.e. it’s well planned!

Common Characteristics of Successful Endurance Programmes

Gibbons, T. (2004) Common Characteristics of Successful Endurance Programmes, Track Coach. 169 5393-5408

Training structured using sport science knowledge

• Physiology laboratory race walk test• 2 km RW time trial

Introduction

v-VO2max (km.h-1)

v-LTP (km.h-1)

v-2 km (km.h-1)

13.1±1.5NS 11.7±0.7* 13.2±1.6

n = 21 (M = 13, F = 8)v-2 km NSp > 0.05; *p < 0.05

LactateTurnPoint

Drake, A., Woolley, R., James, R., Cox, V., Godfrey, R., Brooks, S. (2007) “Prediction of velocity at maximum oxygen uptake in race walkers.” Proceedings of the 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland.

Training structured using sport science knowledge

IntroductionDrake, A., Woolley, R., James, R., Cox, V., Godfrey, R., Brooks, S. (2007) “Prediction of velocity at maximum oxygen uptake in race walkers.” Proceedings of the 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland.

3h:35

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18.0 6:40

17.5 6:51

17.0 7:03

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15.5 7:44

15.0 8:00

14.5 8:16

14.0 8:34

13.5 8:53

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10.5 11:25

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18.5 6:301h:161h:171h:181h:191h:201h:211h:221h:231h:241h:251h:261h:271h:281h:291h:301h:311h:321h:331h:341h:351h:361h:371h:381h:391h:401h:411h:421h:431h:441h:451h:461h:471h:481h:491h:501h:511h:521h:531h:541h:551h:561h:571h:581h:592h:002h:012h:022h:032h:042h:052h:062h:072h:082h:092h:10

VO2max v-VO2max 2 km TT 3 km 5 km 10 km 20 km 50 km

(ml.kg-1.min-1) (km.h-1) (mm:ss) (mm:ss) (mm:ss) (mm:ss) (h:mm) (h:mm)

17:51

18:16

18:42

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30:00

• Coaching efficacy?• Performance prediction• Training zones

Mercier, D., Leger, L., & Desjardins, M. (1986) "Nomogram to predict performance equivalence in distance runners.” Track Technique, 94 3004-3009. Daniels, J. (2005) Daniels' Running Formula (2nd ed.) Human Kinetics.

Long Term Athlete Development ModelLEARNING TO TRAIN TRAINING TO TRAIN TRAINING TO COMPETE TRANIING TO WIN

Build technique Build engine Optimise engine Maximise engine

Biological / chronological age

Biological age:Male 9-12 years

Female 8-11 years

Biological age:Male 12-15 years

Female 11-14 years

Biological age:Male 15-18 years

Female 14-16 years

Biological age:Male 18+ years

Female 16+ years

Development phases Skill development Skill/aerobic development Competitive/physical development Performance development

Training

Progression

Extensive aerobic (70-80% 2 km time

trial pace/ v-VO2max) (EA)

4-8 km 8-15 km 12-20 km 15-30 km

Intensive aerobic (80-85% 2 km TT pace/v-

VO2max) (IA)- 6-8 km 8-12 km 10-15 km

Threshold (continuous 85-95%

2 km TT pace/ v-VO2max) (TC)

- - 4-8 km 6-12 km

Threshold (interval +/- 10% 10 km race pace) (TI)

-500-2000 m (work : recovery ratio

1 : 0.5/1; total 4 km)500-3000 m (work : recovery ratio

1 : 0.2-1; total 6-8 km)500-5000 m (work : recovery ratio 1 : 0.2-1;

10-15 km)

Interval (95-100% 2 km TT pace/ v-VO2max) (IN)

-400-1000 m (work : recovery ratio

1 : 1; total 5-6 km)1-2 km (work : recovery ratio

1 : 1; total 6-10 km)1-2 km (work : recovery ratio

1 : 0.5/1; total 8-12 km)

Technical repetition (100-120% 2 km TT pace/ v-VO2max) (TR)

100-200 m (work : recovery ratio 1 : 5; total 1.2 – 2.0 km)

200-500 m (work : recovery ratio 1 : 5; total 1.2 – 2.0 km)

200-600 m (work : recovery ratio 1 : 3/5; total 2.4-3.5 km)

200-600 m (work : recovery ratio 1 : 3/5; total 3-5 km)

Progression including strength & conditioning

(S&C).

