AN

INDIAN EPHEMERIS, A.D. 1800 to A.D. 2000,

showing, for every day in the year for two hundred years, A.D. 1800 to A.D. 2000

1HE ENDING MOMENTS OF TI1HIS AND NAKSHATRAS with the English, Tamil, Malayalam and Muhammadan Equjvalents;

and for every ten days, from A.D. 1910 to A.D. 2000,

THE GEOCENTRIC LONGITUDES OF PLANETS. mainly according to the Surya Siddh"?mta;

ALSO , . THE YEARS IN DIFFERENT ERAS, A.D., HIJRA, SAKA,

VIKRAMA, KALIYUGA, KOLLAM, Etc., AND

TABLES FOR ASCERTAINING LOCAL TIMF with full instructions for casting Lagna & Horoscopes,

AND

TABLES OF HINDU FASTS, FEASTS AND FESTIVALS, AND SOLAR AND LUNAR ECLIPSES.

BY

Dewan Bahadur L.D. Swamikannu Pillai, Author of "PANCHANG AND HOROSCOPE"

and "INDIAN CHRONOLOGY, SOLAR, LUNAR, PLANETARY

~ ASIAN EDUCATIONAL SERVICES

NEW DELHI * MADRAS * 1994

ASIAN EDUCATIONAL SERVICES *31, HAUZ KHAS VILLAGE, NEW DELHI-llOOI6. CABLE: ASIA BOOKS, PH. : 660187, 668594, FAX: 011-6852805

·5 SRIPURAM FIRST STREET, MADRAS-600014

First Published. Madras, 191 5 First AES Repnnt: New Delhi, 1987 Second AES Reprint New Delhi, 1994 IS8N.81-206-0251-X

Published by J Jetley for ASIAN EDUCATIONAL SERVICES C-2/IS,SOA New Delhl-ll0 016 Processed by Gaurav Jetley for APEX PUBLICATION SERVICES NewOelhl-ll0016

Pnnted at Nice Printing Press Delhi-11 0092

AN

INDIAN EPHEMERIS, A.D. 1800--A.D. 2000.

CHAPTER I.

THE object of the present work, which is based on the author's previous work, Ind~lm Chrouology (1911, Grant & Co., Madlas), and which will be found to ab'Tl't' in evmy n:spl:ct'" with the lesults arrh'L'(l at in that \\'olk, is to show (Jl for every d1" in the year, for two hundred years, from 1st January A.D. 1800 to 31st December A.D. 1999. the eras in use at present in different parts of India, Sal,a, Vil,rama, Kaliyuga, Kollam. Bengal San, Northern and Southern Cyclic years, Hijra aud A.D. j the solar -month and day of the Tamil and Malayalam Calendars; the solar months according to the rMis or signs of the zodiac; the tithi and the nakshatra, with the ending moments of each to two places of decimals, equiv­alent to half ghatikas; the lunar months and jahsha.s in use all over India and neighbouring countries; the Mu­hammadan months and days of t'le Muhammadan months; ~Id (2) for ever.y ten days in the year, from A.D. 1910 t to ~.D. 1999 inclusive, the gO&!Jtwils or motions of the planets in geocentric longitude. For every oue of these items the English month and day and week-day are given rcgularly throughout.

2: Every calendar. cmbracin,: :t number of years, should, like the Roman god Janus, be two-faced: that is to say, it should cover a r.umber of years past and a number of years to come, according to the size and scope of the work. All the Indian Calendars. published up to date, ,including the chenp Jantris, as well as the more ambitious Ephemerides of Mr. C. P. Brown (A.D. 1750 to A.D. 1850), Mr. Raghavachari of Nungambaknm (A.D. 1850 to A.D. 1904), etc., are one.faced, in that they give tne details for a certain number of years past and omit those of the future altogether. The reason of this procedure is that the computation of tithis and nal,shatr3.s is It tedious process, occupying two to three months, even where the

... Except a.s regards (1) leap yea.rs in .he Mtlhammadan Ca,. dar (vide paragraph 19 below); and (2) solar eClipses. as to which s,,~ paragt'aph 20. The author has also found, g;nce the text was printed, tllat the adh,ka month to the year lDOl A.D. was Ashddha by the S11rya. S,ddhimta, not Sr~va.1).a (as shown in the text, p. 205 and on p. 126, Table X. Inljilill O/wonoloIiY). By Ary" Siallhanta, which IS not usually follawecl in such cases, the IIdhikti month was no doubt Smvana.

t The places of planets for the yeol.fS A.D. 1840 to A.D. 1920 will be found in Table XVIll of Illdilln C"rolioiofY.

compilation of a !>ingle year's details is iI~ qll/'~tjon.

NaturaUy, therefore, Ineli~n nlnm!1'tc-makers ,\(,J) with the current year, or at most compile d('l:Lil~ fm ,)\:Iy CUll

or two yems ill :lclvance. :\n alman:lc "Illch CO\·C) s the space of one year only becomes so lnpielly ob'>olo(", that 'all old almanac' is an even more iorcible e:o..prr,ssiol1 in the Indian Vernaculars than it is in the European tongues for a thing that is utterly antiquated. Uudel HICh a system, the verification of the details uf a yt'ar, oven in the recent past, is a matter of some difiiculty, anrl every person or off3ce that has to make such leferellces Il1Ubl

keep a bundle of old pnnchilngaq, 10 110 dive,l into as often as occasion may require.

a. The author, ha.ving hit UP0l! 11 method 01 calcu­lating by a mechMical proce,s, but accurately tn four places of e1ecimals, all the elements reCJ.ui!,;c! i 01 !lIe com­putation of a tithi (i.e., menn ending 1110mont ot lithi !IllU

sun's and moon's equations of the centre) liS well as nil the elements required ior Ilal.shatras (i.e., llwnu emling moment of nakshatra and moon's equation of the centre) ~ucces­sively for every day, for any llumber of yuals, past or future, offered to thll Government of Madl as to plochl(,., (1) all ephemeris in the present form for the wholt> ul tbe period for which such information would ordina. ily bo required by epigl'aphists, from A.D. 'iUO to ,\.1). lHUO, and (2) the presunt ephemeris from .\.ll. 1::;00 to .1.Ll. ~OUt}.

Government accepted both the olTers, undertakil1~ tll pay part of the cost of compiliilg the formel llpiJelll!:Iis in manuscript and to purchase 1,500 copies of thu lattel', if pl,lblished a.t the author's expense. The aLlihor lake,; the present 0pPoliullity ot thanldng tho GOVtll'IlllWlll ul

Madras for their kind patl'onage of both pmts of the work. Only one ma.nllscript copy of the i'0ll1lCl' work (,\.Ll. 'iOel to A.D. 1800) has been produced lor the pru~"nt iu!' thn use of the Madml! Epigraphist, but the author w111 bu glad to furnish any other AdministlatioI1 or Epigraphist with mallusclipt copics of the same all terms to be ~eltleu by correspondence.

4. S&l'ya Siddhllnta and D:rig·ga.t;l.ita.-Qi. the several Cnlel?drical ~ystell1s based UpOl1 the Siddhilntas, which, with their respective constants, are ellumerated ill

V ts,4hQm.hiffa's Paneha Sidilhan#ka, the Stlrya SiddhAnta is the one system which has found universal acceptance in India. and it ha.s been adopt"d by almanac-makers through the length and breadth of the India.n Continent for at least a thousand years past; so that. in verifying any date in an

Indian inscription, copper-plate, or literary work during this period, the principles of the S!lrya Siddh~nta have to be applied in the first instance, and only if they fail, the applicability of any other SiddMnta may have to be con­sidered. In Southern India. alone, and even there, only in respect of SankrAntis, i..e., the commencement of solar months, the A",a SiddMIl/a has been in use for a long time past. Elsewhere, and for all other purposes, the Surya SiddMnta may be said to be ill use and to have been in use, universally, throughout India.

5. Since panch~ngas, based on the Surya Siddh~nta, are still the most popular ones in India, it may be affirmed that the Indian people, as a whole, are satisfied with their results to-day, just as they were satisfied a thou­sand years ago. New moons and full moons and the sun's tropical longitude, as well as eclipses, may still be cal­culated, with a very fair amount of precision, with the sale help of tables based on this venerable Indian system of Silrya Siddhanta. As a system :of pure chronology, it has probably not its equal anywhere in the world. Chronology is' based on astronomy i but while astronomy is applied in the laboratories aI)d observatories of a few mathematicians, chronology is meant to be applied and used by all. The chronological system of the Silrya Siddhanta, though complicated, and inextricably inter­woven with astrology, is yet sufficiently simple, as the author has endeavoured to show in his Indian Chronology, and its terms and methods have, by dint of use, been rendered familiar to the Indian people at large. If for no other reason, at loast for the sake of its antiqUity, of its use in the interpretation of ancient Indian dates and of its value in the reconstruction of Indian history as well as for the faithful representation of present day practice over a great part of India, such an ephemeris as the present one, based on the Sury" Sidtlhtmta, deserves to be on record.

a. During the last half century however, there has been a growing Indian sentiment in favour of something more accurate than the Sl'lrya Siddhtmta. With the aid of the Nautical Almanacs published by observatories in Europe and America, or with the help of special works, such as Mr. Ketakar's jyotir-gatfita1ll (which unfortunately is not available in English, having been published only in Sanskrit), it is possible to construct an Indian pancMnga, faithful in all its details to the. results of the best modern astronomy j and certain of the more erudite almanac­makers in India have not been slow to avail themselves of this possibility ant to produce almanacs of a refined type, called D.!ig-gafJita l Southern India, and by other similar names in other parts of India. A yet further refinement is

n

the adoption of the tropical year. giving rise to the Sdyants pan.hdngas of \VestClrn India. Far be it from the author's intention to cavil at such reforms, but it must be confessed that they cannot make for better chronology. They do not aim at that simplicity of calculation which is essential in a chronology for all; they have not brought home to the Sil.rya SiddhAnta system any serious charge of inaccuracy for the purposes of the Civil Calendar, and the fact that along with them are used side by side the Silrya Siddh~nta pancMngas, in the same households and for the purpose of the same rituals and festivals (though with occasional bickerings as to exact hOllr and date), shows that there is not much practical difference between tho one and the other SLlt of calendars. The advantage of practical simplicity and convenience, as well as of shastraic sanc­tion, must remain with the Surya SiddMnta. For the first time, also, the author has shown that the Surya Siddhanla has another advantage over Drig-gaI;lita, in that pancMn­gas and trayang-as under the former system can be compiled fo, allY Zmgth of time backwnrds or forwards, so as to be permanently available for reference or research.

7. The main reason/indeed the sole reason, why D!ig­ga~.ita is preferred in certain quarters to Sil.rya SiddhAnta is that for astrological purposes the former yields more accurate positions for the planets. The benefits of astrology, and the' l11alefice' also, if one may still use the term, are dependent on the planets being in certain places at certain times. Shift the places by ever so small an are, and you vary by, it may be, many times ns much, the quantity or quality of planetary influence. If the influence is, in mathematical language, a rapidly variable function of the place of the planet, then the Surya Siddh!nta must, for purposes of astrology, be rejected. or urop gra.dually out of use, to be replaced by Drig-gal:ita_ This is the whole question at issue, and it is open to those who deny the' if', the premise, to deny also the conclusion and to argue that the whole question is begged by the upholders of Drig­gal?-ita. Speaking more generally, astrology ,,,ill have to make good its claims as a science before it can be allowed to impeach the Siirya. SiddMnta at the bar of its own tribunal.

B. Method of Verifioation and AbbreYia­tions.-The only abbreviations useu in the text are {I) the indication of ending moments of tithis and nakshat­ras as decimals of a day, instead 'of by gilatilias and paZas, or hours and minutes; (2) the substitution of numbers for names of nakshatras. A key to the latter set of abbre­viations will be found at the bottom of each page, while a key to the former has been inserted in each copy of the work as a detachable book-marker as well as Oil the inner side of the cover. For the rest, all the Indian and Muhammadan details corresponding to an English date aloe given in its im1llet/iate neighbomllooa. Thus in the fort­night commencing with Sunday 10th April A.D. 1836 and

ending with Saturday 231d ApIiJ, thele arc sen·raJ changes of Hindu and 11uhammadan years and months, there is one day without its own tithi, one day without its own nakshatm., and one day with two tithi~. All tht:su chang"s and facl~ aru visible at a glance witbout having to be gleaned with much trouble, from tbo top, bottom and SIdeS of the page, as in an ordinary Indian pa!;cll<\ng~:.

Thus, on Sunday 10th Aprii A.D. 1836, it is clerLrly indicated that it was the 29th day of Mina or Pallglllli month of Jill/lllllltlla year, and Ballllla Navami of Lunar Chaitra, emling at '10 (=6 ghatikas, or 2 hours 24 minutes after mean sunrise), a. day of Nakshatra 'Smval).a' (~o. :.!2), cndmg at '55 of day (=33 ghatikas, or Ul hotlrs12111inutes after mean sunrise), and lastly the 23rd day 01 Zit HiJJa 1Il0nth ul HlJH\ 12f>1. lll~ t:(lwdly d~al that the IlC:\t Jay (:Honday ill!! April) \1 as th~ 111stday 01 JlJI';/wor ell/tt/rai, month of a new year, Dllmlllllha. Th~ change flOm

the last d:lY of Hijra 1231 to the first day of HijIa 1252 on Monday l!lth April A.D. 1836 IS marked with eqml clearness.