Activities to develop...

...participation in complimentary events/sports

...body weight, medicine ball, Swiss ball exercises for functional movement

...common athletic skills

...Individual fitness/technical training

...refined technical skills ...functional movement ...participation in

complimentary events/sports (energy systems/movement patterns)

...mental preparation, tactics, sporting morality (an introduction)

...individual event specific conditioning and technical skills

...functional movement ...basic tactics and mental

preparation ...event specific knowledge

and experience

...improved physical capacities ...functional movement/skills ...all parts of training and performance

(model) ...recovery via planned breaks ...advanced tactics and mental

preparation ...all aspects of training (individualised) Gain further event specific knowledge

and experience

LTAD Model

Damilano, S. (1993) Avviamento alla Marcia: proposte per l’attività giovanile delle fasce comprese tra 12 e 17 anni. Atleticastudi. 24: 6. 345-349. Gordon, R. A. (2003) Shorter Guide to Long Term Athlete Development (LTAD). Amateur Swimming Association. Robertson, S., Hamilton, A. (2008) Long-Term Athlete Development – Canadian Sport for Life. Canadian Sport Centres, Vancouver.

LEARNING TO TRAIN TRAINING TO TRAIN TRAINING TO COMPETE TRANIING TO WIN

Training frequency

3 sessions per week (1 x EA, 1 x TR, 1 x S&C), 4 in school holidays (add 1 x EA)

4 sessions per week (1 x EA, 1 x IA /TC/TI, 1 x TR, 1 x S&C), 5 in school holidays (add 1 x IN)

5 (6) sessions per week (2 x EA, 1 x IA, 1 x TC/TI, 1 x TR) (1 x S&C), 6-7 in school holidays (add 1 x IN, 1 x TC/TI)

7-9 sessions per week at age 18/16 building towards specialised training and ~14 sessions at breakpoint volume

Average weekly training volume

~12 km ~30 km ~50 km~90 km + (moving toward breakpoint

volume ~150 km)

Growth and development

considerations

Peak motor coordination velocity. Emphasis on skill development age <11 girls, age <12 boys

Peak height velocity (growth spurt). Emphasis on aerobic development age 12-13 girls, 13-15 boys. Peak speed velocity window 2. Strength velocity window 1 girls at end of growth spurt

Peak strength development Strength velocity window 2 at onset of menarche girls, 12-18 months post growth spurt boys

Development of stamina, strength, speed, skill and suppleness

Race walk skills Improve race walk techniqueDevelop aerobic base plus race walk technique

Compete over range of distancesBegin preparation for Olympic distance events

Periodisation Single Periodisation Single or double periodisation Double periodisation Double periodisation

Number of races75 % training to 25 % competition ratio

As athlete works toward breakpoint training volume the number of races is likely to reduce significantly (a race is defined as an event that requires alteration/modification to an athletes training programme. All events that include a taper or rest from training should have clear performance targets set by the coach)

Further refinement of race schedule to focus on performance targets

Number of key races depends on focus, e.g. 20 km 4 ± 1 per year; 50 km 2 ± 1 per year

Events/typeOpen meetings, leagues, YAG GP, county championships

YAG GP, county/area/national championships

Area/national championships National/international championships

(Minimum) coach education

Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 4/5

ProgrammesQuadKids, Athletics 365,

Elevating AthleticsAthletics 365, Elevating Athletics Elevating Athletics, UKA Camps UKA Camps, World Class Performance

LTAD ModelTRAINING TO TRAIN

Build engineBiological / chronological age Biological age: Male 12-15 years; Female 11-14 years

Development phases Skill/aerobic developmentTraining Progression

Extensive aerobic (70-80% 2 km time trial pace/v-VO2max) (EA) 8-15 km

Intensive aerobic (80-85% 2 km TT pace/v-VO2max) (IA) 6-8 km

Threshold (continuous 85-95% 2 km TT pace/v-VO2max) (TC) -Threshold (interval +/- 10%

10 km race pace) (TI) 500-2000 m (work:rec. ratio 1:0.5/1; total 4 km)Interval (95-100%

2 km TT pace/v-VO2max) (IN) 400-1000 m (work:rec. ratio 1:1; total 5-6 km)

Technical repetition (100-120% 2 km TT pace/v-VO2max) (TR) 200-500 m (work:rec. ratio 1:5; total 1.2-2.0 km)

Progression including strength & conditioning (S&C).

Activities to develop...

...individual fitness/technical training ...refined technical skills ...functional movement ...participation in complimentary events/sports (energy

systems/movement patterns) ...mental preparation, tactics, sporting morality (an

introduction)

LTAD Model

Damilano, S. (1993) Avviamento alla Marcia: proposte per l’attività giovanile delle fasce comprese tra 12 e 17 anni. Atleticastudi. 24: 6. 345-349. Gordon, R. A. (2003) Shorter Guide to Long Term Athlete Development (LTAD). Amateur Swimming Association. Robertson, S., Hamilton, A. (2008) Long-Term Athlete Development – Canadian Sport for Life. Canadian Sport Centres, Vancouver.

TRAINING TO TRAIN

Training frequency4 sessions per week (1 x EA, 1 x IA/TC/TI, 1 x TR,1 x S&C), 5 in school holidays (add 1 x IN)

Average weekly training volume ~30 km

Growth and development considerations

Peak height velocity (growth spurt). Emphasis on aerobic development age 12-13 girls, 13-15 boys. Peak speed velocity window 2. Strength velocity window 1 girls at end of growth spurt

Race walk skills Develop aerobic base plus race walk techniquePeriodisation Single or double periodisation

Number of races

As athlete works toward breakpoint training volume the number of races is likely to reduce significantly (a race is defined as an event that requires alteration/modification to an athletes training programme. All events that include a taper or rest from training should have clear performance targets set by the coach)

Events/type YAG GP, county/area/national championships(Minimum) coach education Level 3

Programmes Athletics 365, Elevating Athletics

Periodisation of training stress

Morton, R. H.(2001) 'Modelling training and overtraining', Journal of Sports Sciences, 15: 3, 335 — 340

• 16 UK coaches, 13 sports:• five main generic characteristics of effective TDEs

1. Long-term aims and methods2. Wide-ranging coherent messages and support3. Emphasis on appropriate development, not early success4. Individualized and ongoing development5. Integrated, holistic and systematic development

Talent development environments

Martindale, R.J.J., Collins, D., Abraham, A. (2007) 'Effective Talent Development: The Elite Coach Perspective in UK Sport', Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19:2, 187 — 206

Athlete transition • Consider the 17 year old athlete• What transitional events/issues may impact on

athlete/athletic development?

Athlete transition Age 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Academic/ occupational development

Athletic development

Individual development

Psycho-social development

Primary

education

Initiation

Childhood

ParentsSiblingsPeers

Secondary

education

Development

Puberty

PeersCoachesParents

Higher

education

Perfection

Adolescence

Partnercoach

Professional occupation

Discontinuation

(Young)

adulthood

Family (Coach)Peers

10 15 20 25 30 35 40Elms, S. (2004) The junior to senior athlete transition. Faster Higher Stronger. 25, 13-14.

Athlete transition • Consider the 17 year old athlete• What transitional events/issues may impact on

athlete/athletic development?• Highly likely:• Higher education• Development to high performance sport• Maturing as individual• Establishing partner relationship

• Not all negative…• Manage through preparation/support (LTAD model)

Nurturing sport expertise

Baker, J., Horton, S., Robertson-Wilson, J., Wall, M. (2003) Nurturing sport expertise: factors influencing the development of elite athletes, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2, 1-9

• Biological/psychological/sociological constraints• Training & environmental factors• crucial predictors of attainment

• + parental support; adequate coaching essential• Social factors• cultural influences• relative age effect

Training activitiesDay 1 10-12 kmDay 2 5-6 km “progression” + technique

Day 3 General and specific exercises, e.g. conditioning and mobility

Day 4 6-8 km incl. Intervals, e.g. 500 mDay 5 10-12 km

Additional training in school holidaysDay 6 Interval training similar to day 4Day 7 4-5 km at race pace

Weekly volume of training 38/51 km

Development Systems: Italy, training for 17 year oldsDamilano, S. (1993) Avviamento alla Marcia: proposte per l’attività giovanile delle fasce comprese tra 12 e 17 anni. Atleticastudi. 24: 6. 345-349.