9. Cyclic alld other years.-Th~ headings at the top of each p.1.ge compriso (1) the symbol<; lor Solar lmu Lunar eclipse ar.d the abbrevlatLOns for Amc1vdsya and Pam''Jl!lIIi, (2) the numbers of years In th(l diffen:nt era". (~) the names of Samvats(lras or CycliC years in ~orthern and Southern India, and (4) the COJlmlencemellt or the Indian year according to Sllrya and ArY'1 Siddhantas, according to the Kollalll year, and according to HiJYa. The Kollam yeal is a cuneut one, like the A.D. year, while all the other Hmdu years, Saka, Vikrama ~uld Kal1yuga, are expired yeal·s. It should be noted tbat the Kahyuga years quoted In the ordinary Sou!.h Indian pnnchangas are current and will be foulld to excetld iu each case thel Kali­yuga year marked in this book by one. TIllJ nallleS 01 Solar SalllV<ltsaras, Prt,bliavt', VzMava, etc., rue quottld, not only at the top of each page, but above the llame 01 each Tanul month. Thus it hus been possible to give in this book, for each English date, the T:lOul (or MlIlayalam), Telugu (01'

CanareseJ and Muhammadan equivalents with as much fulnebs 1lS in thtl ordinary peel.et diaries. For example, agambt l'uesday Wth April A.D. 11:115, one Illay read off, ill this book, as in a pocket ClialY, • RtJ,ks/uu.a Samvat, CJlit#rai l' or • Medl.lm 1', 'Hakshasa SalnVat Chaltra .Bahula Chaturdasl " ' 1'--.akbhaUa Uttara llhaurapada " and , HIJl'a 1;ji:j;j jumadalawwal ~8 '.

10. Solar and Lunar Reckonings.-T h e vanous calendar £ystems in use in India Illay be dlVided into two mam groups as shown ill thIS book, namely, the Solar' reckoning comprising the .English, Tamil, Mala­ya!am, Ol"issa ILnd Bengal reckonings; and the Lunar reckoning, used all ovel" lndia, and includiug the Muham­

madan and Jewish reckonings. The Indian Calendar is

sometimes styled Luni-solar, because' its lunar months and

III

years cannot recede by more than 29 days from the cor· responding solar months and years, whereas the Muham­madan or Hijl'a year l"t.'Ccdes by 10 or 11 days overy year and will therefore be found to commence in all months or the Indian and English years.

1 L Month and Day.-Solar months in India are gellemlly named in Sanskrit aftur the .RMis or signs of the zodiac, ' Mesha', 'Rishaha', etc., but ill Tamil they are also known by another set of names, more or less modifiL.J. from names of nakshatras or lunar months, nllmely, • Chittirai " ' \"aikasi " etc. Both SClts of nnmes, ' Mosha.­Chittlrai', '~ishaba-Vail(Ii.Si', 'l\1ithuna.Ani', etc., are quoted in this column. The days of the solar month are

reckoned accmcling to !1.Il ancient Trunil practice, from the Sallkranti of the Ayya SI(lJhallta. The rules for cleter­lIlimng tbe comlllencement of the solar mOllth, tLccording to the 'fanul, l\Ialayalam, Orissa and llellgal systems, with examples, are given in sections 14~ to HU of llidiall Chrolwlogy. The Malabar rule there sta.ted entails all occasion!ll diffurence betwt:~n the Mala) alalll IUld

Tamil modes of reckoning cbys of the solar month. In section 145 of lndiull CMon%gy, the author presumed tlmt thele was no J.if!t:lenco in plactice betweUll thtl two recl.onings, but he has since learnt that there is an occasional difference jUbti£ying the rule. A ilil1'crence of a whole day or of two uays would ordinarily bu found between Tamil days of the solar months ilnd the corre­sponding Bengal days.

12. The days of the sallle Tamil month are noL the :lame in !lumber eVelY year. Thus ChiUirai has ordillarily ::11 days, but may occasiom.lly have 30. The fact stated by the ancient commentatOr of Sitapadllikdram that Chittirni, in the year when the events described in that poem occurred, hau only ao days, and commenced on a Sunday, a day of 'Svati' nakslmtra, enables us. with­out further mention of the year, to infer that the year in question was A.D. 75(1 and no other. Days of the solar month are now commonly quoted ill the Tamil (:ountry, but we do not meet them before the beginlling of the 8th century A.D. 'vVe learn from the ancien!. Tamil poem TolMPPiYall$ that a day at that epoch was ordinarily called, as it still occasionally is, after its nakshatra. The practice of calling days by their tithi lIumber~

apparently came into use at a subsequent date in the Tamil country, though elsewher-e in India the calling of a day by its tlthi nWllber is an ancient, in fact, a Vedic, practice. Week·days do not seem to have been in u.e in the Tamil country much before the beginIllng of the 8th century A.D. Elsewhere in India, week·days have been traced to the 5th century A.D., but not much beyond. It is a curious circumstance, and deserving of careful study, that a date in India. one thousand and four hundred years ago was known by the same week·dllY as the correspo~d. ing day in Europe.

IV

13. Adhika and Kshaya Months,-Occa­sionally, !hat is seven times in 19 years, a lunar month is repeated twice in the course of the same year. For instance, in the year 1915 there are two VaiSa.khas, one reckoned from Thursday 15th April to Friday 14th May, and the other from Saturday 15th M!IY to Saturday 12th June, The first mouth iu such cases hns the preHx Adhika (=additional), and the second the prefix mja (= true). Both prefixus are duly and clearly marked in the Ephe­meris. More rarely also, a lunar month is suppressed altogether, and In such cnses is known as J(shaya (=sup­pressed). Thus in A.D. 1823, the month Pcmsita, which ought Lo have occulTod in jau\t(lry-l"obrual y, was Sl.lpprcssl.ld. The ncxt suppros~ioll ot this I,iud will not occur till the year A.D. 19U4. The omission of kshaya month is noted by N.B. lit the foot of the page where required. The rules for determining the date of occurrence ot additional and sup­pressed months are clearly given in sectIOns 18 to 30 of

Deities pre-

Inl/iatl Chronology, where also, in Table II, the full names and day equivalents of tithis are given.

14. Nakshatras and Ending Moments of N akshatras.-Below is a coxpplete list of Indian nakshatras, with the fixed stars, as identified by different authorities. The practice of reckoning by nakshatlns is peculiar to India amI China, and has existed ill each of these countries from v~ry anciem times. In IllciJa, 'in Vedic times, a lunar month had no other nw.no than that of the nakshatra in which the moon of that month became full. To this day, Chaitra is tho month in whicn tho moon becomes full when occupying' Chitr§.' nako]Hl.t1a, and so OIl for tilt; oiher months. Tho t:ollGlIlTc{lce 01

curLu.in ilihis with certain llakshalms is thus fixeJ WI ,Ill!! narrow limits tor every month in the year, and the studunt of inscriptions should be familiar with the table of con­currence (see the author's Eye Table of Nakshatras and Tithis).

Na.kshatl'lIo8. Order and names of

Nakshatra.s,

Collective duration of Noksh.Lras

(equal space). sidIng over Identified by HURGJ!:SS Nakahatras.

Identified by COLEBROOKJ!: Identified by Bl!l."·I'LEY with with

1 Alwin! 2 Bharani 8 Ktittikl.

('ram. Kiruttigai) " Roluni 5 Mr!g~ira

days. H)l 2'02 s·o~

('I'a.m. Mirugaslram) 6 ArJr:1. 6'07

(Tam. Arudra or Th'u­vMirai)

'1 Punarvasu 8 Pushya

(Tam. paSam) 9 AilleshU.

(Tam . .A.yilyam) 10 MagM

(Tam. Magba.m) 11 P (,rva Phalgw:< I

(Tam. PQram). 12 'U ttara Phalglll?oi

(Tam. Utt,ram) 13 Hasta

(Tam. Has~n) 11 Ch,triI,

Cra.m. Chittirai) 15 ~vMi 16 Vifi;l.khA.

(Tam. ViB~kam) 1'1 AnurMhA.

pram. Anusbam) 18 Jvesb;h~

(Tam. Kefjai) 19 Mara

('ra.m. Malam) 20 Plhv;' AshR.dM

(l'a.m. par~~a.m) 21 'U ttara AshA(iha.

(Tam. Uttiri.~am) 511 A, Abhijit • 22 Sravana

7'08 s·oa 0'11

10'12

11'18

12'14

18'15

l4.'1'1

16-10

17-20

18'21

19'23

(Ta.m: TiruvOnam) 23 Sravishtha or Dhanisb~hA. 28'21

(Ta.m. Avi~PLm) 21 Satabbislmj or SatatArakft. ~'29

(Ta.m. Sadayam) 25" 1> Urva Bba.c1rapadA. ~·SO

(Ta.m. P(\ra!~di) 28 'U ttara Bhadrapado. 26'Sl

(Tam. Uttira.~i) 2'1 Revatl

Ar,vin Yama Agni

Ptaje-pat. Soma

Rudra

Aditi B;ihaspa.tI

Sarpah

P,tarah

Bhaga

A.ryaman

Savitri

TV8Sh~ri

Vflyu Indd,gni

Mitra

Indra

Nirriti

A.pah

Vi6vadevA.

Brahma Vishl.1u

Vasava

with

Betll Arietis. Alpka Muscre 28 Tauri.

AI-D~bar~n, Aljlla Tauri. Lambdll Orionis.

Alplla Orionis (1).

Beta Geminorum. Val'" Cancri.

EpSilon Hydrre.

Regulus.

Velta Leonis.

AI.Sana, Beta Leonia

Gam"la or VBlta Conof.

Spica VirginlS.

Arcturua. Io/a Libra!.

Vel/II Scorpion is.

Antares.

LAmbdli Scorpionis.

Delta Sagittarii.

Slgmll Sagittarii.

A1-Nasr Al-waqi', Vega.. AI-Nasr Al-tMr, AIPhIlAquila!.

Beta. Delphini.

Vamna Lamb411 Aquarii.

Aja. EkapM A WIuJ Pef!!UIi

Alplla Arietis. Musca.. P; Tauri.

Alplla Tauri Lambda 01'10ni6.

A IPM Orionis.

Bela Geminorum. Velta Ganeri-

AlPhll, 1 anJ 2 Caueri.

Alpha Leonia.

/Jeltll Leonia.

Beta Leonis.

GllmlUa or V,lta Corvi.

AI phil Virginis.

AIPhll Bootes. AIPIIII or ChI Librlll.

Deltll Scorpionia.

Alpha Scorpionis.

Lambda Scorpion!&.

VIII" Saglttarii

TIIII Sagittarii.

Alpha Lytle Alplll1 Aquila!

AlPha Delphini

l.IImbdll Aquarii

AIPluI Pegasi

Ahl Budhnya Gaillmll Pegasi er Alpha Andre-. meda!. Alfllil Anc\romellm

PUshan Zeta Piscium. Z'faPiscium.

• Abhijit is not usually reckoned when only 27 nakshs.traa ate' spokeD. of.

GllmlJla or Beta Arietls. 86 Ariebs. Alcyone.

Aldebaran. 118, !l6, 117 Taurl

138 Tauri.

Pollux. Velttl Caneri.

4!l. 50 Ganed.

Regulus.

? 0, 71 Leonia.

Beta Leonis.

?, 8 Cervi.

Spica.

Arcturus. 2.J. Librre.

Blta Scorpionis.

Antares.

3'.35 Scorpionis.

Dllta Sagittarii.

Phi Sagittarii.

Vega.. Alplla .A.quillll.

B,ta. Delphini.

Lambda Aquari~

Alphll Pega.si.

Galllllla Pega.si Z,ta PisciulD.

15. N akshatras and Tithis.-Every Hi n d u feast, fast and festival (except Sanlmi.ntis) is connected with either a tithi or a nakshatra or both. Chapter II of this introduction,-for which the author is indebted partly to (1) Prof. KIELHORN'S article in Vol. x..,\.vI of itldia11 An#qllQry and partly to (2) MR. VIDYARANYA PANCHANANA K. V. RA~ACHANDRA CHARYtJI,U of KaHkivAyi, SingarAya· kanda, NeHore District,-exp'ains clearly the connection between a festival and its tithi or nakshatra in all ordinary cases.

16. A mean tithi extends over '9S of a day, while a mean nakshati'a extends over 1'01 days; but the solar and lunar rulomalies may make a tithi longer or ~horter bY'58 of a day as a maximUm,' while tho lunal .momaly m"y similarly affoct a nakshatra to the extent or '41 at a day. Hence the irregular lengths, in time, of tithis and nakshatras, which make the Indian system so complicated in appear· ance, but which constitute a ·most valuable check in chronological studIes. Hence also the cunous fact that what ought to be a Dormall>tate of things, namely, each day having II single tithi and a single nakshatra, is very seldom DOtiCed on the successive days of II whole month. Such a phenomenon occurred throughout the month of Pausha 4th January to l3nd February ':D. 1905, and will occur again throughout Ma,gaS/fa month (7th December 1915 to 5th January 1916) in the current year. The curious reader may easily pursue the game with the help of this book. It follows from what has just been stated that in the course of a ltmar month 2 tithis or:.! nakshatras may ordinarily be found either to occur on the same day or to cover parts of 3 days, the middle day in the latter case being without a tithi, or without a nakshatra of its own. Cases of the same day having 2 tithis as well as two nak· shatras, as on Klirltjkll, bah"{a 11 and 1S (Saturday 14th November A.D. 1914), and other cases (e.g., Sunday 19th April 1914) in which a day had neither a tithi nor a nak· shatra of its own can be easily traced with the aid of this book.

17. Such phenomena, which would mostly be astro· nomically true, may be multiplied ad Ub#unJ. To cOin" plete the scheme of astrology, we have to add the yet greater number of possible combinations, oppositions and 'aspects' of planets j,nt'I'se (all of which may be studied by means of this and the companion book for five gene· rations of human lives or 160 years, A.D.lS40 to A.D. 2000) j and we hd:ve as the result an enormous number of possible phenomena, to each of which astrology may, and does, attach a meaning, so that on the ODe hand, one or other of the phenomena would be sure to occur every moment, (the public supposing aU the while that some of them occur only once in a thousand or once in a hundred years, or only once in a lifetime), and on the other hand, when any event of importance does occur, whether in the natural, physical or political world, a phenomenon may be ready to be asso· ciated with it as its predestined partner. It is like placing

v

something of value or of no value in e11.Cb of a thousand chambers and letting loose a person blindfold among them. He no sooner finds something to rejoice Ol" disappoint him than he begins to bless or curse his • stars', Dot knowing that whatever his stars might be, he was sure to find or miss something in every one of the thousand chambers. In a country and und"r a system in which astrouomy 15 only a stepping stone to astrology, it is impossible to write a work dealiog with astronomic chronology without at the same time Cruatillg an apparatus for astrology: but :\ thoughtful study of astronomical facts will, it 15 believed, gradually dIspel astrologic.\l tlrrors.

18. These rem:u'l,s s"eclllel(Jv:Lllt in conllOCliull with a phellomuuon which, illlot uxphdllCU, ib JiJ,(Jly £0 bo l'eglllded (IS a tnumpll tor Uol>Lrology. Vyasa says· to DhritarAshtra in the J.vIalicibilciratu. (BMslltll'l ptlrva, a, 3::l) tJl<It he has known of lU1U1I tortnights Gonsi.ting of 14, 15 or 16 days, but never of one consistillg ot HI tlayb, but sillce buch II one is in prosptlCt or 1ms OCCUll Cll, ,1~t:r~ Will be .1

gleat slaughter ot hum:m beings. Utller Sibtr,ls, quottld by Dr. Fleet in bldiall Allt~qllary, Vol. XVl, for MardI 188i, reiterate thi~ omen, and It is stated in Ollt: of the quota· tlOllS {Commelltary on the Jlillliwl't,. (;tIIUlpattJ ,11M the phenomenon OCt.'U1S only once ill 1,000 years. If tlljs was tile case, it would. cert.i.mly be burprising that tht> great EUrOpe!1l1 \V,lr !lOW lagtng should lmve brokoll out abso· lutely at the middle ot a !ortllight conslsnng of 1:\ days. The fortnight irOlll :)11111a pyat~pada, Frid(LY ;.J,-1tll July, to Pl1fttimu, Tuesday 4th August A.D. 11:114, !IS will bu i:leen hom this Ephemeris, compn~ed only 1iJ c.lays iroo1 pmt~pllda to pal!ciwdasi, owing to the occunence tWlce, 5.8., 011 the 15th and on the last day of the p!lksha,of two tithis on a single day. Bllt j,t IS 1I0t t.,UG tllat the PhCIIOI/jC/WII tallos pla,ce ont)' alice .fj a tholisamJ years. In ,htl abtiencc of II com. piltLtion like thij> Ephe1neris, ic would have been difficult at any tlme to vedfy the statt;llllent, but lilly bouy can sa.tisfY himselt from thIS Ephemeris that the phenomenon occur. rtld in 1805, lS1iJ, 11)30, 18·:17, lS41:1 (after 36 years as in the Mahabhard.ta,1l1allsilla plz,va, 11,18, and wltllgrastiioalI,Yam and grd.t/wstllafllanam also a.s in thtl !\iahii.bharata), 11:$61, 1864, 1872, ISiS, 1880, 189:.!, 1900, 190iJ, 11)14, and will occur III HIl7, 19~O, H)~!:S, HliH, tllcetera. Comment is needless after noting so many lucuuenCllS. The occur­rence 01 such a for,night in July 1914 was known in January 1914 when the new year's pu.nchangas were publishtld j nevertheless, no one the11 pwdicted that a great war WllS comIng on in July: the' prediction' came after the event.

19. The Muhammadan Year.-A1. page 197 of the tables appended to bjd~all Chro1lo!ogy, the author in­serted the ,ollowing no~e :-

The jlm\, 5th, 8th, 10th, 13th, 16th, Wlb, Illst, 24,th, 27th and 29th years In each cycle are leap years acconllllil to the present ta.ble, th,at IB, they WIll be fuund to contaIn 355 days Instead of 354. III certaIn ---------------_._------ .- " --

* Chalurda!;im pallchallallm bhLltaPI\rv~mcha sho(\ai.im ImtLmtu nabhijl\n1l.ml a11lu,v.1syI111l tL·ayor.la..i11l: Cha.lldra.slLrY"vubhau grasia veka.hna. hitrayoda.ijlm.

countries, hO\\ever, the 7th, 18th and !A6th years of each cycle are reckoned as leap yCl!.l'll Instead of the Stll, 19th and 27th. Under the former reckOntng, the 8th, 19th and 97th years, following as they do certa.in lea.p years, woul<l bagln one day l~ter tha.n they do according to the present table. For the convenIence of reference, the 8th, 19th and !17th years of each cycle are markec\ by an asterisk. The reader wIn understand that the date of commencement of such Hljra years, as determtned by the rules a~ve laid c!o\\n, is !table to be tn(;1'easecl by one day In those COlllltrles wh~.,.e the 7th, 18th aDd 26th years of each cycle are regarded as leap years. .

He has since found that the generality of a.uthors have adoptee! the 7th. 18th and 2(jth years of each cycle as leap years, alld he has decided in the present Bphellleris to follow their praclice in this respect. To thIS extent there will be found an occasional difference between the' Muhammadan dates cntered in this Epheme.ds and those shown at p. 196 oHhe !.abies appended 1.0 lndiml CMonology.

20. Eolipses.-The solar eclipses, marked in Table X of the authot's I"dfan Chro11010gy fOl" the ye.1rs A.D. 1900 to A.D. 2000·include all solar eclipses visible .11 (II!y part of til, world. Attention was drawn to this fact in sec. 88. p. (34) of Illd.an·Clifonolo9J!. The aulhor was at that time unable to refer to Oppolzer's Canon d" FmstlrlliSs', the standard work on the subject. Hi ;"'as since informed that a copy of this wbrk was being used at the KoqaikArtal Obscl'va tory, aDd, with the l(jnd assistance of MR. S. SITABAMAIY AR, First ASSIstant at that Obsel-vatory, to whom he takes the present occasion to tellder his thanks, he has been able to give, in this Ephemeris, the solar eclipses vfsibk in India from A.D. 1800 to A.D. 2000.

The present opportumty is also taken to indicate a shorter method than that given in sec. 89, p. (34) of Indian Ch.rollolog)l for testing the possibillty of eclipses, solar and lunar. The reader, being furnished in Table X V 11 of InMan Chronology, as illustrated in para. 23 below, with m~ns of ascenalDing directly the longitude of the sun and of the moou's nodes (called RAhu and Ketu in llldian Astronomy), can find out readily whether the position of the sun with reference to either node falls within the limits given in the following table:-

Sola1' and Luna.r lilOlip.e .... determined bi Sunl •

dilltanae from Ilode a·t Hew and Full Moon. IF Sl1~'S DISTANC1I FROM NODlil AT N1IW MOON IS

B~tw~cn a. IIJId 16'2 IlegNes or between j ~ 1 16S'SO lind 180 de!,'l'eea ea ~ j Oerta.in.

Betw~en 16· .. • and 18'9 tlegre,,~ or i.>et-} S ~ ~:Doubth1. ween 16L'oo and 166'1 del.'l'oea rr...J I

Between 19'1° and 160'0 degree» < lrl J Impos.ible. 11' St1lI's llISTANCJo; JItOIl' NODIt AT FtlLL MOON IS

Between 0" a.nd 10'4 degrees or between} rJ) 1 169'6° and 180 degrees ~ ~ I Certaill.

Between 10'6° and 18'9 d'grees or bet-} ~ ~ t :Doubtful. ween HID·.1° and lC6'1 degtee~ t-l1:3

Between 14'0° and 1601) l'egreea ." -< W J Impouible.

21. Looal Time.-Table XlII in India.n Chronology, showlng local time, is reproduced as Appendix II to the present Ephemeris, but in II. much sinlplified form. since

only two decimal places are now required. (Three decima.l

places are actually given in Appendix II in view to accuracy when totalling. For the equivalents, in gha!ikas and falas or hours IUId mi"utls, of three decimal places of a day, see table on inside of cover.) For the places actually givon in that appendix, the local time for any particular day is found by simply adding (algebraically) the quantity noted in the last column under the place and against the day in question (ill' Appendix Il), to the ending moment of the tithi or naksha­

tra for the day as given in the body of the Ephemeris. For places not noted in th'e appendix. the process described in Chapter IX of indian Cllfonology should be followed. The method of determining the time of sunrise and sunset for any day in any year is given in Chapters IX and XI respectively of lndiQfl Chro,JOlogy.

22. Lagna.-The operation of determining the laglla of a particular moment (8.g., the moment of a birth). or the moment when a particular degree of the zodiac will be lagtla (say, to make an auspicious marriage) has often to be performed, not only by the astrologer, but also by the enquirer who wishes to verify a statement as to tagna. The rules on this subject, adapted {l'om Prpf. Jacobi's original article in the IndilJll Anliqua,y are given in Chapter X of Intlitm Chronology. For rapid working the following formwa will be found useful. Let-

A-Sun's longitude at 6 a.m. (Lanka). B - interval in decimals of II day between local sunrise

and actual local time of birth or other moment. This interval may, for practical purposes, be taken also as the cbange of Sun's longitude corresponding to that interval; see N.B. to process (8) in First Example below.

eJ- seconds per degree of rise [table on page (31) of text of Indian ChrOflOlogy].

T _L.S. - correction in seconds (Table XIlI, I naial! CMonology) for tropical longitude of Sun at actual local sunrise. ' I

T .L.L .... correction in seconds (Table XIII, I nd'a." Cllfollology) for tropical longitude of approximate degree of lagna;' --

Then approximate degree, which is lagna .... (A-B) + (B x 8600) or (A + 809 B) degrees.

The formula A +369 B, process (12) below., is con­venient for readily ascertaining the approximate lagna; and when the figure so obtained is well within a Ram, it will be unnecessary to proceed further. For exact calculation. and wheD lagna is on the borders of a Rasi, we have.

Actuallagna-Ao+S59 BO_ T.L.~.-T.L.L. a

In order to r~der quite easy the performance of

this important operation, we shall exhibit, in detail 'Pond by means C!f an example, th.e 17 processes of which operation consists. We propose to find the lagn~ child born at Madras at 12 noon (Standard or lr. Ra.llway time) on 1st April 1915.

Process. (1) Interval from actual local sunrise to moment of

birth.

(2) Interval from Lanka sunrise to moment of birth.

(3) Change of Sun's longitude corresponding to (1) "interval from actual sunrise to moment of birth"; llse Table XVII C, IIIIJ$/J1J Clmmology.

(4) Change of Sun's longitude corresponding to (2) "interval from Lanka sunrise to moment of birth."­use Table XVII C, Inaian Chronology.

(5) Days and fraction of a day (Lanka time) elapsed in Solar year up to moment of birth.

(6) Longitude of Sun at Lanka mean sunrise On day of birth (Table XVIII).

VII

Applioation.

(1) The time (12 noon, standard. time) should be reduced by 9 minutes for all da.tes subsequent to 1st July 1906, the dat~ of introduction of bllUtln Stonaal'd, or Rauway, time which is in adva.nce of Maal'GS moan tlstl'onomical Utili

by 9 minutes. The mean astronomical time of birth was 11. hours 51 minutes after midnight j or 5 hours 51 minutes or '2437 of a day after mean Madras sunrise. To this should be added, by Table XIII (for lat. 18° and 1st April), mJfl/ls 422 seconds for equation of time plies 851 seconds for tropical longitude= -71 seconds=' -'0007 of a day. (N.B.-In order to find the tropical longitude for tlny day of the SoJar year for the present time, from ' .. D. 1840 to A.D. 1920-we should add 20 days to the number of ela.psed days in the Solar year and find under the given latitude in Table XIII the correction for tropicllllongitude appropriate to the resulting number of days.) The interva.l from actual Madras sunrise up to moment of birth was therefore 5 hours 51 minutes less 71 seconds='24:30 of a day.

This is obtained by subtra,pting from 5 hours 51 minutes (the given interval), the time differenqa due to Ujjain lougitude of Madras, i.e., 18 minutes; (2) will then be 5 hours 33 millutes='2312 of a day.

The change of Sun's longitude corresponding to '2430 of a day is (by Table XVII, Indian Chronology, '2865+ '0030='2395 of a degree.

The change of Sun's longitude corresponding to '2312 of a day is (by Table XVII C, l1edilll~ Cllfollology) '2267 +'0012='22i9 of a degree.

N.B.-Processes (Sl and (4) may generally b~ dispensed WIth. See N B to (8) below.

Take the given day of the English year (1st April) as reckoned from previous 1st April in Table VIII, Indian Chronology, and deduct the day and fraction of day in April when the Solnr year 1914-15 commenced, according to Table. X, II/dian CJlYollo1ogy, i.e., April 12'2430. The given English day, April 1st A.D. 1915, is, by Table VIII, the 866th day reckoned from pnwious 1st April.' Now, 366'2312111i1ll1$ 13·2430 days =35:2'9882 days.

According to Table XVIII, March 29, in the year 1915, which is not a leap year [see iI/diml ClwOIlOZOgy, p. (112), sec. 295 (10)] is the 350th day of the Indian Solar year, when sun's mean longitude at Lnnka 6 A.~I. is 342'00 +'60 and April 8th is the 360th day when sun's mean longitude at Lanka 6 A.M. is 351'80 +6.°.

April 1, tho given day, is 3 days from March 29. Therefore the sun's moan IOIlgitude at Lanka Illean sunrise OIl April 1, 1015, is 342'00 + ·6° (correction for the yom-see Itldiall Clir011Ology, sec. 295, foot. note) + -f-ii of (difference between 342'6° and 352'40) + 2.20 (the sun's equation of the centre) = ~42'6° +'3 x 9'80 + 2'20 =342'80 + 2'940 + 2'20 =347'70 •

VIII

(7) Longitude of sun at moment of birth.

N,B.-This is the abloilile longitude of the sun for' the moment of birth and does not depend on Lanka or e.ny otller time, though It is deduced by meMS of Lanka time, It is obt9.ined by simpl~ addmg (6) plus (4).

(8) Longitude of sun at actual local sunrise.

To obtain this, we simply subtract (3) from (7); or we shall have equally correct results by subtracting (1)

from (7). N.Ii.-We see that we might equally well h~ve tnken (1) !Dstead

of (3), and in j;eneral a fraction of " day less than unIty may be used equally well as the change of sun's longitude cOirespondmg .0 th~t fraction 01 day, since the Sull'S mobon per day,. ready 1 Q

(9) Add to (8) as many minutes of an arc as there are years since 528 A.D. and deduct 360° if necessary.

(10) Convert (9) into days by Table VI! (b), India" Chr01lOlogy. Deduct 365'26 days if necessary.

(11) Correction for tropical longitude of Sun (Table XIII) appropriate to latitude of given place (Madras, lat. 130) and days arrived at in (10).

(12) Approximate lagna:-

Add the figure in (7) to 359 times the figure in (3) and deduct 360° if necessary.

(13) Add to (12) same quantity as in (9) and convert result into days by TaWe VII (b), I"dia" Chrolw/ogy. Deduct 365'26 days if necessary.

(14) Correction for tropical longitude of approximate lagna (Table XIII, Indian Chronology) appropriatc to lati­tude of given place (Madras, lat. 130) and days arrived at in (13).

(15) From (ll) deduct (14) algebraically.

(16) Diyide (15) by figure under latitude of given place in the table on page (31), Indian Chronology, and against sign of zodiac corresponding to degrees in (13).

(17) Actual lagna. is (12) 1 ;inlls (16) subtracted alge­braically.

Add (2) to (6). 347'7°+'20=347'90. To check this, the following direct method may be used (though it is not in general necessary for practical operations) by applying Table XVII A and Tab. XVII C, Indian Chronology, to (5).

By Table XVII A, the mean longitude of Sun for 352 days of the solar year is 344'79270

Equation of centre for do. do. = +2'17170 Longitude of Sun corresponding to '1)8 of daY='96590

Do. do. '0082 of daY='OOSI0

Do. do. 352·9882 days==34Hl3S40

347'9° minus '2°==347'70 •

N.B.-This result IS the Slime a.!l (6), because the dIfference between the Sun's longitude at Lanka. Sunrise and hiS longltu(le at Madras Sunrise IS that due to 18 min)ltes of time, i.e .• '0125 of a day or '01 of a degree.

1,9115-528=1,387 minutes==23 degrees 7 minutes= 2iHo :

347 '70 + 23'1° = :170'So

-3600

10'So

10 degrees = 10'15 days. '8 degree = 'S day

10·$° = 10'1)5 days.

+ 428 seconds of time.

34N10 + 359 x '23950 = 433·90 -360°

73'90

73'9° + 23-1 ° = 97'Oc = 98-41 dads, (by Table VII (b), l"dian Chl-onology. For,

90 degrees = 91'31 days. 7 degrees = 7'10 days.

97'0° = 98-41 days.

+ 1,217 seconds.

+428-1,217,., -789 seconds.

Sign of zodiac corresponding to 97'00 of tropicallongi. tude is IV.

The figure against sign IV and under lat. 130 in the table on page (31) of Indian Chr01lDlogy is 266 seconds'

-789 Now 266 = -3 (a.pproximately).

73'9° - ( - 30) "" 76'90 or 1,,[0 in Mithuna RMi.

IX

The above example is suited to a case in which the moment of birth is recorded in Indian Stalldard Time.

But supposing the birth we are cOIlsidering took place at 12 noon, Standard Time, on 1st April 1915 at 'Viaagapatam, where the same time is kept as at Madras, then in order to complete process (1) above, s.e., to ascertain the interval between actual local sunrise and time of birth, we should increase or decrease the interval by tile differElDce in time between the Ujjain longitude of Madras and tbat of Vizagapamm as given in Appendix I of this Epbemeris, or Table XIII, Indian Chronology. The interval will then be diminished by 1,804-1,072 = 732 seconds = 12 minutes 12 seconds - (by Table XX. Indian Clwo'lOlogy) '0084 of a day.

If, on the other hand, strict Indian usage is followed (which is nowhere done at presoot, except by careful astrologersi, and the moment of birth is recorded as so many ghatikas and palas after actlml local sllnris~, this is the very thing we want fOI process (I), and we lleecl not trouble to calculate it.

\Ve shall now indicate the processes for the cooverst.l problem of ascertaining the l"isiog moment of a lagna, considered suitable for an act depending, 011 the human will, say, the performanco of a mru:riage, the undertaking of a journey, the taking charge of a house or an appointmenl, etc. Thll procabses are only tlll1 ill DUlllb~r. Suppose we want to fix a suitable hour so as to have a marriage, utc" performed at Vellore (lat. 130 , time diff.+ 808 seconds) on 15th May 1915, in the middle of Simha lagna (1350 Sidereal longitude), then we proceed as follows :-

(1) Find longitude of Sun at Lanka mean sunrise OD 26'(i° + '2 x 9'8° + ]'6° + '4° = 20'60 + 1'96° + the given day. ) +'4° ... 30'06°

(Table XVIII). Proceed as in the first example.

(2) Find out by how much local sunlise precedes or follows Ujlain sunrise. (Table XIII, lat. 13°, 83rd day for equati9D of time; 33+20 or 53rt! day for tropical longitude. )

May 15th is the 33rd day of the Indian SGlar year at the present epoch. According to Table Xll! the total corJectioD for any moment at Vallore is -3<i8 + 1,692 + 808 seconds ... 2,052 seconds ... 34 minutes 12 seconds = + ·0240 of a day. That is (by section 70, IIIIUan Chro-nology) local sunrise precedes Lanka. mean sunrise bY'0240 of a day.

N.B.-In sectIon 70, I"dia." Cilfollology, page (28) it IS stated that "when we merely wo.nt to kllOw by how many seconds local sunrise preceded or !ollowtd G n.m., we r.bOllld SImply add up the second and thIrd con·e4)tlollS." By 6 tl..tn, in tlus pw.a:lge is melll1t (according to st.·jct Indum usage) local 6 o..m, f.I., r, a.m by a clock keeping mean Jlotronoml()al tIme JOY Ilu loml,l>, III (fUlst£OIl. (Thore Ja no such. clock at present, except at Ilfltronomlc:u observatOries.) III the present case we ww1t to know more, we waut to know by how many seconds or nllllutes sunrise at Vellore on lMh May 1915 preceded or followed Ujj/l/K Of LIInk.1 6 a,m, We have 11l th,s case to take into account the fil'Bt con-echon aloo, l\amel~·. that tor t'-l'l'estl'lallong,tude, and we have done so III the a.bove WOl'lmlg. Agam \\'e took in the prebent case the con'cctlo11 for trop,callongltude correspondIng to the 5Srd day of the year. The corrcct d<l.)', ab .hown 11l process (8) below, IS the 52nd, bnt Lh" dIfference WIll 1101 lend to any apprecIable error.

(3) Deduct (ll) from (I) algebraically This is the longitude of the sun at actual local

~uurise at Vellore OD 15th May 1915.

(4) Deduct (a) trom proposed lagna, increasing the latter, if nlmsary, by 360°.

(5) Time of approximate lagna. Divido (4) by 360 ...

(6) Increase (3) by 23'10 for tropicallollgitude as in process (9) in the first example. alld convert into days by 'fable VII (b), India" Chfonology.

(7) Increase (4) by 23'1° for tropiclIl longitude of proposed la.gna and convert into days by Table VII (b), Indian Chronology.

104'48 360

'2902 of a clay

= 17 ghatikas 26 p:l.las, or 6 hours 58 minutes after Joc[ll sunrise at Vellol'e.

:;0'520 + 23'1° = 5:.1'62 degrees. 50 degrees = 5(}7a days. ~ " = 3'0 day.

'_6 'Bl ..

53'6 degrees = 54'34 days.

104'480 + 23'10 = 127'6°. 100 degrees = 101'5 days. 20.. 20'S" 7" 7'1" '6 .. .. '6 day.

127'6 degrees .. 129'5 days.

(8) Fiud from Table XIII, Indian Chronology, for given latitude (Vellore 180) the correction for tropical longitude appropriate to (6).

(9) Find from Table XIII, Indum Chronology, for given latitude (Vellotll 1:10) the correction tor tropical longitude of lagna, 106., (7).

(10) The actual moment of rising of the proposed lagna is {(9) minus (7)} added algebraically t~ (5).

22. Planeta.ry Motions.-The example of the cal­culation of an actual horoscope given below will show the use to be made of the table of geocentric longitudes ot the planets for every 10 days in the year given in Illdian ChrotllJlogy for the years A.D. 1840 to A.D. 1999 and in the preseut work for the years A.D. 1910 to A.D. 1999. For the accuracy of the placos of planets entered in this table aud an appreciation of the trouble which had to be taken in order to compile it, reference may be made to the following unsolicited opinion of MR. VENKAT&SH B.\I'U SHA.STIU KETAKAR, the well-known author of jyotiip-ga,!itam, in his Jetter to the author, dated Poona, Sth December 11-112:-

"The planetary places given in your Table XVIII for 1912, I;>ecember 8 (page 2:124), tally fairly with those of my pancMng for the same date.

My Pane/lfing. Your Tabie XVIII. Longitude. LOI.gilude.

Sun ... 232°'9 23~o'6

Mars ... 222 '9 2::lil '1 Mercury ... 285 '1 2il3 ·6

Jupiter ... 241 ·7 241 '1 Saturn ... 36 ·8 37 '6

Rahu ... 346 '4 Venus ... 271 '5 271 ·4

" Bllt I wond~r how you cOII/d bear the enel'lllOIIS trouble of preparing such a flast table as tMs I "

It would have been impossible to attain even this measure of accuracy with a pure Sl1rya SiddhA.nta con­stant without the use of Bljas. The author (as explained in section 2i7 of I ndiall Chronology) used the mean pJaces of planets as given by Laverrier and other modern authori­ties, and also the mean sidereal periods of revolution as given in modem astronomy, slightly corrected to suit the Indian ecliptic, and applied to these places the annual equations and corrections for anomaly, attributed to

+ 1,610 secomls.

+ 518 seconds.

(5) (9) - (7) 6 hrs. 58 min. + 518 sec. - 1,610 sec .

• 6 hrs. 58 min. less 1,092 sec. = 6 hrs. 58 min. less 18 min. 12 sec. = (l hrs. 39 min. 48 ~ec. = '2776 of 1\ day (Table XX, ["diml Chro1lology.)

By Table XiX, In,Uan Cllrollology, this traction = 1-ghatikl1.s ~!) palas atter local Rlmri<;f) nt VcllOln. TI.lis i~ the mornl!llt slIitllblo,' 1::etr.l'tS i'llrilms, fOI a Ill:U d:Lgu to be celebrated under Simha lagna (1350 ) at Vellole on 15th May 1915.

VAVll.ALA KUCHINNA (by WARREN in his Kala Sallkalita), the value 01 which bas been recognized by Professor JACOBI in his Planetary Tables (.I:£ptgrllpllill Illdiw. Vol. XII, April 1913, Part II).

It is hoped that these planetary tabltls, which we owe indirectly to the ingenuity oi an obscure Telugu Astronoliler, Vilvilala Kuchinna, will be u~ed by others than I:\i:itrologers.

Students of practical astronomy aro exhorted to use them for the purpose of identifying the places of the planets in the nocturnal heavens and for studying those lorward and retrograde motioll? of the planets, which, in every age :Lnd country, have afforded such rich material for tho discoveries of astronomy and the inventlolls of astrology.

Example of a.n Actual HoroBcope.-Provided the laglla and Sun's longitude at the moment at birth are determined as above, the rest of the horoscope can be cast in five minutes by means of the tables in Indian Chronology and ilu"/.fall EpJm1l8ri.s. Thus for a child born at Madlas at 12 nOOIl on 1st April 1915, which was a day of • ChitrA.' Nakshatra (commenced '65 of previous day and ended at ~9 of 1st April) the positions of the pI.'l.nets would be as' follows:-

(1) Lagna (already determined) 77°.

(2) Sun (already determined) 347'9°.

, (3) Moon: If we put (1) a"" longitude at commence­ment of nakshatra, (2) b = total duration of nakshatra, and (3) c "" fraction of day expired from commencement 01 nal,shatra up to momellt of birth, then the moon's longi.

tude at moment I?f birth is given by a t- (f x 1ilaO) .

In this case b .. '94 of a duy and c ... '58 of a day. (Both the quantitios b und c are deduced from the entries in the Ephemeris against 31st March and 1st April 1915):

a, from footIlote to App, II, is 1733°, :. Longitude of moon at moment of birth .. 173jO

+ '58 x 13~0 _ 181-560 ,g4

(4) Longitude of Mars - 321'9 + 8'23 x 'i9 ... 324'450

(Ii) .. of Mercury-318'6+3'28 x 1'6 '" 823'77°

(6) " of Jupiter", 819-1 + 3'23 x '23

... 1$19'840

(7) .. of Venus ... 302'8 + 3'23 x 1·]9 = 305'84°

(8) .. of Saturn'"' 64'9 + 3'23 x '03 ... 64·93°

The procedure for Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and S atum is exactly the same. That is, being furnished in Table XVIII, Indian Chl'(}fII!logy, or in Appendix II to this Epheme,is, with the places of the planets at Lanka sunrise for every ten days in the yea.r, we take as an acIdition to the place of each planet at sunrise on March 29, A,D. 1914

Xl

(the 350th day of the Solar year 1914-15), the product of a'~ x to- of the cbange of longitude between the place of each planet on 29th March and its place on 8th April (the 360th day). The 3'23 days are the interval in days from sunrise on 29th March to the mQment of birth on 1st April,

The position of Rdll" for 358'.23 days, reckoned from o day of the Solar year, is found as follows :-

(Table XVII-B, Indian Ch,rmology, or p. 432 of this book.) Mean place of RAhu at sunrise 011 0 day of Solar ycs.r A.D, 1914-15=323'85°,

{for 350 days.. -18'640

Motion of RAhu (backward) for 3 days = - '166 for '23 day _ - '010

-18'71°

., The plnce of Hlihu at the moment 1of birth was ;123'85° -18'71° - 305'14°.

The place of Ketu was 1800 less, i.~., 12fH40,

The following are the Rdi and Nava~ diagrams of this horoscope for a child bom at Madras at noon

on 1st April 1915 A.D, :-

Mina. Mithuna.

PI.$CH, Mesha.. Riah&bha. GIIIIS"i, Al'jls. TIIJIfIIS I X Xl XII Lagns. (170 )

Sun (8~'1'9") Sa.turn (64'9")

XII II Ketu.

Lagna.. I Mars. m JUPiter. Mercury.

Place and hour of birth. Kumbha. Madraa,12 noon.lst April 191/l. Ka.rkata.ka. A'll/II';II$ CII"'"', IX Basi. II

XI I Ijl' lII' .. v .. m ....

N.B.-The degreeH will Mak&l.'&, enable the reader to construct

ClJpr;eOfIlIH, other diagrams. I.K.. Trim-YIII '31_, ShasJlli. 111_. lie. S.mha.

M&rII ~324.,ol L80. Mere. SDs'So ROIIJIIJS ntlmlf'iJIs iJlaiclI1I m JUP' (SI9'8°1 Bhllflll$. Ketu (125'10)

Venus (805'8 ) Rll.hu (SOli' 1°)

Dbanua. Vrischika. Tula. I<anya, S agittal'illS. Scorj;io. Ulwll. Vifl(O.

VII 'Ill Y IV Moon (181'SO)

This dill~rllnl iSt!tlBJ -----"p by IIppyi", IIb/,

XXI to dlffeo, oj X lOIl8JtfI4,. V

YIII lJ Saturn, VII 'Ill Sun, Venus. Moon. RAohu.

XII

CHAPTER II. NOTES ON TITHIS IN RELATION TO FESTIVALS.

Day on which a festival is oelebrated.-As II lith. gonelllJly covers a portion of two days, it sometimes happens that though for civil purposes the tithi of a tl!!.y is that which is current at .sunrise, yet, for religious purposes, the tltlli may have to be celebrated on the previous day when it begins. When a tithi j.s appointed for the celebra­tion of a ferst or fast, to be kept at forenoon, midck1.Y, late afterno.on, midnight, etc., it is obvious tho.t, the feast or fast must be ob~erveu 01; the day whell the tithi covers the presCl'ibed palt of the'day. The day for such purposes 'is divided, first of all, into five portions bdwem smw;se and sunset.

(1) PrMahkislq. or early forenoon, 6 ghatikas from sunrise.

('JfrSangafJa, or forenoon,6 to 12 ghatikas from sunriso. (3) Madhya/lila, or middar, 12 to 18 ghatiko.s fronl

sunrille •. (I) Aparanna, or afternoon, 18 to 24 ghatikas irom

sunrise. (5). Sd)'ahn71, CJ late afternoon, 24 to 30 ghapkas from

sunrise. (oa) Tne 4 ghatil<as betore sunrise are called aruno·

da)'a or rise of dawn. (b) The 6 gbapkas after sunset are ~lled pradosha

or evening. (e) The 2 ghatikas in the middlo of the night are

called nMiha, midnight. ~) A festival mar~ed as paffJafJ.ridlia is celebrated

on the first d8:X. of thp. tithi, not on the second. A festival cerebrated on the second day on VVhich a tithi is current is said to be jarafJJddha.

N . .B.-Tithi dv"ya.m :-Two titbis meeti11g, I.' .. one COIl1'

1Il8l1\1lI1g an!l the otue." endmg, between 18 and ~4 gha,1 kas after sunrise, when II lilllilar meetmg dOe/l not ta.ke place next day.

:E'estivtLls connected witb NakElhatras'as well as Tithis.-On tho nakshutra ::'ravish$ha (No. :.33) in, lunar 5ra.vana, the cerumony of' Upakarma (Avll.!}i AviUam) is celebrate~, Th~ Eye-Table In bld.an CMollo­logy shows lhat this festival would. ordinarily fall about full moon in Sravarz,a. In the S!\l1).e manner, all festivals asso­ciated witb pll.l:ticular Ilakshatral Ulay be equally well coIl,­I,ected with particular t.th.s. In Southern' India, hQwever, ' it is usual to connect nakshatra festivals wIth certain SoJar months in which they are celebra.ted ;':8.g., PlmgJltI~ Uttaram (f.e., UltMa Plillgll~i nal,shatl a in the solar mOllth called Panguni), ChittiraJ Malam (i.e.; 1\Ilala nakshatra in' the solar mouth c~lled CMtUraJ); Avani AviHam (v.rie slIpra), etc. ·Titli. festivals are also of tell connected in Southe~ India with solar months; and if. a festival falls, for insumce, on sukla. panchami in a particul~r soiar month, and there are two 5ulcla panchamis in'that month, the first is called sun)'a tith;' and the second only is celebrated.

Occasionally, something else is required for the cele· bration of a feast besiaes tho con.urrenco at a tftM and a nakshatra; and·.·mere are al~o festIvals and fasts whicb can.lot conveniently be arranged under tithis. Such matters are arranged in the tollowing alphabetical notos, which wiV be of interest to the general I'uader as weI! as

to ~tudentS"'of epigraphy :-

AmavAsyA should be ill apMalulCI. If it occurs in ajar{llina on two days, and is less tl1n11 GO ghatika!! ill length, it is kept on .. the hrsl day j otherWIse ($.8., if of normal length 'or longor) on second day. If not occurring ip ajard/llla of two days, it should bo kept on th~ first day. The same rule is observed for Sraddhas.

Sukla)'ajuffJ8da.-AmAvasYA is kept on the third da.y before moonrise.

Tftne for j1dgas (yKgnya kiila).-The last fourth part of a larfJa (."., either amAvAsyA or paumami) and first three parts of pL'atipacia are suitable a.s )'''gakala. 1£ there is ylgo.ka:.la'on tWo days, then the day on which tho kiila. is curr~nt at noon 1S the propel' day. '

Ash~ami (8tb tithi).-An a$h~'WI$ falling on Wednes­day is spetial and receives the name ofBudhisshtat/l.i. The suo 8 of every month IS sacred to Durga. or AnnapOr~, and,similarly, the ba. 8 of every month, called kalftshtamt (pflryaviddha), is sacred to Mshna.

Ohaturthi (4th tithi).-The Sulcla. Chaturthi in eyery month is called G~n8sa Chatul'tli;' or Vidyaka Chao turthi, the chief being Mflglii Cliatu,tM (GaneSa Ja),ant.). It ~ celebrated at midday. T.la Chatut't}i; is another name {OI Magha S;ukla CliaturtM. Lt is' performed ill the evenina and is jarfJamadlia. Ku1J4a ChalurtM is another name ror the same fettive:i. Similarly, the bahula chao t~rthi in every Inonth is Sanka~\!Ia Chnturthi, and is a fast da:S' ior people who wish to emerge irom difficulties: thu fast is broken at moonrise. This chaturthi' is called A"ct.rakCl Chatllrthj il it falls On Tuesday.

~ Cha.turda.8~ (14th tithi) . ..:...~ahula chaturdaAi in efJery . tIIl»lti'l IS $.vftrttt'l~, but Ma.gba ba. 14 is M aha Sitifio

rat" •. ChAturmAsya. . dvitiyAs:. BhMrapada ba. 2 j

'Asba~ha ba. :3 i l'M.lgulta ba. 2 j Kl1rttika ba. 2.

f.b_e bahu!a dvitiy& i~ AshA4ha, Srlvana, BhMrapada and Asvina is called Asflnyasayana vrata and the fast is

!broken at moonrise.

DvAdasi (12th t.iihil-"M-r~ dvAdaSf is called MahfldutidaSf in the following circumstances:-

11th Tithi 'current at sunrise all two success~ve days: the llext dvAda~i is called Untnilant.

i:2th Tithi CUlrellt at sunrise 011 two successive days: the dvadaSi is called VanjulL

DU

l:!th rlliu, to be luiivwc,l by <l. full nrot.IH ur a new­moon tithi, current at two ~unrises-P"ksliav"r­dhilli.

l:lth Tahi, Joinetl with nakshatra ' Pushy a " is jtly,j [i.e., by Eye-Table, bahula 12 in Bhad. j or sukla 12 in Phalg. or Chait.].

12th Tithi, jomed with naksha.tra 'Sravana', is Vijaya [i.e., by Eye-Table suklu 12 in Shad.; A,v.; bahula 12 in Phalg.J.

12th Tithi, joined with nakshatra 'l'unarvasu', is

jayallti [i.e., by Eye-Table, sukla 12 ill Phalg., bahula l:d in SraVaIY']'

12th Tithi, joinecl with Nakshatra 'Rohil?-i', is P.lp;l1lasini l~."., by Eye-Table sukla 12 in Pausha, l\Iagha; b3.hula III in Ashil.l,lha.

N.l!.-The I:!.Y6-1'o ,I, refo"e,1 to above i~ that appended to {,d:"" ChYvnolllJiY.

Ek&da.sl (11th Tithl).-Every Ekadasi is sacred, like every _\mavasya, and receives a specialllillne. It is called Vijayfl whim joined with the nakshatra 'Punarvasu '. The following an: the nmnes oi the 24 Ekadasis: 12-m bright halves :md 12 in dart, halv~:; of the 12 lunar months) :_

'-.- ------------ .- - ------;---------J Bahula Paksha. Month. Sukla Paksha.

Chaitra Kamada Ekadnsi Varuthini EkadaSi.

Vaisakha

Jyesh~ha

Ashadha

Mohilll do Apara

Nirjala du Yogini

... Vtshnusayull 0 t s a v a; Kamada I &,yalli or Vishnu- or say ani ·Ekadasi (i. e., Vlslmu going to sleep). Kilmika

Sravana ... Putrada Eldclasi Aja I

Bhadrapada ... Vi shnuplrivartanotsaval Indira or l'arivartlll'l Ekauasl! (Vishnu turning on hi:;; side, called Vishnu-I srinkhala, when 11th I

A§vina

alJC 12th tithis meetini llabhatra ' SravaI}a '.)

Karttika Prabodhinl E k a d a si .Utpatti (waking oj Vishnu),

i Bhishnla panchaka-I vrata COlllmences.

I\!argasira 1I10kshada Ekadasi ... Sapbalil

Pauslw Pulr"da Ekldasi or Sbattili lVlUhkotti ur Vaikun· tha Ek<ldasl. •

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

Month.

Miigha

Phalguga

Sukla Paksha.

Jaya Ekadasi

Amalakt EkadaSi

Vijaya

Papalllochlll i ill).

(VaishI}avas)--lf dasllllli ends atter 56 ghatlkao, the fast is on dvQd'ISi day.

If all ekadai.i day, there is any -part of U1Wllmi or

dtiSallli day, then also the fast should be kept on dv,id""j.

1£ dvadasi touches three days, then the fast is on th~

day which is wholly dvadaSi and paraJ;1am on the neXt day

when dvadasl ends.

In any other cl.se, dkr.da;i i~ thu fast 'lay <lml,lvlll.laS\

the day of paranam.

Sany~_sins and widows of all creed~ observe this rule

for ekddasi.

(Smarthas)-Even if itsallli ends <lfter {j(j ghatikas, the fast is kept on ekadaSi.

If dvadasi touches three .days, Sm<lrthas oosel ve the

first dv{jdaJi day as ekiiaaSi.

(Kfunya. ekaJaSi).-Those who ob.serve ekrtdasi for kamya purposes (begetting children, etc.) ob:;erve the

Smartha rule: those who observe ekadaSi for 1IIuhsha (like Sanyasin;,) observe the VaishI}ava ruk

If a death occurs on the day of ekadasl fast, whether it be ekadasi or dvadasi tithi, then the sraddha is on tbe next day, Only Madhvas and VaishI;lavas observe this rule: ~marthas observe the sraJdha on ek<i.daSi fast day also.

Gl'ahatla.-For 9 hours before commencement of a lunar eclipse, and for 12 hours before commencement of a solar eclipse, neither sraddha nor meals are :Lllowed: they are allowed after lIIoksha, i.e., release of the eclipsed body. On the occasion of agrastliiJti,.ya., eclipse 01 the moon (when moon rises in an eclipsed condition), neither sradJha 1101'

meals are allowed during day, and after JUv/;sh(~, perlvlmer!o

of purI;lima sra.ddha must fast a..'ld pedOrtll ~nl.ddh<.l next day, but others may have food at night.

GYttstlodstha.IliMlaJU (Lunar edip'<.!).-ll llluull SelS III

an eclipsed condition, meals are allowet.i only afle) next

moonrise, except to perfurmer of sril.dtlln, who must fust

in the llight and perform ~raddlH' lIext clay.

According to Manu, no s-ril.lldila all account of a titlli

can be peri'ot'meJ al night, bUl Sr.lt.iJil'" vu account uf

oclivse must be performl:(i during tune ot eclipse, uvell !l it be <Lt night.

XlV

Jayanti-1. Matsyaj.-Chaitra s. 5 (apardlllla). !!. K21rma j.-Jyeshtha s. 12 (praMsha). :.l. Vara!la j.-Chaitra s. 9 (apa,ahna). 4. N1isimhaj.-VaiSAI,ha s. 13 (pradosha). 5. V rlmat}a j.-Bhadrapada s. 12 (matlllyuhfl4). ti. Parailllrama j.-Vaisakha s. 3 (between' 6 and

9 p.m.) 7. Sri Rdma j.-Chaitra s.9 (t/ladyahna). 8. Balar(lma }.-Bhll.drapada s. 3 (lIladydMla). 9. Krishna j.-Smva"Q.a b. 8 (must be current at

midnight). 10. Ballddlltl j., KalM }.-Jycshtha 8.3 (pradoshq).

KalpMi-Kiirma kalpadi:"-Cbaitra suo li. Dr Chaitra Am!va.sya.. Parthiva kalpa.di-Vai~!kha ba. 3. Savitri kalpadi-Karttika suo 7. Pla!aya kalp!di-MargaSira suo 9. Varaha kalp!di-Magha suo 13. Brahma kalpadi-Phalguna ha. 8.

Madha1uL tirtham.s and PUJ}.ya.dinams.­South of Mad,ras, M;:l.dhavas observe these collunemora­tlOllS as apara/illa vydPilli and North of Madras, they observe them as udaya V)lupifli, bllCIiUse the days are days, not of birth, but of death.

These festivals are a~sociated with lunar months and tithis, and are inserted in the general list accordingly.

Manvadi-List of 1II alllJiidis-_

1. S\'arochisha-Asvina suo 9. 2. Svayambhuva-harttlka suo 12. :3. Uttama-Chaitra ~u. a. 4. Tillnal;8.-Bhadravada ~u. 3. 5. AgmsavarJ}i-Sra\'<ll}a am!vMy!. G. Raivata-Pushya ~U. 11. 7. Cliakshu!>ha-Asba~lla ~u. 10. K Vaivasvata-l\lagha suo ;'. I:l. S(lIya!>avalJ}i-Bhil.til<ll'ada suo i.

10. Hudlllsiiv'Ll1:i-A~h1u:1lta ta. t!. 11. Indl'asavami--Kfu It I ka ba. 8. 12. j:h ahma~il.val I}i-l 'halgUJ}a pimJi""i. lao Rauchyaka- Chaitla piin::irna. 14. l>bauchya-Jyeshtha piirJ}ima.

N,}j.-Mallv~di aud YuCadi. uCl'lIrnOll 10 sllA/alal,slll', .houl(1 b~ II, rut"alli,a, i.e., before nuun: ,f they "ccur In kr,slillapal.slla" th~y bhould)", within "IU,ci}l'i1~. ,.e .. aitenll)()Il.

Masa SiYaratri.- Every lllonth, ba, 1J (pradusha 01 pliYVlWlddlltl) i~ :'ivaycitri. St~ CilatmdGs;' . ..

Panchadas~ (1:,th TIlhi).-A ~ukla 15 01 purI}ima. (full nJOOll) i~ called Sbmavati wh~n It fnlls Oil Monday and is !>!JCcial £01 donatiolls.

It is called ch-al/flnza'!; when it is further joiued with a lunar ecli!1se.

Most pun::imas receive special nallle~, which ale gi yen in the general list.

Paraviddha, a tithi kept on the day 011 which it ends.

Pratipada (1st tithi).-The Chaitra sukla pratiPad~, i.&., that which precedes the Mesha Sankranti, is the begin· ning of the Hindu Lunar year; NevI Year's Day (Lunllr) boing that on which the pratipacla. is current at :,uhrise. (When there is an Adllika Chaitfa, that begins the year.) The titm is therefore called Vaisar/irambila (commencement of the year). It is also NavIJrU,iiralllbha, there being tmother Navardtrdratnbha on A!vina §ukla platipaoa.

Paryaviddha.-A tithi kcpt on the day on which it begins, provided it begins more than 4 ghati!ms 00 fore thl)

sunset ot OIle day and ends before sunset of following day.

Pushkal.'a, or festival of a. river, is celebrated when Jupiwr enters c(lltain signs of the ZodIac. The signs for the 12 chief rivers are-

Jupiter in Mesha-Ganga Jupiter in Tula-Kavl:ri. " in Vpghabha-Reva. " in Vrischika-Uhimarathi. " in Mithuna-Sarasvatl... in Dhanus-Pushlmram. " ill Knrkataka-Jumna. " in Makar-<..lam. " in Simha-Godavari. .. in Kumbha-ludus. " in Kanya-Krishna. .. in Mina-Sapranitata sl. -

The moment of Jupiter:s entry into a R!si i~ the Pushkaram, and the period for the luas~ is 1~ days.

A RMi into which Jupiter ellters twice (;'.e., hefOIC . retrogression and after) is counted only at Stlcond entry.

N.B • ...:For time ef entry of Jupiter into the &evcrallt,'bl •• <iurlllg the yeal'll A.D. 1840 to A.D. 10'10 aee I"Ii. Cllr"" .• Tal> },. V 111, ~n(\ fllf

the time at his entry dUfmg the years AD. HllO ttl A.ll. l'J~J •. c" Appendix II to full! work.

SankramOJ.la.-When Sankrantl oCc..urs Ullllllg daylight, it should be observed as closely as possiblu: if after sunset, it is kept Oll the first day ill thlj. ca~t: of Sankranti occurring before midnight: oth(lrwi~u, lIUxt Jay. if at midllight, it may be kllpt on either day. V ri~lml..>h'L, S1Iuha, Vrischlka, KumbhR Sankriu!-ll::' (SthlllL lu:;i Sail!' rantis) are called Vishffllpadll. MlthuD,l, Kaliya, l)h,:IIIlI~,

Mina (Dvisvabhava ragiB) are callt:d S/wdasil. /'u,!)'likllll"

Mesha and Tula Sal,nlntis are called Vi~val 1'1I1?ya­kala. Karkataka and Makara Sankralltb. arc called re­spectively Dakshini\y:ma anti UU,uayallu pUllyakala.

Saptami (7th Tithl).-A Sattlillli Oll ruc~"lay, CI,)"

bined with llakshatm 'H.evati " (tlwt iSo, by l·:yc·T:dllc. bahula 7 in Ashadha or guklu 7 ill Pausba or IIlaglaa) is velY Ull!>j,licioul:i. S,.kJa Saptollli., lallillg uu SUliday, l~ ,;u1h·J Vijaya, and 15 special fOl donatiolls. ,\ SUl;].l ~al>ta,ni,

joined with the 1st quartllr 01 nakbliatra 'HII~tll', is

xv

(:alludl1ltutlYd. A aukla ',aptami, coinciding with a Sank· ranti is called Maha.JlIya, whiclJ, for lTh'\king donatio~s, ic; supel iar OVen to an echpstl.

Sopapada.s.-}yeshtha. SUo 2, A.~vina SUo 10, Magha suo " and 12 (plirl/alllla).

Tisroshtaka.s.-7th, 8th and 9th tithis paksha of (apa,cllma).

Pushya, Magha, in bahula Phalgl11)A

Upakal'ma.-Srava.tyl suo 15 (sumgavavydpini 6 ghat. to 12). For Yajulvedis, if Sankram~a, Mu{iham, hdiacal setting of Jupiter or Venus or eclipse concur, then the upakarmam is on Uhadrapada pu~imA; if that also is objectionable, then' the people observe it in Asha.9ha; but this is not according to the aastras, which require it in this case to be performed in Srava~a month.

'Slav~a' nakshatra is tho date for ~igvedis, whother the tithi be ~u. 14 or 15 or ba. 1.

For Vajasaneyas, purnima must be tJ"ulliya~fla vyapi"i.

In Simha month, ou 'Hasta' day b upakanna for Sli.ma\·odis south of the Narba{iha. For those north of the Narba9ha, 'Hasta' nakshatra in Sra.va~a month is the appointed time:

Yaishnaya Tirunakshatras-N. 1J._T,yumskshalra a. nong Vaiahnavitea meall~ birth-l!tar.

These na.k~batras are o'),;e"·,,d _~r<llll!l to Sola.r Montha.

It a nakshatr ... occurs t" ice In a Solar MonJl. th~ second naksha· Ira Iii the one ollsel"l'ed.

All n"l<ahatra, mUKI have S'lIIg.wa"~I" uyapli.

, .dSlli'li '-

:Vlesha-Va9uganambi. KUJnbha-~rigovitldaperumal.

, JJ"tlra~,i'-Vrischika-iy~i ~Iadha\'aperuIUal, ArulAla­

perumAl Emoorumanar.

, KyjWkt!'-

Mllsha-UyyakongAr. Vrischika-N ambilai Tirumangaia!vAr.

'RoM'}i'-V~shabha-Tirukkottiyur Nambi. Simha-1fa~an. PeriavAchAm Pinai. NayanAr

AchAm Pillai. Vrischika-TiruppAQi AlwAr,

. Mina-NamborumA\.

, MfigaSifu '-

Simha-Paravastu pattarapiran Jiyar, Tirukkurugapuan PiUAn, Makara-Emberumanar Jiyar. Kumbha-Tlrukkachi Nambi.

'Arara '­Mesha-Emberumanar .. Tula-Kuraku16ttama naaar.

• PII/lllfll'IStl t __

Mesba-Chnkrav:utti TirumaIJallar. :VIudali­ya~gan.

Makara-Emba.r. Kumbham-Kulnc;ekhara A\war Kandagayihlc;tall.

, PIIS/lyii '-

Karkataka-PratlVadi bhayankaram A!p}a. Mina-Chulvapil!Ai.

, ASlesllll ' -

Mithuna-MAraner Nambi. Kumbha-Pillai UrangavilliJasar.

'Maghlj'-

Makala-Ti~wna).isai Alwar. Kwnbha-Ma~kkA! Nalnbi.

, Pllrll(l PJ:algu1}Z'-

Karkataka.--Chu9ikl(ogutta NAchiyar. KanJa9a T6lappar. Edugiri NachiyAr.

, UttaYG PMlgtl1}i '-

Mina-Srlranga NachiyAr. Nan]iyar.

'Ilusia '-1\1 esha-Tevapcrwnal_ rulrkataka-Badari Narayanapperumal· 1\Ialnl.1a-Kiirutla! war. l\Hna-"1·irullaray~apporum5.1. Tiruvamng"t-

t'\lllUlhular.

, C/lit,ii'-~leslll\-Ma,ll\l"al,uvi ;\'\w5.l'. AUlLmllL AlwlIl'.

, Sv~ti'-

Vrishabha-A.l.agyu Singar. Til'Ullla!al Nambi. Mithulla--PlJny:~ Alwar. Va~ak"u Tlruvidi Pi!l:\i.

'Vj$cikllu '-

Vri~haba-Nallllnalwar. Pillai Tirumalai Nambi. . ... .. Tinlvaimo.l.l l'illai.

Mal,ara-Kulugavala Appan.

• A1ltlrtlalla '-Vrishabha-Periya' Pattar. Srirailla PinaL Koil

Kandddai Annan. Mithuua":"Srim;'mlatha Mux:i!lal.

, jycshtha '-

Dhanus-Tonslmaslipo{ii ti.\war. l:-'uriya Nambi. NAlur Acchall Pinai. Aj.:~gira Mal,lavaia PerumAl Nayana:.

'Ma[a'-

'l\lla-Mu1)-ll.va.la Mahallluni.

"PUI'Vu, Ash<itjh" '­

Tula-St:lnamadurai Alwar.

, Uttaya As/iucj /111 '­

Karkataka-A\,wandar. Pun~arikakshar .

l.Yl

• SI'UVQ'!u'-Kat k.l.!ak,I-TerkAI wAr. KanyA-Tit uvtmga4am Us!ayan. VedAnta

DeSlkar. 'l'ula-Poigai A!wAr. Pinai L6kAchAryAr.

• Dhanish~1I11 '-1'ula-Plldatlii! wAr. TirumalaY~4An. Na4uvil­

tiruvidi paUar.

'SataMisllaj '-

Tula-·PeyAlwar. Pinp.-.!.agiya PerumAl Jiyar.

, PiiYfJa Blttldrapt/da '-

l\Iakara-Ch~Ha Nambi. NAlnran.

• UthmJ, Bhadrapada '-

Tula-Vi\il.njula pillai.

, Rwatt'-Mesha--Periya PerumA!. Tu1'I-lrumbilappar.

VatsarA.rambha. lit: beginning of the year, is the name given to Chaitra, suo 1, which marks the com­mencement of the Hindu lunar year, and which is the su. 1 immediately preceding the Mesha Sankranti. When there is an adhiM Chaitra, suo 1 of that month bt.gius the year. Pratipada is jal'aviddhd, i.e., it is kept on the day on which it cnds. When Pratipada is k$/layd, it is kept on amAvAsyA day: when it touches thrll(l days, it is kept on the third day.

Yogas-Bwihiishttlllll.-su.8 + Wednosday in any month.

Ekcidasi CUfu'Uufa 'Ufata.-EkAdasi + Thursday in any month and either paksha.

Salli/yayodasi.-Shashthi+tray6dasi in any month and either paksha.

K rislll}allg t,raka chatl/fa/ui 'Ufata.-Krish~a paksha J4 + Tuesday in any mODth (divILvyapini, i.e., must be between sunrise and sunset).

Stl'illtim chandl'ad~l'saflam.-The whole of the night from sunset to sunrise- must be pClrl?im€l with­out occurrence of chaturdusi.

Amdvusy,i Somavara 'U"da.-Mondayl +amAvasya. l'ithi must

Biluml SaPtmll~.-Sunday + saptami, ~be current at any month and either paksha. sunrisH

Angtifaka Chatl/rtlii.-·Tuesday +cha- and noon turthl. I (d.'Uavyr,..

Ash!ami Somavf#ta 'Urata.-Monday + I pfni). ashtami. J

Mah/jpllllr'!allli 'Urata.-Mooll and Jupiter should join in the Nakshatra whllllce tho month takes its name.

Mallul/luglw.-StdtlTn in l\1t'hha+ AI""!I ill 'l\lagha' +Jupiter in Simha+Srw ill 'SlavaI!-a' nakshatra..

Mahdvyatiputa.-Jupiter and Mars in Simha + Ventls in Mesha+su. 12+' Basta' lIabhatra in any montll.

Go'UindadvaduSi.-SII1I in Kumbha + JlIP~tt:r ill Dhanus +sukha (~.e., allspilUJIlS) tithi, Yam, tInd nal(shatra in PhalguI!-a sukla pal,sha;­

otherwise,

S,m in Kumbha + Satllm ill !\[al\lua + suo 12 + • Pushya' nakshatla.

Kahayoga-Tyajyam at meeting of aUlaVaS)'a and pratipada.

YugA.di-KritayugAdi-Karttika suo 9. TretAyugadi-Vai~akha SU. 3. DvAparayugadi-Magh.\ amavlhya. Kaliyugadi-BM.drapada btl. l:l. ManvAdi and Yugadi occurrmg in sunl Pttkslw,

should be in parva/i'.la, i. e., before·noon: if th(::y occur in krishf!&! paksha, thtly should be withm ajafahtltl, i.e., a£tel-noon.

YugA.ntam-Kretayugantam-Simha Sankrimti.) Same rule as Tretayug!ntam-Vrischika" r lor SankrfLuti

q.!I. U"; le-Dvaparayugantam-Vrishbha" gard" tillle oi KaIiyugantalll-!(umbha. " J tklY.

TABLE OF HINDU FASTS, FEASTS AND FESTIVALS.

NOTE.-The sign + means "combineu With n. The abbreviation "when +" mea.ns "when the tithi ill question is combined with n. Asterisks Ider to thl! alpha­betical list prefixed to this tabl e.

Chaitra. Su, 1. Chandra Vatsararambha. Navanl.tr{Lrambha.

Nimbakusuma pakshanu.

Suo 2. Vedavyasa Tirthl\m (Mfulhavas).

SUo 3. And6lalla·ttitiya (purul'id,l'ltl). GaurHdtiyu. Matsajayallti (altellloon). l\lallvaJl.-

Suo 5, Lnkshmi panchullli or Slipunchami (j>lirv,l­'Uiddllt/). K(\lpa.di II< (pily'Utihw.).

Suo 8. Bhavani-utpatti (ptlYIl'UiddJw) i bathing spocial, when + Wednesday + Nal.. • Punarv[1.";u '. Asokashtami.

Suo 9. Rama I1avami or Sr~rA.ma jayanti (flllld-

yahna). Varaha jayanti (apcuahna). Kavindira tirthalll (Madhavas).

SUo 10. Dhannar{Lja dasami.

Su. 11. DOlotsava. 1{4.mada. EMda~i. See EkadaSf.

Suo 12. V.imru:a dv;\c1asi. Jnya; when + nakshatra • Pu!>hya t. See Dvtld{lsi.."

Suo is. Madana trny6<lasi (Pllfll{wJddll'l) or Ananga piijina VI ata; god of love worshipped. Satyavrata tirtMnam pUQyadinam (l\'la<lhavas).

Suo 15. DamanakOtsava (paJ'Vaviddha); (special for bathing when + Sunday, Thursday or Saturd.c1.y. l'IIanvadi" (forenoon). Hanumat· jayanti. Viraraghava tirtbanam pUQya· dinam (Madhavas).

Ba. S. Vagisa t\rthan~ pUl,lyadinam (Madhavas). Ba.. 11. VarClthini EkAdaSi. Satyavijaya tirtha.n!m

pUl,lya.dinam (Madhavas). Ba. is. Varul,li; when + Na.k. ' Satabhishaj '. M~h!·

varul,li; when + Nak. • ~atabhishaj' + Saturday. Maha.mah!varul,li; when + Nak. • Satabhishaj' + Saturday _ + YOga ~ubha. Satya priya tirtMnam pUQ~inam (i\Udhavas).

Ba. 15. Kalpadi."

Yais~kha.. Suo 3. Akshayatritiya (pal'vavidtllla); special when

+ \Vednesday + Nak. • Rohi~i '. Treta­yugadi. See Yllgadi." Parasurama jayanti. Vidyadhiraja tirtham (Madha­vas).

Suo 5. Ramachandra tirtham (Madhavas). Sankara's birthday.

Suo 7. Ganga saptami or GangOtpatti; birth of Ganga; midday.

Suo 11. ParaSur!ma Ekada~i. M6hinl EkadaSi. Suo 12. Vyatipata (when Nak. ' Hasta ' + Jllp;,tef and

Mars in Simha+Sltn in hH:sha). Suo 13. Nu.rasimha jayallti (pradosllll). Suo 14 J:\arasimha jayanti. Suo 15. Vai~akhi purry.ima. Sampat Gauci vrata

llVU

(paraviddlla). Kiirma jayanti (p,adosha). See J t.lyallti. ,. Maha· Vai§akhi j when pUfl2-ima + 51111 in Mesha + lie/iter in Dhanus + 111 ars in Makara + SatllYII in Tula +N"k.' Visakha • + Val'iya yllgl' + Sunday.

Ba. 3. Kalpadi .. (pI2rV(i1I11t1).

Ba. 11. Apara Ekad..'l.gi.

JyeBh~ha.

Suo 2. Sopapada. Satyasandha tirtham (Madhavas). Suo S. RambM-tridya. (parvavitldha)i worship of

Bhiv!ni. Buddha jayanti. Kalki jayanti (pradiJsha).

Suo 6. Ara~ya Gauri vratam (paraviddha).

Suo 10. DaSahara (expiation of ten sins), 01 Ganga.va· tara .Jyeshtba Suo 10+ Wednesday (or

. Tuesday) + Nak. • Hasta '+ Yoga I Vyati­pa.ta· is called DA4AHARI.

Su. 11. Nirjala. hkidaAi. 8

Suo 12. R!l.malakshm(\l~a DVIi.c1alii. 1(01'1na jayanti* (prad&ha).

Suo 15. Vrishabha puja. MaMjyeshtha Utlpjeer in Aindra, i.e., N ak. 'Jyeshtha' + Moon in Aindra or Nak, • ]yeshthil.' + Sun in Nak. • RohiQ1' + Jycshtha :pul"l}imll.. Mauvac\illl or Vata PCl~ma. or Vata Sa.vitri (pllrva-fJidd/ia). -

Ba. 2. Satya piil1}B- ttrtham (Madhavas). Ba. 3. Ragbu variya tirtham (Madhavas). Ba. 8. TrilOchana puja. Ba. 11. Yogini EkadaSi .. Ba. 15. Vata 5a.vitri vratam (parvavUldlla).

. . AshAlJha.

Suo 2. Ratha·y!tra dvitiya. or Ra.marathOtsava. Suo 3. Satya.dhir~ja tirtbam. (Madhavas). Suo 5. Skanda·panchamt (paraviddlaa). Suo 6. Kumaca Shashthi (pa1'aviddha). Suo 7. Vivasvat saptami; (when + Nak. I FOrva

Phalgut:li "). Suo 10. Laksbmiv;ata.rambha. S4.ka vratarambha •.

Manvadi" (forenoon). Sa.ty!bhicava tlrtbam (M!dhavas).

Suo 11. Sayana Ekada~i (not to be observed in adhika mouth) ; Of' Vishnu~ayana Ekadtl.si or VishQu~ayanOtsava: (i.e. Vis~u going to sleep).

Suo 12. G6padma vrat!ramhha.. ChAtUl'IllAsyat vrata commences.

Suo 14. PavitrarOp<1.Dam (pardviddlw). See Upakttfllla". Suo 15. VyasapOrIJima (6 to 9 gMt. after sunrise).

Hari§.:tyanam. (SayMltI,l1)yttp;n;). Manvadi" SivaSayauOtsava Of Kokila vrata or Vyba· puja.

Ba.. 2. Chaturmasya dvitiya." Asunya~a.yana vrata; fast brokon nt moonrise.

Ba.. 3. Srlvijaya tirtham (Mldhavas) .• " Ba. 7. Special, when + NaIt. 'Revati' + Tuesday. Ba. 8. Manv!di". Ba.. 11. K!mad! or Ka.milm EkAda§i. v. Eklldasi ". Ba.. 12. PllP:lllMhli, when + Nak. 'l{Obini '. See

Dv&da$$ ". Ba.. 15. S:\.tya.di~a tirtham, (M!dbavas).

SPa. Ya.l].a..

Suo 1. Raghnvendrnsw4mi pU1!-yadinam (MMha.vas). Suo 3. Madhu·Srava (in Guzerat). Suo 5. NAgapanchaml (pllraviddlw); worship' of

snakes. Suo 6. Suryashashthi <pafilvitidlla). Hala·shasthi. Suo 7. SatyavamtirthanimpUQyadinam(Madhavas}. Suo 10. Dadhivratarambha. Suo 11. Putrada. Ekad~l • Suo 12. Dii.m6daradvadaSi. VishJ;.loh·pavitrii.ropanWll. Suo 14. Varalakshmi vrata, on Friday, nearest to

p~ma. in 5uklapaksha.

XVIII

Bu. 15. Hayagriv6tpatti; Upalmrma '". Rig-yajuh­Sl'avalli. Rakshabar.dhana (tyillg a !itnng round the a1l11), or Hakipilrnimaj Ol" 1': fuali· pUIl}illla (when COCOalluts ~re thrown into the bea).

Hayagriva jayanti ; or Hayagrivotpattt Ba.. 2. AsunyaSayana Vlala, See ' Chaturmasya dvi­

tiyii. '." Ba. S. Kajjali·ltitiya. Ba.. 4. Bahula Chaturthi ; when cows al'e wOlship­

ped. Ba.. 7. SitaJa Saptaml or Sitala.·vrA.ta. (Pu,vlIviddJICI). aBo. 8. ]alllllashl:lmi. Krishllashtmni or Krishna­

Jayanti. ::ip"clal when + Nak. ' 1<.ohil.li'; less bO when joined only to Monday or Wednebtlay , Manvadi.·

Ba. 11. AjA lil,adagi, Bs.. 12. Jayanti; (when + Nal,. ' Punarvasu ') Sue

Dvada::.i. '" Btl, 13~ Sa.tyadhal'llla tirth!l.nam pu~yadinam (Madha·

va::.). Ba. 15. Pithod or Kusotpatini (end of SravllQa)

Manvadi. '"

Bhadrapada. Sg. 1. Maunavratam (pur'llaviddhd). Su. a. ShOQ,aSomavratam. Varaha jayanti (see

jayiJ,tltir "). HariU.lika; worship of p~­vatl. Manvadi. <to. Siva (a name for this tithi). Balarama jayanli (liladliyMma).

SUo 41. Yinayaka Chaturthi (mad/iyulinavyfJpjlli) SpJ. when + Sunday or + Tuesday.

Suo 6. ~ishipallchami (t,p<I.,tsilalwv)'ilpini). Suo 6. Cbaxnpa Shashthi (when + Nak . .' ViSAkhii. '

+ Yoga Valllhriti + Tuesday). So.rya Shashthi (jafav"ddila) 01 Skanda Shashthi.

S'Q. '1. Amuktabhanu:a Saptami (p(t1va-dddha). Jayabaptaml. Apal'ajiU.. ManvA.di·.

SUo 8. DurvashtaIlli (pafvav.ddfta). Jyesbtha po.ja (when + N<l.k. 'Jyeshtha. '). Jyeshtha­Gauri.pujllna-vmla, when + nakshatra

• jyeshtha '. Su. 9. Nrull..lunll.\'mlli. A~hukha·navamt. SUo to. Kshlravratarambhn. Satyashthaklma tlrtM·

nim pux:yadillam (Madhavas). SUo 11. Vishnu parivartan6tsava Of Pari\ral't.tana

Ekadagi. Lakshminanl.y~ Y6ga.

SUo 12. Kalki·tlvadasi. Sakrottapanam. Vil.In.'\:Qa­jayanti (tnadhyilJma) (see Jayantir "'). Sril.­v~a·dvada&i (when + Nak. Srav~, + Wedntlsday). Vijaya, (when + Nak. • Sravl~a '). See dviidaH ....

Suo 14. Anant.avratam Of Anantapadmanil.bha Cha­turdasi (pu1'vaWddlia; must be current for 3 Dluhurthas, f"" 1.1 gblLtikas, aftorsunrise ; and for those who pel'fonn this v,ata for the first time, the tithi must be current at Doon).

Suo 15. Praushthapadi pllfl}ima or Srilddhn. Ba. 1. Mahalayapakshirambhn. (Mu.hal>harani

when + ~ak. ' Bha~i' in "11/)·"'''ua) .• , Ba.. 2. Asunyasayana-vrata. • Chil.tUlma::.ya dviti­

ya '*. Ba. S. Brihatyuma vratam (Ptly(wiidht'). Ba. 6. Chandmsha;;!hivratam. l\:apila S has t hit

(when + Nak. 'H.6hi~i' + Y6ga • Vya-1.1pfita' + Stln in ' Basta' + Tue;;Jay).

Ba. 8. Hudlashtami (pradhliaki';/'I vytij·illl). l\lad­hyashtami. Mahalak~hmi vmta (piiyvtl­'IIiddllll). A::.htaka Sladdha.

Be.. 9. Dllrga ntlv.1.111i (in Mah:u.l!>htra). Gaj.lg':lll1'i vralalll (when + SIIII elltclillg' IUli-!,hatra • Basta ').

Ba. 10. Harisallkara Y6ga (Pltf'vtlviddila), WhCll there is a concurrence (I) af ba. 9 and ba. 10. (2) of Ilak 'Punal va::.u' and lluk. • Pushya '. (3) of ' Sivay6ga • with • Siddhay6ga', and (4) of 'Gadjakara~a'

with • Vanijakarax:a '; for 8 ghatilms by day or night; may be kept in adlli/itt months.

Ba.. 11. indira EkadaSi.

Be.. 12. YatimaMlaya (aparMma v)'ujillil. Jaya (see Dv!daSi <to).

Ba. is. Gajachchaya. (when + ::;1111 in 'Basta' + llak. 'l\Iagha '). l~\liyug~\tli. See YlIgtidj ". Magha tray6d.asi (nak. ' l\laghn. ').

Be.. 14. Visha~astrahatanAm Mnhalaya. l\Iadlmva· tirthanam pux:yadinulll (Madhavm;).

Ba. 15. Sarvapil\'i Uf Maha.laya Amavasya; Special, when ~1lI1 and M 0011 llre botb ill

Nak. • l1USt~L '.

As'll in a. Su.1. Chal;lQipiljarambha 0 r commencement 0 f

Na'llal'atrj (paravidtlha). Stan:wriddhl Gaud vmtam.

Suo 6. UpangalalitL Gauri vratam ; esp. in Mallllla::.h· ~ra (pafvauiJdlia). Samsvatiplljurnmbha (' MOla 'Nak). Lalita patlChallii.

Suo '1. About this tithi, when it concurs willt Nak. , Mllkt '. sarasvati is worshipped. Satyapl'a. yana tirtMnAm pUlJ-yadillnm (Malllw.\'as).

Suo 8. MahA.shtami (5pl. when + Tuesday). ::i,~tya·

parlkrama tirtMnb.m pu~yadina.tn (Ma.dhavus).

Suo 9. MaMnavamt (jl2rvavi,ddlla) or Durga.-nuvami Manvildi •.

SUo 10. Vijayadll.Sami 0' DaSara (puflvav$lldJIII) ; (Spl. when+Nak.· S!ava~) '. Rljnyam pauibhishekha (PllftltIWllhtl). Sarasvatipllja (ends in • 5rava~' 11lIk.) Dvidala. vratArambhn. Buddha-Jayanti. See Ja,fJfIi; -. Sopapada.

Suo U. PaslinkuSa EkAuaSi.

Suo 12. PaumanAbha c1vacla~i Godvtldaiil (jf'adhha "Jupini.) Vijaya (when + Nak. 'Srav~·). See DviidaS~·.

Suo 15. Dhanapphalavratarambha, when + Sunday. Kaullludyutsava (j(jrvavidd/la). Kojagari pilrl]ima or Kojagari vrata i worship of Lakshmi and llllira. GaInes of chance. NavaDna pUlI}imA (when new grain is cooked).

Be.. 2 . .t\tunya~ayal1a·vrata. See 'C hat u r 111 a 5 y a

dvitiya.' "

Be.. 3. Cbandr6daya I\lasa vratam (paraviddlla).

Ba. 11. RamA Ekadasi.

Ba. 12. G6vatsa Dvadasi.

&.13. DhanatrayodaSl i when money lenders worship

money.

Ba. Hi. NarakachaturdaSi (jllrvaviddJw). Yamadarpa. ~ a m, Dlpadanam. SvAtyabhy.mga (at moonrise).

N.B._.Dlp~vali ma.y fall on this tIlhi if JOIned to Nak. 'SvMi.'

Ba. 15. Dipa.vali. Kedaravratalll (jaruviJdha).

Kbttika.

Su,. 1. Balipratipada or Baliptlja.

Suo 2. Yamadvitlya (ajarfllifJavyflphli) or Bhrat!i dvitlya.

Suo 3. AIochana Gaur! vrata.m (paraviddlla).

Su. 4. Naga Chaturthi (paraviddha; madhyflhtla vyapini.)

Suo 6. MaMshasthi i special for feeding of Brahmans wh~n it falls on Tuesday.

Suo 7. KalpMi - (purva/ma).

Suo 8. GO·ashtami (paravj:ldda).

Suo 9. Kretayugadi. See YlIgc'idi "'.

Suo 10. Salyavara tirtM.uam punyadinam (Madhavas).

Suo 11. J30dhana EkMaSi or Prabodhini Ekidasi Bhishmapanchaka vrata. Vedanic.lhi tlr· thAnam pUl]yadinam. (l\Udhavas).

SUo 12. YOgeSvaradvadasi. Kshinibdhi mahOtsava. Chaturma~ya vlata to (begms). Prab6dhot. SlIVa or Dttham. dvadasi. (preparation for waking Vi~hnu). Tulasi vivaha. Manvacl.i-

Suo 14. VaikuQ\ha Chatulc.laSl-midnight (rutl'ivya. ji'li). Tulasi vwtodhyApanam.

Suo 15. Special (when + l\ak. 'Krittika '). Jvllatora· nllm. (pl'uJislill vyapilu). Dhalri yOga (when + Nak. 'Krittitka. '). Manvadi­Chaturmasya vrata (~nds). T rip uri po.r~ or tripurOtsava. MahakArttild.

lUX

(when + Nak. 'l~ohh,li'), or when MOM, and Jupiter are both ill Nak. 'KI illil,a ' on Karttika suo 15). PAdmalmyog'a (when + Sun in Nak. 'Vi~akha' + MQ;m in Nak. 'Krittika '). Krittika FestivlII.

Ba. 2. l\urllilm' ChaturllJasya dvitiya ' •.

Ba. 3. Viclyflllic.lhi tirthil.nal1\ PUQy~\Jillall1 (Madlm· vas.)

Ba. 8. Krishnashtami. v. Ashttlmi "'. Kala • .lJhairitv­ashtami or KaJa-Bhairava·jayaIlti. MILli'

vadi -.

Ba. 11. Utpatti EkarlaSi.

Ba. 13. Yamadipa (pYlidosha "yfljim).

Ba. Hi. Padmanabha tirthauam pun y ad i 11 a m. (MAclhavas).

Margas~ra.

Suo 5. Nagapilja or l\agapanchami.

Suo 6. Skanda Shashthl (pafv,widd",~), Of Malia Shashthi. Champa Shashthi j Siva wor­shipped as Khandoba. Spl. whon + Sun· day or Tuesday + Nak. 'Satabhishaj' or + Yoga 'Vaidhriti '.

Suo '1. Mitra Saptami (ptlrvaviddha). Suryavlata.

Suo 9. Kalpiui (ptlrvMma).

Su, 11. M6kshadil. Ekadasl, Salyalliclhi tirlhflnfull pW?-ya.<.linalll (Madhava~).

Suo 12. l\Iatsya.dvadagi. Akru;t4a uvadasi vlatam· Satyanatha tirtho1utun pw}yaJ.inalll (Mad. havas).

Suo 13. Hallumadvratam (AMjjilvyitP;Il;).

Suo 14. 1'I1.sh~apak:.halla (pru.livsliafJ),iijitli), Of Pa· shllI].a Chaturdasi. .iJa ttatleya j~\yaIlli

(in some plactJsi elsewhete it is suo 15).

Suo 15. Spl. for donations of salt, when + l\ak. 'Mrigruiirsha', Chandra PUja (prl/llu./",,). Siva Pilja (' Ardla' Nak.). Valtalrcyavf

Dattajayanti. Ardra festival."

Ba. 7. l'isroshtaka • (AjJurMlllcI).

Ba.. 8. h.alabhaimva Ashtarni (r Ii t r i v)';; pi 11 i) . Ashtaka-Slii.ddha. Tis!oshtalmo4l (u.,.rillma.)

Ba.. 9. TislOshtaka (ujuru/m, •• )

Ba.. 11. Sapphala Ekadasi.

Ba. 12. Raghunil.tba til than am p~yadinalll (l\!a. dhavas).

Ba. 15. Akshobbya tirthil.llalll pUQyadinam (l:vIadha· vas.)

xx

Paus.ba. Suo 2 RaghUttama t1rthanAm pUl?yadinam (MMha­

vas).

Suo 8. Spl. when + Wednesday + Nak. 'Bhara~i;

t 'Rohil!-l' 01' 'Ardra.' , according to some).

Suo 11. PutmcIa Eka.da~i or Mukkotti Ehdasi 0' Yaikun~ha EkAodui. Manvadi.*

Su. 12. Kiirma dvadaSi.

Ba. 6. Satyakil.ma tirtMnam put}yadinam (MAJha­vas).

Ba. 7. Tlsroshtaka oil (ItPart'thnil). Naraharitlrtham1.m pUt}yadinam (Madhavas).

Ba.. 8. Tisroshtaka • (IiPtlyt'tlllltl). Ashtaka SraJdha.

Ba.. 9. Tisro~htaka * (aptwt,hlla).

Ba.. 11. Shattila Eka.da~i.

Ba. 14. Vidyadl~a tlrtham.

Ba. 15. Ardhodaya; when + Sunday + Nak. 'Sravat}!l.' + Yoga' Vyatlp:i1t!\·. The titbi is called M uhodaya, when anyone of the above special features is wanting and the others are presellt. Purandaradas a t 1 r t h a III (Madhavas).

M~gha.

Suo 4. Tila chaturthi or Kllf.\<!a Chaturthi (pzlrva­tiddila) Sopapatla.

Suo 5. Madam\ panchami (pI1rvllViddha). Vasanta panchami; worship of Rathl and Kama in forenoon; or SLipanchami.

Suo 7. Rathasaptnmi (ptWllv£ddlltl). or Mahasapt:l.Ini Chandrvrakavartalll. Manva.di *

Su, 8. BhishllladarpaQrllll (p1l1'vlll'iddlltl). llhishmash·

tami. 1

SU, 9. I\IaJhva navaml or Ananta tirthanall1 pUl.1ya­diU(I!ll (Madhavas).

SUO Suo

11. Dhishmapanchakam. J,lya EkadaSi. 12. 13hishmndvMasi OJ' VarAhauvlldasi. Sopa·

padn.·

Suo 18. Kalpadi .. (prIl'1Jillma). Suo 15. Mahil..:o.Iaghi j W:1OO Mool! and Jllpiter are

both in Nak. 'Maghn '.

Ba.. 7. Tisroshlakn.* Ba.. 8. Tjsl'o~htaJ<a.* Ashtaka Sraddha. Ba.. 9. Italllada&(~ Navami. TislOshtaka.­

Ba.. 11. Vijaya EJ.:AdaSi. Ba.. 12. TilA dVil<iasi or Vijaya when + Nak. 'Sra'

vaQa '.

Ba. 14. MahaSivarA.tri-midnight nearest ba. 14., when Nak. 'SravaJ;la' is current; spl.

when + Yoga 'Siva' + Sunday or Tuesday.

If Nak. 'SravaT;la' is current at two suc· cessive midnights, the sccolltl is $ivMiltri.

Ba. 15. DvAp<'lrayugadi. See Ytlgr,..fi."

Ph~lguJ}a.. Suo 2. Satyabodha tlrtbanalll punyndinam (MiI.tlha­

vas.)

Bu. 3. Vadintja SvAmiga\ ptlI}yadinam (l\Udhllvas).

SUI 4. Santa Chaturthi (pal'avtLddh,r). Vyasanlya. swamigal pUl}yadinam (Madhavas).

Suo 6. Satyavrat!tirthAn!m pUT;lyadinarn (Madlla· vas).

Suo 11. Amalald EI(a.da~i.

Suo 12. NaJasimhadviidagi.

Suo 13. l\i'unadahannm (Pdl'LlV£dd/tl/.) at midnight.

The concurrence of 6wl<lay, Sntll! day, Tuesday or Fnday is an objectIon to the feast: chutlll'duSl (su. 14) is thUll the pro· pel' day. If that als? is objccliullablc. then this festival is celeuratml at that miduight at which Nal<. 'l'urva 1'11:11-gUl!-i ' is current.

Suo 15. Helikotsava (sayilhtllitl vflifilli). l\lanvadi."

Ba. 1

Ba. 2.

Ba. 3.

Ba. 5.

Ba.. 7.

Holik! or lIuhtsani IJiil'l.lilll[(. In Suulh India, Kaman l':tI.l<.Jigai, commemol alill~ the destruction of Cupid 01' Eiulladl)v'J. by Siva.

Vasall totsavn..

Chil.turmil.iiYu dvitiya. ~I

Kalpil.di 'i' (pufvtilllll/).

H.angapancilami; when ctlloul':i ~Ul.· titl'IWIl about.

Tisroshtaka. '"

Ba. 8. TisL'oshtal,a.* A&h takasl a,ldh;l.

Ba. 9. Tisrosh\aka.*

Ba. 11. l'(LpamOchini E1(;lliasi.

Ba.. 13. Varul.li, when + Nak. 'Satabhish:~j '.

l\lahavaru~li, whcll + "'(II; SalalJhbhaj + Saturday.

Malla. llIaha.·Varu~li, when + =--'11>. 'Sata' bhishaj' + Yti/J1l Suuha.'

Ba. 15. MUllV;Wi ....