Training activitiesMonday 25 x 2 min, 1 min recoveriesTuesday 20 kmWednesday Short x-c walk, indoor gamesThursday 10 x 1 km ~ 4.18.km-1

Friday RestSaturday 5 km, 2 min slower than PBSunday 1 hour steadyDaily morning training 5 km jogDaily evening training 5 – 10 km walkTraining camp competitions U13: 10 km, 13+: 20 km

Weekly volume of training

160+ km

Development Systems: Russia, training for 17 year oldsMorozov, V. (1996) About the development of young race walkers. Legkaya Atletika. Moscow.

Progression (culture/sociology)

Russia•Stanislav Yemelyanov•Age 19•20 km 1:19.43

Italy•Ivano Brugnetti•Age 28•20 km 1:19.39

1500 Metres Youth 2010Mark Athlete DOB03:38.2 Gideon Mageka KEN 199303:41.3 Hillary Maiyo KEN 199303:45.0 Vincent Mutai KEN 199403:45.4 Linus Kitur KEN 199403:46.2 Dominic Mutuku KEN 199403:47.1 Mike Rotich KEN 199303:47.4 Willy Serem KEN 199403:48.1 Vincent Letting KEN 1993

1500 Metres Youth 2010Mark Athlete DOB04:11.0

Nancy Chepkwemoi KEN 1993

04:17.1 Faith Kipyegon KEN 199404:18.2 Rose Maranga KEN 199304:19.8 Valentine Kipketer KEN 1993

1500 Metres Youth 2010Mark Athlete DOB03:38.2 Gideon Mageka KEN 199303:41.3 Hillary Maiyo KEN 199303:45.0 Vincent Mutai KEN 199403:45.4 Linus Kitur KEN 199403:46.2 Dominic Mutuku KEN 199403:47.1 Mike Rotich KEN 199303:47.4 Willy Serem KEN 199403:48.1 Vincent Letting KEN 1993

1500 Metres Youth 2010Mark Athlete DOB04:11.0

Nancy Chepkwemoi KEN 1993

04:17.1 Faith Kipyegon KEN 199404:18.2 Rose Maranga KEN 199304:19.8 Valentine Kipketer KEN 1993

Progression (culture/sociology)1500 Men Overall 2010 Northern IrelandMark Name DOB03:44.9 James McIlroy 197603:50.6 Jordan Neil U23 198903:56.6 Andrew Monaghan U17 199303:57.4 Niall Robinson U23 199003:58.3 Conor Bradley 198703:58.8 Patrick Monaghan U17 199303:58.9 Stephen Rooney U23 199004:00.8 Simon McCluney U23 199004:00.9 James Budde 198104:01.2 Eddie McGinley 1983

1500 Women Overall 2010 Northern IrelandMark Name DOB04:28.7 Emma Mitchell U17 199304:31.5 Lauren Scott U23 199004:39.0 Julie Turley 197704:47.7 Joanne Mills U20 199204:48.0 Rachel Campbell U20 199104:49.9 Cathy McCourt V35 197404:50.0 Eva Laverty U17 199404:50.4 Yasmin Wilson U15 199504:51.7 Jessica Craig U23 199004:53.9 Sarah Neary U23 1988

Who exemplifies good practice in managing

the athlete transition according to Po10?

World Class Athlete Experience

Athlete Insights, UK Sport Survey of World Class Athletes 2009, Executive Summary

• 51 % WCP athletes full-time NGB coach• Average contact time • 14 h per week• Podium >2 h per week Development

• 91 % rate coaching good/v good• Main characteristics quality coaching: • good coaching technique• knowledge of the sport• good working relationship coach - athlete• being encouraging• excellent communicator

Conclusions: monitoring training (planning) in our own coachingQuestions...• overall purpose of week’s training?• sessions fit together through week?• monitor training effort?• link between this/last/next week?• fit into plan for athlete’s development?• how could weeks training be improved?

Baker, J. Cobley, S. Does practice make perfect? In Farrow, D., Baker, J., MacMahon, C. (2008) Developing Sport Expertise. Routledge.

THANKYOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION