physics sylabus

8/9/2019 Physics Sylabus

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Physics

Stage 6Syllabus

Amended October 2002


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Original published version updated:August 2013 – Updated with minor amendmentsAugust 2009 – Updated with minor amendmentsJune 2009 – Assessment and Reporting information updated (2009400)Ma 200! – "oard "u##etin$%ffi&ia# 'oti&es o# 1 'o 2 ("%* 2!$0!) (200!2 2)+e&em,er 200 – "oard "u##etin$%ffi&ia# 'oti&es o# 1- 'o ("%* -3$0 ) (200 3-)June 2004 – "oard "u##etin$%ffi&ia# 'oti&es o# 13 no 3 ("%* 34$04) (200-03-)

. 2009 /op right "oard of *tudies '* for and on ,eha#f of the /rown in right of the *tate of 'ew *outh a#es

his do&ument &ontains Materia# prepared , the "oard of *tudies '* for and on ,eha#f of the *tate of 'ew *outha#es he Materia# is prote&ted , /rown &op right

A## rights reser ed 'o part of the Materia# ma ,e reprodu&ed in Austra#ia or in an other &ountr , an pro&esse#e&troni& or otherwise in an materia# form or transmitted to an other person or stored e#e&troni&a## in an formwithout the prior written permission of the "oard of *tudies '* e5&ept as permitted , the Copyright Act 1968 *&hoo#students in '* and tea&hers in s&hoo#s in '* ma &op reasona,#e portions of the Materia# for the purposes of ,onafide resear&h or stud ea&hers in s&hoo#s in '* ma ma6e mu#tip#e &opies where appropriate of se&tions of the 7*/

papers for assroom use under the pro isions of the s&hoo#8s /op right Agen& imited (/A ) #i&en&e

hen ou a&&ess the Materia# ou agree:

• to use the Materia# for information purposes on#

• to reprodu&e a sing#e &op for persona# ,ona fide stud use on# and not to reprodu&e an ma;or e5tra&t or the entireMateria# without the prior permission of the "oard of *tudies '*

• to a&6now#edge that the Materia# is pro ided , the "oard of *tudies '*

• not to ma6e an &harge for pro iding the Materia# or an part of the Materia# to another person or in an wa ma6e&ommer&ia# use of the Materia# without the prior written &onsent of the "oard of *tudies '* and pa ment of theappropriate &op right fee

• to inude this &op right noti&e in an &op made

• not to modif the Materia# or an part of the Materia# without the e5press prior written permission of the "oard of*tudies '*

he Materia# ma &ontain third part &op right materia#s su&h as photos diagrams


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Contents

1 he 7igher *&hoo# /ertifi&ate >rogram of *tud2 Rationa#e for >h si&s in the *tage /urri&u#um3 /ontinuum of earning for >h si&s *tage *tudents4 Aim- %,;e&ti es

/ourse *tru&ture1 >re#iminar /ourse2 7*/ /ourse3 % er iew4 %ther /onsiderations

! %,;e&ti es and %ut&omes! 1 a,#e of %,;e&ti es and %ut&omes! 2 e /ompeten&ies

= /ontent: >h si&s *tage >re#iminar /ourse= 1 >h si&s *6i##s= 2 he or#d /ommuni&ates= 3 B#e&tri&a# Bnerg in the 7ome= 4 Mo ing A,out= - he /osmi& Bngine

9 /ontent: >h si&s *tage 7*/ /ourse9 1 >h si&s *6i##s9 2 *pa&e9 3 Motors and ?enerators

9 4 Crom @deas to @mp#ementation9 - %ption – ?eoph si&s9 %ption – Medi&a# >h si&s9 ! %ption – Astroph si&s9 = %ption – Crom Duanta to Duar6s9 9 %ption – he Age of *i#i&on

10 /ourse ReostEs&hoo# %pportunities12 Assessment and Reporting13 Appendi5


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Physics Stage 6 Syllabus

1 The Higher School Certificate Program of Study

he purpose of the 7igher *&hoo# /ertifi&ate program of stud is to:

• pro ide a &urri&u#um stru&ture whi&h en&ourages students to &omp#ete se&ondar edu&ationF

• foster the inte##e&tua# so&ia# and mora# de e#opment of students in parti&u#ar de e#oping their: G 6now#edge s6i##s understanding and attitudes in the fie#ds of stud the &hoose G &apa&it to manage their own #earning G desire to &ontinue #earning in forma# or informa# settings after s&hoo# G &apa&it to wor6 together with others G respe&t for the &u#tura# di ersit of Austra#ian so&iet FH pro ide a f#e5i,#e stru&ture within whi&h students &an prepare for:

G further edu&ation and training G emp#o ment G fu## and a&ti e parti&ipation as &itiIensF

• pro ide forma# assessment and &ertifi&ation of students8 a&hie ementsF• pro ide a &onte5t within whi&h s&hoo#s a#so ha e the opportunit to foster students8 ph si&a# and spiritua#

de e#opment

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2 Rationale for Physics in the Stage 6 Curriculum

>h si&s in *&ien&e *tage pro ides students with a &ontemporar and &oherent understanding of energmatter and their interre#ationships @t fo&uses on in estigating natura# phenomena and then app# ing patternsmode#s (inuding mathemati&a# ones) prin&ip#es theories and #aws to e5p#ain the ph si&a# ,eha iour of

the uni erse @t uses an understanding of simp#e s stems (sing#e parties and pairs of parties) to ma6e predi&tions a,out a range of o,;e&ts from su,Eatomi& parties to the entire uni erse and aims to re ea# thesimp#i&it under# ing &omp#e5it

he stud of ph si&s re#ies on the understanding and app#i&ation of a sma## num,er of ,asi& #aws and prin&ip#es that go ern the mi&ros&opi& and ma&ros&opi& wor#ds he stud of ph si&s pro ides students withan understanding of s stems that is the ,asis of the de e#opment of te&hno#ogi&a# app#i&ations he interp#a

,etween &on&epts and te&hno#ogi&a# and so&ieta# impa&ts is em,odied in the histor and phi#osoph of s&ien&eand forms a &ontinuum re#ating our past to our future

>h si&s *tage draws upon and ,ui#ds on the 6now#edge and understanding s6i##s and a#ues and attitudesde e#oped in *&ien&e *tages 4–- @t further de e#ops students8 understanding of s&ien&e as a &ontinua##de e#oping ,od of 6now#edge the interdis&ip#inar nature of s&ien&e the ro#e of e5periment in de&iding

,etween &ompeting theories the pro isiona# nature of s&ientifi& e5p#anations the &omp#e5 re#ationship ,etween e iden&e and ideas and the impa&t of s&ien&e on so&iet

he stud of ph si&s in o# es the students wor6ing indi idua## and with others in a&ti e pra&ti&a#fie#d and intera&ti e media e5perien&es that are re#ated to the theoreti&a# &on&epts &onsidered in the &ourse@t is e5pe&ted that students stud ing >h si&s *tage wi## app# in estigati e and pro,#emEso# ing s6i##seffe&ti e# &ommuni&ate the theoreti&a# &on&epts &onsidered in the &ourse and appre&iate the &ontri,utionthat a stud of ph si&s ma6es to our understanding of the wor#d

he >h si&s *tage &ourse is designed for those students who ha e a su,stantia# a&hie ement #e e# ,ased on the *&ien&e *tages 4–- &ourse performan&e des&riptors he su,;e&t matter of the >h si&s&ourse re&ognises the different needs and interests of students , pro iding a stru&ture that ,ui#ds uponthe foundations #aid in *tage - et re&ognises that students entering *tage ha e a wide range of a,i#ities

&ir&umstan&es and e5pe&tations

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3 Continuum of Learning for Physics Stage 6 Students

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4 im

>h si&s *tage aims to pro ide #earning e5perien&es through whi&h students wi##:

• a&


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6 Course Structure

his Physics Stage 6 Syllabus has a >re#iminar &ourse and an 7*/ &ourse he >re#iminar and 7*/ &oursesare organised into a num,er of modu#es he >re#iminar modu#es &onsist of &ore &ontent that wi## ,e &o eredin 120 indi&ati e hours

he 7*/ &ourse &onsists of &ore and options organised into a num,er of modu#es he &ore &ontent &o ers90 indi&ati e hours with options &o ering 30 indi&ati e hours *tudents are rera&ti&a# e5perien&es are an essentia# &omponent of ,oth the >re#iminar and 7*/ &ourses *tudents wi##&omp#ete =0 indi&ati e hours of pra&ti&a#$fie#d wor6 during the >re#iminar and 7*/ &ourses with no #essthan 3- indi&ati e hours of pra&ti&a# e5perien&es in the 7*/ &ourse >ra&ti&a# e5perien&es must inude at#east one openEended in estigation integrating the 6now#edge and understanding and s6i##s out&omes in ,oththe >re#iminar and 7*/ &ourses

>ra&ti&a# e5perien&es shou#d emphasise handsEon a&ti ities inuding:

• underta6ing #a,orator e5periments inuding the use of appropriate &omputer ,ased and digita#

te&hno#ogies• fie#dwor6 • resear&h using a wide range of sour&es inuding print materia# the @nternet and digita# te&hno#ogies

• the use of &omputer simu#ations for mode##ing or manipu#ating data• using and reorganising se&ondar data

• e5tra&ting and reorganising information in the form of f#ow &harts ta,#es graphs diagrams prose and6e s

• the use of animation ideo and fi#m resour&es that &an ,e used to &apture$o,tain information not a ai#a,#ein other forms

6%1 Preliminary Course120 indicative hours

he >re#iminar &ourse in&orporates the stud of:

• he or#d /ommuni&ates (30 indi&ati e hours)

• B#e&tri&a# Bnerg in the 7ome (30 indi&ati e hours)

• Mo ing A,out (30 indi&ati e hours)

• he /osmi& Bngine (30 indi&ati e hours)

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6%2 HSC Course120 indicative hours

he 7*/ &ourse ,ui#ds upon the >re#iminar &ourse he >re#iminar &ourse &ontent is a prereh si&s

• Astroph si&s• Crom Duanta to Duar6s

• he Age of *i#i&on

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6%3 "$er$ie&he fo##owing diagram summarises the re#ationship ,etween the arious e#ements of the &ourse:

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Context

/onte5ts are framewor6s de ised to assist students to ma6e meaning of the >res&ri,ed Co&us Areas and+omain /onte5ts are &u#tura## ,ound and therefore &ommuni&ate meanings that are &u#tura## shapedor defined /onte5ts draw on the framewor6 of so&iet in a## aspe&ts of e er da #ife he &onte5ts forea&h modu#e en&ourage students to re&ognise and use their &urrent understanding to further de e#op and

app# more spe&ia#ised s&ientifi& understanding and 6now#edge

Prescribed Focus Areas

he >res&ri,ed Co&us Areas are different &urri&u#um emphases or purposes designed to in&rease students8understanding of ph si&s as an e erEde e#oping ,od of 6now#edge the pro isiona# nature of s&ientifi&e5p#anations in ph si&s the &omp#e5 re#ationship ,etween e iden&e and ideas in ph si&s and the impa&tof ph si&s on so&iet

he fo##owing >res&ri,ed Co&us Areas are de e#oped in this s ##a,us:

History of physics

now#edge of the histori&a# ,a&6ground of ph si&s is important to ade


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Curre!t issues& research a!" "e%elop$e!ts i! physics

@ssues and de e#opments re#ated to ph si&s are more readi# 6nown and more information is a ai#a,#eto students than e er ,efore he s ##a,us shou#d de e#op students8 6now#edge of:

• areas &urrent# ,eing resear&hed in ph si&s

• &areer opportunities in ph si&s and re#ated fie#ds

• e ents reported in the media whi&h reh si&s *tage &ourse in o# es the further de e#opment of the s6i##s students ha e de e#oped in the*&ien&e *tages 4–- &ourse through a range of pra&ti&a# e5perien&es in ,oth the >re#iminar and 7*/ &ourses

>ra&ti&a# e5perien&es are an essentia# &omponent of ,oth the >re#iminar and 7*/ &ourses *tudents wi##

&omp#ete80 indicative hours o practical! ield "or# across both the Preliminar$ and %&C courses withno #ess than 3- indi&ati e hours of pra&ti&a# e5perien&es in the 7*/ &ourse >ra&ti&a# e5perien&es ha e ,eendesigned to uti#ise and further de e#op students8 e5pertise in ea&h of the fo##owing s6i## areas:

planning investigations

his in o# es in&reasing students8 s6i##s in p#anning and organising a&ti ities effe&ti e# using time andresour&es se#e&ting appropriate te&hni


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developing scienti ic thin#ing and problem'solving techni(ues

his in o# es further in&reasing students8 s6i##s in arif ing issues and pro,#ems re#e ant to ph si&sframing a possi,#e pro,#emEso# ing pro&ess de e#oping &reati e so#utions anti&ipating issues that maarise de ising appropriate strategies to dea# with those issues and wor6ing through the issues in a #ogi&a#and &oherent wa

"or#ing individuall$ and in teamshis in o# es further in&reasing students8 s6i##s in identif ing a &o##e&ti e goa# defining and a##o&ating

ro#es and assuming an in&reasing ariet of ro#es in wor6ing as an effe&ti e mem,er of a team withinthe agreed time frame to a&hie e the goa# hroughout the &ourse students wi## ,e pro ided with furtheropportunities to impro e their a,i#it to &ommuni&ate and re#ate effe&ti e# with ea&h other in a team

*alues a!" attitu"es

" ref#e&ting a,out past present and future in o# ement of ph si&s with so&iet students are en&ouragedto de e#op positi e a#ues and informed &riti&a# attitudes hese inude a responsi,#e regard for ,oth the#i ing and nonE#i ing &omponents of the en ironment ethi&a# ,eha iour a desire for &riti&a# e a#uation ofthe &onse


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' "b#ecti$es and "utcomes

'%1 Table of "b#ecti$es and "utcomes

Ob+ectives Preliminar$ Course Outcomes %&C Course Outcomes

P r e s c r i

b e d

F o c u s

A r e a

Stu"e!ts (ill "e%elop)!o(le"ge a!"u!"ersta!"i!g of-

A stu"e!t- A stu"e!t-

1 the histor of ph si&s >1 out#ines the histori&a#de e#opment of ma;or

prin&ip#es &on&epts andideas in ph si&s

71 e a#uates how ma;orad an&es in s&ientifi&understanding andte&hno#og ha e &hangedthe dire&tion or nature ofs&ientifi& thin6ing

2 the nature and pra&ti&e of ph si&s

>2 app#ies the pro&esses thatare used to test and a#idatemode#s theories and #aws

of s&ien&e with parti&u#aremphasis on firstEhandin estigations in ph si&s

72 ana# ses the wa s in whi&hmode#s theories and #aws in

ph si&s ha e ,een tested and

a#idated

3 app#i&ations and usesof ph si&s

>3 assesses the impa&t of parti&u#ar te&hno#ogi&a#ad an&es on understandingin ph si&s

73 assesses the impa&t of parti&u#ar ad an&es in ph si&s on the de e#opmentof te&hno#ogies

4 imp#i&ations forso&iet and theen ironment

>4 des&ri,es app#i&ations of ph si&s whi&h affe&t so&ietor the en ironment

74 assesses the impa&ts ofapp#i&ations of ph si&s onso&iet and the en ironment

- &urrent issuesresear&h andde e#opmentsin ph si&s

>- des&ri,es the s&ientifi& prin&ip#es emp#o ed in parti&u#ar areas of resear&hin ph si&s

7- identifies possi,#e futuredire&tions of ph si&sresear&h

D o m a

i n :

, n o "

l e d g e

6inemati&s andd nami&s

> des&ri,es the for&es a&tingon an o,;e&t whi&h &auses&hanges in its motion

7 e5p#ains e ents in termsof 'ewton8s aws aw of/onser ation of Momentumand re#ati it

! energ >! des&ri,es the effe&ts ofenerg transfers and energtransformations

7! e5p#ains the effe&ts ofenerg transfers and energtransformations

= wa es >= e5p#ains wa e motions interms of energ sour&es andthe os&i##ations produ&ed

7= ana# ses wa e intera&tionsand e5p#ains the effe&ts ofthose intera&tions

9 fie#ds >9 des&ri,es the re#ationship ,etween for&e and potentia#energ in fie#ds

79 e5p#ains the effe&ts ofe#e&tri& magneti& andgra itationa# fie#ds

10 matter >10 des&ri,es theories andmode#s in re#ation to theorigins of matter and re#atesthese to the for&es in o# ed

710 des&ri,es the nature ofe#e&tromagneti& radiationand matter in terms of the

parties

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Ob+ectives Preliminar$ Course Outcomes %&C Course Outcomes

Stu"e!ts (ill "e%elop)!o(le"ge a!"u!"ersta!"i!g of-

A stu"e!t- A stu"e!t-

D o m a i n :

& # i l l s

11 p#anningin estigations

>11 identifies and imp#ementsimpro ements toin estigation p#ans

711 ;ustifies the appropriatenessof a parti&u#ar in estigation

p#an

12 &ondu&tingin estigations

>12 dis&usses the a#idit andre#ia,i#it of data gatheredfrom firstEhandin estigations andse&ondar sour&es

712 e a#uates wa s in whi&ha&&ura& and re#ia,i#it&ou#d ,e impro ed inin estigations

13 &ommuni&atinginformation andunderstanding

>13 identifies appropriatetermino#og and reportingst #es to &ommuni&ateinformation andunderstanding in ph si&s

713 uses termino#ogand reporting st #esappropriate# andsu&&essfu## to&ommuni&ate informationand understanding

14 de e#oping s&ientifi&thin6ing and pro,#emEso# ing te&hni14 draws a#id &onusionsfrom gathered data andinformation

714 assesses the a#idit of&onusions from gathereddata and information

1- wor6ing indi idua##and in teams

>1- imp#ements strategies towor6 effe&ti e# as anindi idua# or as a mem,erof a team

71- e5p#ains wh anin estigation is ,estunderta6en indi idua##or , a team

D o m a i n :

l u e s

1 themse# es others#earning as a #ife#ong

pro&ess ph si&s andthe en ironment

>1 demonstrates positi ea#ues a,out and attitude

towards ,oth the #i ing andnonE#i ing &omponents ofthe en ironment ethi&a#

71 ;ustifies positi e a#uesa,out and attitude towards

,oth the #i ing andnonE#i ing &omponentsof the en ironment ethi&a#

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* Content+ Physics Stage 6 Preliminary Course

*%1 Physics S,ills+uring the >re#iminar &ourse it is e5pe&ted that students wi## further de e#op s6i##s in p#anning

and &ondu&ting in estigations &ommuni&ating information and understanding s&ientifi& thin6ing and pro,#emEso# ing and wor6ing indi idua## and in teams Ba&h modu#e spe&ifies &ontent through whi&hs6i## out&omes &an ,e a&hie ed ea&hers shou#d de e#op a&ti ities ,ased on that &ontent to pro ide studentswith opportunities to de e#op the fu## range of s6i##s

Preliminar$ CourseOutcomes

Content

A stu"e!t->11 identifies and

imp#ementsimpro ementsto in estigation

p#ans

Stu"e!ts-11.1 identi $ data sources to:a) ana# se &omp#e5 pro,#ems to determine appropriate wa s in whi&h ea&h aspe&t ma

,e resear&hed

,) determine the t pe of data that needs to ,e &o##e&ted and e5p#ain the


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Preliminar$ CourseOutcomes

Content

A stu"e!t->13 identifies

appropriate

termino#og andreporting st #esto &ommuni&ateinformation andunderstanding in

ph si&s

Stu"e!ts-1/.1 present in ormation b$:a) se#e&ting and using appropriate te5t t pes or &om,inations thereof for ora# and

written presentations ,) se#e&ting and using appropriate media to present data and information&) se#e&ting and using appropriate methods to a&6now#edge sour&es of informationd) using s m,o#s and formu#ae to e5press re#ationships and using appropriate units for

ph si&a# 14 draws a#id&onusionsfrom gathereddata andinformation

1 .1 anal$se in ormation to:a) identif trends patterns and re#ationships as we## as &ontradi&tions in data and

information ,) ;ustif inferen&es and &onusions&) identif and e5p#ain how data supports or refutes an h pothesis a predi&tion or

a proposed so#ution to a pro,#emd) predi&t out&omes and generate p#ausi,#e e5p#anations re#ated to the o,ser ationse) ma6e and ;ustif genera#isationsf) use mode#s inuding mathemati&a# ones to e5p#ain phenomena and$or ma6e

predi&tionsg) use &ause and effe&t re#ationships to e5p#ain phenomena

h) identif e5amp#es of the inter&onne&tedness of ideas or s&ientifi& prin&ip#es1 .2 solve problems b$:a) identif ing and e5p#aining the nature of a pro,#em

,) des&ri,ing and se#e&ting from different strategies those whi&h &ou#d ,e used to so# ea pro,#em

&) using identified strategies to de e#op a range of possi,#e so#utions to a parti&u#ar pro,#em

d) e a#uating the appropriateness of different strategies for so# ing an identified pro,#em

1 ./ use available evidence to:a) design and produ&e &reati e so#utions to pro,#ems

,) propose ideas that demonstrate &oheren&e and #ogi&a# progression and inude &orre&tuse of s&ientifi& prin&ip#es and ideas

&) app# &riti&a# thin6ing in the &onsideration of predi&tions h potheses and the resu#tsof in estigations

d) formu#ate &ause and effe&t re#ationships>1- imp#ements

strategies towor6 effe&ti e#as an indi idua#or as a mem,erof a team

The Preliminary course further increases students’ skills in working individually and inteams. Refer to the content overview on page 14.

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*%2 The -orld Communicates

Contextual Outline

7umans are so&ia# anima#s and ha e su&&essfu## &ommuni&ated through the spo6en word and then as theuse of written &odes de e#oped through in&reasing# sophisti&ated graphi& s m,o#s he use of a hard &op

medium to transfer information in &oded form meant that &ommuni&ation was a,#e to &ross greater distan&eswith impro ed a&&ura& of information transfer A messenger was re


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Stu"e!ts lear! to- Stu"e!ts-

1. he "ave modelcan be used toexplain ho"current

technologiestrans erin ormation

des&ri,e theenerg transformations re


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2. Features o a "avemodel can be usedto account or theproperties o sound

identif that sound wa es arei,rations or os&i##ations of parties

in a medium

perform a firstEhand in estigation and gatherinformation to ana# se sound wa esfrom a ariet of sour&es using the

/athode Ra %s&i##os&ope (/R%) oran a#ternate &omputer te&hno#og

perform a firstEhand in estigation gather pro&essand present information using a /R%or &omputer to demonstrate the

prin&ip#e of superposition for twowa es tra e##ing in the same medium

present graphi&a#information so# e pro,#ems andana# se information in o# ingsuperposition of sound wa es

re#ate &ompressions and rarefa&tionsof sound wa es to the &rests andtroughs of trans erse wa es used torepresent them

e5p#ain


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/. ecenttechnologicaldevelopments haveallo"ed greater use

o theelectromagneticspectrum

des&ri,ee#e&tromagneti& wa es in terms oftheir speed in spa&e and their #a&6 ofre


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. 3an$communicationtechnologies useapplications o

re lection andre raction oelectromagnetic"aves

des&ri,e and app# the #aw ofref#e&tion and e5p#ain the effe&tof ref#e&tion from a p#ane surfa&eon wa es

perform firstEhand in estigations andgather information to o,ser e the pathof #ight ra s and &onstru&t diagramsindi&ating ,oth the dire&tion of tra e#

of the #ight ra s and a wa e front present information using radiagrams to show the path of wa esref#e&ted from:

– p#ane surfa&es – &on&a e surfa&es – &on e5 surfa&e – the ionosphere

perform an in estigation and gatherinformation to graph the ang#e ofin&iden&e and refra&tion for #ighten&ountering a medium &hangeshowing the re#ationship ,etweenthese ang#es

perform a firstEhand in estigation andgather information to &a#&u#ate therefra&ti e inde5 of g#ass or perspe5

so# e pro,#ems and ana# seinformation using *ne##8s aw

des&ri,e wa s in whi&h app#i&ationsof ref#e&tion of #ight radio wa esand mi&rowa es ha e assisted ininformation transfer

des&ri,e one app#i&ation of ref#e&tionfor ea&h of the fo##owing:

– p#ane surfa&es – &on&a e surfa&es – &on e5 surfa&es – radio wa es ,eing ref#e&ted , the

ionosphere

e5p#ain that refra&tion is re#ated to thee#o&ities of a wa e in different media

and out#ine how this ma resu#t in the ,ending of a wa efront

define refra&ti e inde5 in terms of&hanges in the e#o&it of a wa e in

passing from one medium to another

define *ne##8s aw:

v1v2

= sin isin r

identif the &onditions ne&essar fortota# interna# ref#e&tion with referen&eto the &riti&a# ang#e

out#ine how tota# interna# ref#e&tion isused in opti&a# fi,res

4. 5lectromagnetic"aves havepotential or uturecommunicationtechnologies anddata storagetechnologies

identif t pes of &ommuni&ationdata that are stored or transmittedin digita# form

identif data sour&es gather pro&ess and present informationfrom se&ondar sour&es to identifareas of &urrent resear&h and use thea ai#a,#e e iden&e to dis&uss someof the under# ing ph si&a# prin&ip#esused in one app#i&ation of ph si&sre#ated to wa es su&h as:

– ?#o,a# >ositioning * stem – /+ te&hno#og – the internet (digita# pro&ess) – + + te&hno#og

24


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*%3 .lectrical .nergy in the Home

Contextual Outline

B#e&tri&it is an essentia# energ sour&e for modern #i ing +isruption to supp# or iso#ation &an #ead to thede e#opment of a#ternati e methods of o,taining this essentia# energ resour&e Cor e#e&tri&a# energ to ,e

usefu# it must ,e harnessed through the use of an e#e&tri&a# &ir&uit and an energ E&on erting app#ian&eAs e#e&tri&it ,e&ame in&reasing# used as the main power supp# in homes and e#e&tri&a# app#ian&es ,e&amean integra# part of dai# #ife for man Austra#ians the dangers asso&iated with e#e&tri&it ,e&ame more

prominent o#tages as #ow as 20 o#ts &an ,e dangerous to the human ,od depending on the hea#th of the person and #ength of time of &onta&t with the &urrent *afet de i&es in househo#d app#ian&es and within thee#e&tri& &ir&uits in the home &an pre ent e#e&tri&a# in;ur or assist in redu&ing the potentia# for e#e&tri& sho&6

his modu#e in&reases students8 understanding of the histor nature and pra&ti&e of ph si&s and theapp#i&ations and uses of ph si&s

Assumed ,no"ledgeDomain: knowledge and understanding:Refer to the Scie!ce ears 7 10 Syllabus for the fo##owing:

- 3a) design &onstru&t and draw &ir&uits &ontaining a num,er of &omponents

- 3,) des&ri,e o#tage resistan&e and &urrent using ana#ogies

- 3&) des&ri,e


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2. One o the mainadvantages oelectricit$ is that iscan be moved "ith

comparative easerom one place to

another throughelectric circuits

des&ri,e the ,eha iour of e#e&trostati&&harges and the properties of the fie#dsasso&iated with them

presentdiagrammati& information to des&ri,ethe e#e&tri& fie#d strength anddire&tion:

– ,etween &harged para##e# p#ates – a,out and ,etween a positi e andnegati e point &harge

so# e pro,#emsand ana# se information using:

E = F q

p#an &hoosee


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/. &eries and parallelcircuits servedi erent purposesin households

identif thedifferen&e ,etween series and para##e#&ir&uits

p#an &hoosee


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4. 5lectric currentsalso producemagnetic ieldsand these ields are

used in di erentdevices in thehome

des&ri,e the ,eha iour of the magneti& po#es of ,ar magnets when the are ,rought osetogether

p#an &hoosee


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*%4 /o$ing bout

Contextual Outline

@n&reased a&&ess to transport is a feature of toda 8s so&iet Most peop#e a&&ess some form of transportfor tra e# to and from s&hoo# or wor6 and for #eisure outings at wee6ends or on ho#ida s hen des&ri,ing

;ourne s that the ma ha e ta6en in ,uses or trains the usua## do so in terms of time or their starting pointand their destination hen des&ri,ing trips the ma ha e ta6en in p#anes or &ars the norma## use the timeit ta6es distan&e &o ered or the speed of the ehie as their referen&e points hi#e distan&e time and speedare fundamenta# to the understanding of 6inemati&s and d nami&s er few peop#e &onsider a trip in termsof energ for&e or the momentum asso&iated with the ehie e en at #ow or moderate speeds

he faster a ehie is tra e##ing the further it wi## go ,efore it is a,#e to stop when su,;e&t to a &onstantretarding for&e Ma;or damage &an ,e done to other ehies and to the human ,od in &o##isions e en at #owspeeds his is ,e&ause during a &o##ision some or a## of the ehie8s 6ineti& energ is dissipated through the

ehie and the o,;e&t with whi&h it &o##ides Curther the materia#s from whi&h ehies are &onstru&ted do notdeform or ,end as easi# as the human ,od e&hno#ogi&a# ad an&es and s stemati& stud of ehie &rashesha e in&reased understanding of the intera&tions in o# ed the potentia# resu#tant damage and possi,#e wa s

of redu&ing the effe&ts of &o##isions here are man safet de i&es now insta##ed in or on ehies inudingseat ,e#ts and air ,ags Modern road design ta6es into a&&ount wa s in whi&h ehies &an ,e for&ed to redu&etheir speed

his modu#e in&reases students8 understanding of the nature and pra&ti&e of ph si&s and the imp#i&ations of ph si&s for so&iet and the en ironment


- 2a) des&ri,e


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1. -ehicles do nott$picall$ travel ata constant speed

identif that at pi&a# ;ourne in o# es speed&hanges

p#an &hoosee


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2. An anal$sis othe external orceson vehicles helpsto understand

the e ects oacceleration anddeceleration

des&ri,e themotion of one ,od re#ati e to another

ana# se theeffe&ts of e5terna# for&es operating ona ehie

gather firstEhandinformation a,out different situationswhere a&&e#eration is positi e ornegati e

p#an &hoosee


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for&e in a wide ariet of situationsin o# ing modes of transport ande5p#ain the &onse


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4. &a et$ devices areutilised to reducethe e ects ochanging

momentum

define the inertiaof a ehie as its tenden& to remainin uniform motion or at rest

gather and pro&ess firstEhand data and$orse&ondar information to ana# se the

potentia# danger presented , #oose

o,;e&ts in a ehie identif data

sour&es gather pro&ess ana# se present se&ondar information anduse the a ai#a,#e e iden&e to assess

,enefits of te&hno#ogies for a oidingor redu&ing the effe&t of a &o##ision

dis&uss reasonswh 'ewton8s Cirst aw of Motion isnot apparent in man rea# wor#dsituations

assess the reasonsfor the introdu&tion of #ow speedIones in ,ui#tEup areas and theaddition of air ,ags and &rump#e Ionesto ehies with respe&t to the&on&epts of impu#se and momentum

e a#uate theeffe&ti eness of some safet featuresof motor ehies

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*%! The Cosmic .ngine

Contextual Outline

he Uni erse ,egan with a singu#arit in spa&eEtime After the initia# e5p#osion the Uni erse started toe5pand &oo# and &ondense forming matter As part of this ongoing pro&ess the *un and the *o#ar * stem

were formed o er 4510 9 ears ago from a gas oud whi&h resu#ted from a superno a e5p#osion he&ondensing gas and dust that formed the *un and the p#anets &ontained a## its origina# e#ements he p#anetswere formed when matter &ame together under the inf#uen&e of gra it

his modu#e in&reases students8 understanding of the histor of ph si&s imp#i&ations of ph si&s for so&ietand the en ironment and &urrent issues resear&h and de e#opments in ph si&s


- -a) identif that energ and parties ma ,e re#eased from the nuei of atoms

- ! 1a) des&ri,e the features and #o&ation of protons neutrons and e#e&tronsin the atom

- 9 1a) dis&uss &urrent s&ientifi& thin6ing a,out the origin of the Uni erse

- 9 1&) des&ri,e some of the diffi&u#ties in o,taining information a,out the Uni erse

- 9 3a) re#ate some ma;or features of the uni erse to theories a,out the formationof the uni erse

- 9 3,) des&ri,e some &hanges that are #i6e# to ta6e p#a&e during the #ife of a star


1. Our &un is +ust one

star in the galax$and ours is +ustone galax$ in the7niverse

out#ine the

histori&a# de e#opment of mode#s ofthe Uni erse from the time ofAristot#e to the time of 'ewton

identif data

sour&es and gather pro&ess andana# se information to assess one ofthe mode#s of the Uni erse de e#opedfrom the time of Aristot#e to the timeof 'ewton to identif #imitations

p#a&ed on the de e#opment of themode# , the te&hno#og a ai#a,#e atthe time

35


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2. he irst minuteso the 7niversereleased energ$"hich changed to

matter ormingstars and galaxies

out#ine thedis&o er of the e5pansion of theUni erse , 7u,,#e fo##owing itsear#ier predi&tion , Criedmann

identif datasour&es and gather se&ondarinformation to des&ri,e the pro,a,#eorigins of the Uni erse

des&ri,e thetransformation of radiation into matter whi&h fo##owed the "ig "ang8

identif thatBinstein des&ri,ed the e


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. he &un isa t$pical staremittingelectromagnetic

radiation andparticles thatin luence the 5arth

identif thatenerg ma ,e re#eased from thenuei of atoms

perform a firstEhand in estigation to gatherinformation to &ompare the

penetrating power of a#pha ,eta and

gamma radiation in a range ofmateria#s

identif datasour&es gather and pro&essinformation and use a ai#a,#ee iden&e to assess the effe&ts ofsunspot a&ti it on the Barth8s powergrid and sate##ite &ommuni&ations

des&ri,e thenature of emissions from the nuei ofatoms as radiation of a#pha α and ,etaβ parties and gamma γ ra s in termsof:

– ionising power – penetrating power – effe&t of magneti& fie#d – effe&t of e#e&tri& fie#d

identif the natureof emissions rea&hing the Barth from the

*un

des&ri,e the parti&u#ate nature of the so#ar wind

out#ine the & i&nature of sunspot a&ti it and its impa&ton Barth through so#ar winds

des&ri,esunspots as representing regions ofstrong magneti& a&ti it and #owertemperature

37


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0 Content+ Physics Stage 6 HSC Course

0%1 Physics S,ills+uring the 7*/ &ourse it is e5pe&ted that students wi## further de e#op s6i##s in p#anning and &ondu&ting

in estigations &ommuni&ating information and understanding s&ientifi& thin6ing and pro,#em so# ing andwor6ing indi idua## and in teams Ba&h modu#e spe&ifies &ontent through whi&h s6i## out&omes &an ,ea&hie ed ea&hers shou#d de e#op a&ti ities ,ased on that &ontent to pro ide students with opportunitiesto de e#op the fu## range of s6i##s

%&C Course Outcomes Content A stu"e!t-711 ;ustifies the

appropriatenessof a parti&u#arin estigation p#an

Stu"e!ts-11.1 identi $ data sources to:a) ana# se &omp#e5 pro,#ems to determine appropriate wa s in whi&h ea&h aspe&t

ma ,e resear&hed ,) determine the t pe of data that needs to ,e &o##e&ted and e5p#ain the


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%&C Course Outcomes Content A stu"e!t-712 e a#uates wa s in

whi&h a&&ura& andre#ia,i#it &ou#d ,e

impro ed inin estigations

Stu"e!ts-12.1 per orm irst'hand investigations b$:a) &arr ing out the p#anned pro&edure re&ognising where and when

modifi&ations are needed and ana# sing the effe&t of

these ad;ustments ,) effi&ient# underta6ing the p#anned pro&edure to minimise haIards andwastage of resour&es

&) disposing &arefu## and safe# of an waste materia#s produ&ed during thein estigation

d) identif ing and using safe wor6 pra&ti&es during in estigations12.2 gather irst'hand in ormation b$:a) using appropriate data &o##e&tion te&hni


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0%2 S)ace

Contextual Outline

*&ientists ha e drawn on ad an&es in areas su&h as aeronauti&s materia# s&ien&e ro,oti&s e#e&troni&smedi&ine and energ produ&tion to de e#op ia,#e spa&e&raft >erhaps the most dangerous parts of an spa&e

mission are the #aun&h reEentr and #anding A huge for&e is re


42/82



2. 3an$ actorshave to be ta#eninto account toachieve a

success ul roc#etlaunch maintaina stable orbit andreturn to 5arth

des&ri,e thetra;e&tor of an o,;e&t undergoing

pro;e&ti#e motion within the Barth8sgra itationa# fie#d in terms of

horiIonta# and erti&a# &omponents

so# e pro,#emsand ana# se information to &a#&u#atethe a&tua# e#o&it of a pro;e&ti#e fromits horiIonta# and erti&a# &omponents

using:v x

2 = u x2

v = u + at

v y2 = u y

2 + 2 a y∆ y

∆ x = u xt

∆ y = u yt + 1

2a yt

2

perform a firstEhand in estigationgather information and ana# se data

to &a#&u#ate initia# and fina# e#o&itma5imum height rea&hed rangeand time of f#ight of a pro;e&ti#efor a range of situations , usingsimu#ations data #oggers and&omputer ana# sis

identif datasour&es gather ana# se and presentinformation on the &ontri,ution of oneof the fo##owing to the de e#opmentof spa&e e5p#oration: sio#6o s6

%,erth ?oddard Bsnau#tE>e#terie%8'ei## or on "raun

so# e pro,#emsand ana# se information to &a#&u#atethe &entripeta# for&e a&ting on asate##ite undergoing uniform &ir&u#armotion a,out the Barth using:

F = mv

2

r

so# e pro,#ems and ana# seinformation using:

r 3

T 2 = GM

4π 2

des&ri,e ?a#i#eo8sana# sis of pro;e&ti#e motion

e5p#ain the&on&ept of es&ape e#o&it in terms ofthe:

– gra itationa# &onstant – mass and radius of the p#anet

out#ine 'ewton8s

&on&ept of es&ape e#o&it identif wh the

term g for&es8 is used to e5p#ain thefor&es a&ting on an astronaut during#aun&h

dis&uss the effe&tof the Barth s or,ita# motion and itsrotationa# motion on the #aun&h of aro&6et

ana# se the&hanging a&&e#eration of a ro&6etduring #aun&h in terms of the:

– aw of /onser ation ofMomentum

– for&es e5perien&ed , astronauts ana# se the

for&es in o# ed in uniform &ir&u#armotion for a range of o,;e&tsinuding sate##ites or,iting the Barth

&ompare


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. Current andemergingunderstandingabout time and

space has beendependent uponearlier models othe transmissiono light

out#ine thefeatures of the aether mode# for thetransmission of #ight

gather and pro&ess information tointerpret the resu#ts of the Mi&he#sonEMor#e e5periment

perform an in estigation to he#pdistinguish ,etween nonEinertia#and inertia# frames of referen&e

ana# se and interpret some ofBinstein8s thought e5perimentsin o# ing mirrors and trains anddis&uss the re#ationship ,etweenthought and rea#it

ana# se information to dis&ussthe re#ationship ,etween theorand the e iden&e supporting it

using Binstein8s predi&tions ,asedon re#ati it that were made manears ,efore e iden&e was a ai#a,#e

to support it

so# e pro,#ems and ana# seinformation using:

E = mc 2

lv = l0 1 − v

2

c2

t v = t 0

1 − v

2

c2

mv = m0

1 − v

2

c 2

des&ri,e ande a#uate the Mi&he#sonEMor#eattempt to measure the re#ati e

e#o&it of the Barth through theaether

dis&uss the ro#eof the Mi&he#sonEMor#e e5perimentsin ma6ing determinations a,out&ompeting theories

out#ine thenature of inertia# frames of referen&e

dis&uss the prin&ip#e of re#ati it

des&ri,e thesignifi&an&e of Binstein8s assumptionof the &onstan& of the speed of #ight

identif that if &is &onstant then spa&e and time

,e&ome re#ati e

dis&uss the&on&ept that #ength standards aredefined in terms of time in &ontrast tothe origina# metre standard

e5p#ain


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0%3 /otors and enerators

Contextual Outline

Modern industria#ised so&iet is geared to using e#e&tri&it B#e&tri&it has &hara&teristi&s that ha e madeit uni


47/82



1. 3otors use thee ect o orces oncurrent'carr$ingconductors in

magnetic ields

dis&uss the effe&ton the magnitude of the for&e on a&urrentE&arr ing &ondu&tor of

ariations in:

– the strength of the magneti& fie#din whi&h it is #o&ated – the magnitude of the &urrent in the

&ondu&tor – the #ength of the &ondu&tor in the

e5terna# magneti& fie#d – the ang#e ,etween the dire&tion of

the e5terna# magneti& fie#d and thedire&tion of the #ength of the&ondu&tor

so# e pro,#emsusing:

F l

= k I 1 I 2d

perform a firstEhand in estigationto demonstrate the motor effe&t

so# e pro,#emsand ana# se information a,out thefor&e on &urrentE&arr ing &ondu&torsin magneti& fie#ds using :

F = BIl sin θ

so# e pro,#ems and ana# seinformation a,out simp#e motorsusing:

τ = nBIA cos θ

identif datasour&es gather and pro&essinformation to


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2. he relativemotion bet"eena conductor andmagnetic ield is

used to generate anelectrical voltage

out#ine Mi&hae#Carada 8s dis&o er of the generationof an e#e&tri& &urrent , a mo ingmagnet

perform anin estigation to mode# the generationof an e#e&tri& &urrent , mo ing amagnet in a &oi# or a &oi# near a

magnet p#an &hoose

e


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49


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. rans ormersallo" generatedvoltage to be eitherincreased or

decreased be oreit is used

des&ri,e the purpose of transformers in e#e&tri&a#&ir&uits

perform anin estigationto mode# the stru&ture of atransformer to demonstrate how

se&ondar o#tage is produ&edso# e pro,#ems

and ana# se information a,outtransformers using:

V pV s

=n pn s

gather ana# se and use a ai#a,#ee iden&e to dis&uss how diffi&u#tiesof heating &aused , edd &urrentsin transformers ma ,e o er&ome

gather andana# se se&ondar information todis&uss the need for transformers inthe transfer of e#e&tri&a# energ from a

power station to its point of use

&ompare stepEupand stepEdown transformers

identif there#ationship ,etween the ratio of thenum,er of turns in the primar andse&ondar &oi#s and the ratio of

primar to se&ondar o#tage

e5p#ain who#tage transformations are re#ated to

&onser ation of energ

e5p#ain the ro#eof transformers in e#e&tri&it su,Estations

dis&uss wh somee#e&tri&a# app#ian&es in the home thatare &onne&ted to the mains domesti&

power supp# use a transformer

dis&uss theimpa&t of the de e#opment oftransformers on so&iet

4. 3otors are used inindustries and thehome usuall$ toconvert electricalenerg$ into moreuse ul orms oenerg$

des&ri,e themain featuresof an A/ e#e&tri& motor

perform anin estigation to demonstrate the

prin&ip#e of an A/ indu&tion motor

gather pro&essand ana# se information to identifsome of the energ transfers andtransformations in o# ing the&on ersion of e#e&tri&a# energ intomore usefu# forms in the home andindustr

50


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0%4 rom deas to m)lementation

Contextual outline

" the ,eginning of the twentieth &entur man of the pie&es of the ph si&s puII#e seemed to ,e fa##inginto p#a&e he wa e mode# of #ight had su&&essfu## e5p#ained interferen&e and diffra&tion and wa e#engthsat the e5tremes of the isi,#e spe&trum had ,een estimated he in ention of a pump that wou#d e a&uatetu,es to 10 –4 atmospheres a##owed the in estigation of &athode ra s KEra s wou#d soon ,e &onfirmed ase#e&tromagneti& radiation and patterns in the >eriodi& a,#e appeared to ,e near# &omp#ete he nature of&athode ra s was reso# ed with the measurement of the &harge on the e#e&tron soon to fo##ow here was a sma##num,er of e5perimenta# o,ser ations sti## une5p#ained ,ut this apparent# &omp#ete understanding of thewor#d of the atom was a,out to ,e &ha##enged

he e5p#oration of the atom was we## and tru# inward ,ound , this time and as a&&ess to greater amountsof energ ,e&ame a ai#a,#e the ;ourne of ph si&s mo ed further and further into the stud of su,atomi& parties/arefu# o,ser ation ana# sis imagination and &reati it throughout the ear# part of the twentieth &enturde e#oped a more &omp#ete pi&ture of the nature of e#e&tromagneti& radiation and matter he ;ourne ta6en

into the wor#d of the atom has not remained iso#ated in #a,oratories he phenomena dis&o ered , ph si&istsha e with in&reasing speed ,een &hanne##ed into te&hno#ogies su&h as &omputers to whi&h so&iet hase erEin&reasing a&&ess hese te&hno#ogies ha e in turn often assisted ph si&ists in their sear&h for further6now#edge and understanding of natura# phenomena at the su,Eatomi& #e e#

his modu#e in&reases students8 understanding of the histor nature and pra&ti&e of ph si&s and theapp#i&ations and uses of ph si&s the imp#i&ations of ph si&s for so&iet and the en ironment and the&urrent issues resear&h and de e#opments in ph si&s

51


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1. )ncreasedunderstandings ocathode ra$s led tothe development o

television

e5p#ain whthe apparent in&onsistent ,eha iourof &athode ra s &aused de,ate as towhether the were &harged parties

or e#e&tromagneti& wa es

perform anin estigation and gather firstEhandinformation to o,ser e the o&&urren&e ofdifferent striation patterns for different

pressures in dis&harge tu,es perform an

in estigation to demonstrate and identif properties of &athode ra s usingdis&harge tu,es:

– &ontaining a ma#tese &ross – &ontaining e#e&tri& p#ates – with a f#uores&ent disp#a s&reen – &ontaining a g#ass whee# – ana# se the information gathered

to determine the sign of the &harge

on &athode ra sso# e pro,#em and

ana# se information using:

F = qvB sinθ F = qE

and

E = V d

e5p#ain that&athode ra tu,es a##owed themanipu#ation of a stream of &harged

parties

identif thatmo ing &harged parties in amagneti& fie#d e5perien&e a for&e

identif that&harged p#ates produ&e an e#e&tri&fie#d

des&ri,e


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2. he reconcept'ualisation othe model olight led to an

understanding othe photoelectrice ect and blac#bod$ radiation

des&ri,e 7ertI8so,ser ation of the effe&t of a radiowa e on a re&ei er and the

photoe#e&tri& effe&t he produ&ed ,ut

fai#ed to in estigate

perform anin estigation to demonstrate the

produ&tion and re&eption of radio wa es

identif datasour&es gather pro&ess and ana# seinformation and use a ai#a,#e e iden&eto assess Binstein8s &ontri,ution to#an&68s differing iews a,outwhether s&ien&e resear&h is remo edfrom so&ia# and po#iti&a# for&es

out#ine#an&68s h pothesis that radiationemitted and a,sor,ed , the wa##s of a ,#a&6 ,od &a it is


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/. imitations o pasttechnologies andincreased researchinto the structure

o the atomresulted in theinvention otransistors

identif that somee#e&trons in so#ids are shared ,etweenatoms and mo e free#

perform anin estigation to mode# the ,eha iourof semi&ondu&tors inuding the&reation of a ho#e or positi e &harge

on the atom that has #ost the e#e&tronand the mo ement of e#e&trons andho#es in opposite dire&tions when ane#e&tri& fie#d is app#ied a&ross thesemi&ondu&tor

gather pro&essand present se&ondar information todis&uss how short&omings in a ai#a,#e&ommuni&ation te&hno#og #ead to anin&reased 6now#edge of the propertiesof materia#s with parti&u#ar referen&e

to the in ention of the transistor identif data

sour&es gather pro&ess ana# seinformation and use a ai#a,#ee iden&e to assess the impa&t of thein ention of transistors on so&ietwith parti&u#ar referen&e to their usein mi&ro&hips and mi&ropro&essors

identif datasour&es gather pro&ess and presentinformation to summarise the effe&t of #ight on semi&ondu&tors in so#ar &e##s

des&ri,e thedifferen&e ,etween &ondu&torsinsu#ators and semi&ondu&tors interms of ,and stru&tures and re#ati ee#e&tri&a# resistan&e

identif a,sen&esof e#e&trons in a near# fu## ,and asho#es and re&ognise that ,othe#e&trons and ho#es he#p to &arr&urrent

&ompare


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. )nvestigationsinto the electricalproperties oparticular metals

at di erenttemperaturesled to theidenti ication osuperconductivit$and theexplorationo possibleapplications

out#ine themethods used , the "raggs todetermine &r sta# stru&ture

pro&essinformation to identif some of themeta#s meta# a##o s and &ompoundsthat ha e ,een identified as e5hi,iting

the propert of super&ondu&ti it andtheir &riti&a# temperatures

perform anin estigation to demonstrate magneti&#e itation

ana# seinformation to e5p#ain wh a magnetis a,#e to ho er a,o e asuper&ondu&ting materia# that hasrea&hed the temperature at whi&h itis super&ondu&ting

gather and pro&ess information to des&ri,e howsuper&ondu&tors and the effe&ts ofmagneti& fie#ds ha e ,een app#ied tode e#op a mag#e train

pro&essinformation to dis&uss possi,#eapp#i&ations of super&ondu&ti it andthe effe&ts of those app#i&ations on&omputers generators and motors and

transmission of e#e&tri&it through power grids

identif thatmeta#s possess a &r sta# #atti&estru&ture

des&ri,e&ondu&tion in meta#s as a freemo ement of e#e&trons unimpeded ,the #atti&e

identif thatresistan&e in meta#s is in&reased , the

presen&e of impurities and s&atteringof e#e&trons , #atti&e i,rations

des&ri,e theo&&urren&e in super&ondu&tors ,e#owtheir &riti&a# temperature of a

popu#ation of e#e&tron pairs unaffe&ted , e#e&tri&a# resistan&e

dis&uss the "/*theor

dis&uss thead antages of using super&ondu&torsand identif #imitations to their use

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2. &ome ph$sicalphenomena suchas gravitation andradiation provide

in ormation aboutthe 5arth at adistance rom it

des&ri,e howa,sorption and ref#e&tion of radiation&an pro ide information a,out aref#e&ting surfa&e

perform a firstEhand in estigation to gather data todemonstrate the re#ationship ,etweenthe nature of a surfa&e and the

radiation ref#e&ted from it pro&ess

information to des&ri,ethe signifi&an&e of Jean Ri&her8se5periments with the pendu#umin dispro ing the spheri&a# Barthh pothesis

so# e pro,#emsand ana# se information to &a#&u#atethe mass of the Barth gi en gand the diameter of the Barth

so# e pro,#emsand ana# se information to &a#&u#atethe mass of the Barth gi en the

period and the a#titude of a sate##ite:

r 3

T 2 = GM

4π 2

pro&ess information from se&ondarsour&es to redu&e &o##e&ted gra itdata

e5p#ain howremote sensing te&hni


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/. &eismicmethods providein ormation aboutthe large scale

structure o the5arth and thedetailed structureo its crust

des&ri,e the properties of > wa es and * wa es

perform anin estigation to mode# the prin&ip#esof the ref#e&tion and refra&tion ofseismi& wa es

ana# seinformation from a graph of tra e#time ersus shotEtoEgeophone distan&efor a sing#e #a er

gather pro&essand present diagrammati& informationto show the paths of > and * wa esthrough the Barth

out#ine how a

seismi& wa e8s path is affe&ted , the properties of the materia# it tra e#sthrough

e5p#ain howseismi& wa es are ref#e&ted andrefra&ted at an interfa&e

out#ine thestru&ture and fun&tion of geophonesand seismometers

summarise thee iden&e for a #i


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4. 9eoph$sicsprovidesin ormationthat is o economic

and social bene it

e5p#ain the ,enefits of geoph si&a# methods inminera# e5p#oration anden ironmenta# monitoring

identif datasour&es p#an &hoose e


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. he magnetic ieldproduced b$nuclear particlescan be used as a

diagnostic tool

identif that thenuei of &ertain atoms and mo#e&u#es

,eha e as sma## magnets

perform anin estigation to o,ser e images frommagneti& resonan&e image (MR@)s&ans inuding a &omparison of

hea#th and damaged tissueidentif data

sour&es gather pro&ess and presentinformation using a ai#a,#e e iden&eto e5p#ain wh MR@ s&ans &an ,e usedto:

– dete&t &an&erous tissues – identif areas of high ,#ood f#ow – distinguish ,etween gre and

white matter in the ,rain

gather and pro&ess se&ondar information toidentif the fun&tion of thee#e&tromagnet radio fre


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0%' ")tion stro)hysics

Contextual Outline

he wonders of the Uni erse are re ea#ed through te&hno#ogi&a# ad an&es ,ased on tested prin&ip#es of ph si&s %ur understanding of the &osmos draws upon mode#s theories and #aws in our endea our to see6

e5p#anations for the m riad of o,ser ations made , arious instruments at man different wa e#engthse&hni


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2. Care ulmeasuremento a celestialob+ect;s position

in the s#$


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. Photometricmeasurementscan be used ordetermining

distance andcomparing ob+ects

define a,so#uteand apparent magnitude

so# e pro,#emsand ana# se information using:

M = m −5log d

10

and

I A I B

=100 m B−m A( ) /5

to &a#&u#ate the a,so#ute or apparentmagnitude of stars using data anda referen&e star

perform anin estigation to demonstrate the use of fi#ters for photometri& measurements

identif datasour&es gather pro&ess and presentinformation to assess the impa&t ofimpro ements in measurementte&hno#ogies on our understanding of&e#estia# o,;e&ts

e5p#ain how the

&on&ept of magnitude &an ,e used todetermine the distan&e to a &e#estia#o,;e&t

out#inespe&tros&opi& para##a5

e5p#ain how twoE&o#our a#ues (eg &o#our inde5 "E )are o,tained and wh the are usefu#

des&ri,e the

ad antages of photoe#e&tri&te&hno#ogies o er photographi&methods for photometr

4. he stud$ obinar$ andvariable starsreveals vitalin ormationabout stars

des&ri,e ,inarstars in terms of the means of theirdete&tion: isua# eipsingspe&tros&opi& and astrometri&

perform anin estigation to mode# the #ight &ur esof eipsing ,inaries using &omputersimu#ation

so# e pro,#emsand ana# se information , app# ing:

m1 + m2 = 4π 2r 3

GT 2

e5p#ain theimportan&e of ,inar stars indetermining ste##ar masses

assif aria,#estars as either intrinsi& or e5trinsi& and

periodi& or nonEperiodi&

e5p#ain theimportan&e of the periodE#uminositre#ationship for determining thedistan&e of &epheids

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6. &tars evolve andeventuall$ >die;

des&ri,e the pro&esses in o# ed in ste##ar formation

presentinformation , p#otting 7ertIsprungERusse## diagrams for: near, or

,rightest stars stars in a oung open

uster stars in a g#o,u#ar uster ana# se

information from a 7ER diagram anduse a ai#a,#e e iden&e to determinethe &hara&teristi&s of a star and itse o#utionar stage

presentinformation , p#otting on a 7ERdiagram the pathwa s of stars of 1 -and 10 so#ar masses during their #ife& e

out#ine the 6e

stages in a star8s #ife in terms of the ph si&a# pro&esses in o# ed

des&ri,e the t pesof nuear rea&tions in o# ed in MainE*e


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0%* ")tion rom 5uanta to 5uar,s

Contextual Outline

@n the ear# part of the twentieth &entur man e5perimenta# and theoreti&a# pro,#ems remained unreso# edAttempts to e5p#ain the ,eha iour of matter on the atomi& #e e# with the #aws of assi&a# ph si&s were not

su&&essfu# >henomena su&h as ,#a&6E,od radiation the photoe#e&tri& effe&t and the emission of sharpspe&tra# #ines , atoms in a gas dis&harge tu,e &ou#d not ,e understood within the framewor6 of assi&a#

ph si&s

"etween 1900 and 1930 a re o#ution too6 p#a&e and a new more genera#ised formu#ation &a##ed


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. An understandingo the nucleus hasled to large sciencepro+ects and man$

applications

e5p#ain the ,asi& prin&ip#es of a fission rea&tor

gather pro&essand ana# se information to assess thesignifi&an&e of the Manhattan >ro;e&tto so&iet

identif datasour&es and gather pro&ess andana# se information to des&ri,e theuse of:

– a named isotope in medi&ine – a named isotope in agri&u#ture – a named isotope in engineering

des&ri,e some

medi&a# and industria# app#i&ations ofradioEisotopes

des&ri,e howneutron s&attering is used as a pro,e

, referring to the properties ofneutrons

identif wa s ,whi&h ph si&ists &ontinue to de e#optheir understanding of matter usinga&&e#erators as a pro,e to in estigatethe stru&ture of matter

dis&uss the 6efeatures and &omponents of thestandard mode# of matter inuding


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0%0 ")tion The ge of Silicon

Contextual Outline

he in ention of the transistor , "ardeen "rattain and *ho&6#e pa ed the wa for a wide range of newe#e&troni& de i&es A 6now#edge of the e#e&tri&a# magneti& opti&a# and therma# properties of &ompounds of

transition and rare earth meta#s ena,#es their app#i&ation to ro,oti&s automation in the manufa&turing industrand ad an&es in the persona# &omputer industr

*emi&ondu&ting materia# is the ,asis of the integrated &ir&uits that run our &omputers and man modernte&hno#ogies inuding programma,#e &ontro##ers Man modern te&hno#ogies use e#e&troEme&hani&a#

prin&ip#es to interfa&e rea# wor#d sensors and outputs to mi&ropro&essors temperature &ontro##ersthermo&oup#es and power regu#ators

his modu#e in&reases students8 understanding of the app#i&ations and uses of ph si&s the imp#i&ations of ph si&s for so&iet and the en ironment and &urrent issues resear&h and de e#opments in ph si&s


1. 5lectronics hasundergone rapiddevelopmentdue to greater#no"ledge othe propertieso materialsand increasingl$complexmanu acturingtechni(ues

identif that ear#&omputers ea&h emp#o ed hundreds of thousands of sing#e transistors

identif datasour&es gather pro&ess and ana# seinformation to out#ine the rapidde e#opment of e#e&troni&s and usinge5amp#es re#ate this to the impa&t ofe#e&troni&s on so&iet

gather se&ondarinformation to identif the desira,#eopti&a# properties of si#i&a inuding:

– refra&ti e inde5 – a,i#it to form fi,res

– opti&a# nonE#inearit

e5p#ain that thein ention of the integrated &ir&uitusing a si#i&on &hip was re#ated to theneed to de e#op #ightweight&omputers and &ompa&t guidan&es stems

e5p#ain the

impa&t of the de e#opment of thesi#i&on &hip on the de e#opment ofe#e&troni&s

out#ine thesimi#arities and differen&es ,etweenan integrated &ir&uit and a transistor

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and thermostats that &ontro#temperature

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. &ome devices useoutput transducersto ma#econnections

bet"een thedevice and theenvironment

e5p#ain the needfor a re#a when a #arge &urrent isused in a de i&e

pro&ess information to e5p#ain thewa in whi&h a re#a wor6s usinga &ir&uit diagram

so# e pro,#ems and ana# seinformation using &ir&uit diagramsin o# ing B+s and re#a s

ana# se information to assesssituations where an B+ wou#d ,e

prefera,#e to an ordinar #ight sour&e

des&ri,e the ro#eof the e#e&tromagnet pi ot swit&h&onta&ts and insu#ator in a re#a

des&ri,e thestru&ture of #ightEemitting diodes( B+s) in terms of pEt pe and nEt pesemi&ondu&tors

e5p#ain who#tmeters ammeters /R%s and

other e#e&troni& meters are &onsideredoutput transdu&ers

4. )n ormation can beprocessed usingelectronic circuits

des&ri,e the ,eha iour of A'+ %R and in erter#ogi& gates in terms of high and #ow

o#tages and re#ate these to input andoutputs

identif data sour&es p#an &hoosee


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6. Ampli iers areused in di erent"a$s in currenttechnologies

des&ri,e thefun&tions and the properties of anidea# amp#ifier

so# e pro,#emsand ana# se information to show thetransfer &hara&teristi&s of an amp#ifier

gather and present graphi&a# information to showthe transfer &hara&teristi&s of anin erting amp#ifier

so# e pro,#emsand ana# se information a,out settingthe gain of an in erting amp#ifier ,&a#&u#ating the a#ues of e5terna#resistors using:

V out V in

= − R f Ri

perform a firstEhand in estigationof a summing amp#ifier , adding

o#tages from two separate sour&es

gatherinformation to identif the differentwa s in whi&h amp#ifiers are used in&urrent te&hno#ogies

e5p#ain that thegain of an idea# amp#ifier is the ratioof its output o#tage to its input

o#tage:

A0 = V out V in

identif that anoperationa# amp#ifier is a &omponentof a t pi&a# amp#ifier

des&ri,e the&hara&teristi&s of an operationa#amp#ifier

distinguish ,etween openE#oop gain and osedE#oop gain

identif theo#tage range o er whi&h an

operationa# amp#ifier &ir&uit a&ts as a#inear de i&e

des&ri,e how anoperationa# amp#ifier &an ,e used asan in erting amp#ifier

e5p#ain that thegain of an in erting amp#ifier is gi en

, :

V out V in

= − R f Ri

e5p#ain thedifferen&e ,etween the nonEin ertinginput and the in erting input

dis&uss howfeed,a&6 &an ,e used in a &ontro#s stem

e5p#ain the use of two input resistors to produ&e asumming amp#ifier

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?. here are ph$sicslimits that ma$impact on the

uture uses o

computers

identif that thein&reased speed of &omputers has

,een a&&ompanied , a de&rease insiIe of &ir&uit e#ements

gather pro&essand ana# se information and usea ai#a,#e e iden&e to dis&uss the

possi,i#it that there ma ,e a #imit on

the growth of &omputer power andthis ma re


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11 Post8school "))ortunities

he stud of >h si&s *tage pro ides students with 6now#edge understanding and s6i##s that form a a#ua,#efoundation for a range of &ourses at uni ersit and other tertiar institutions

@n addition the stud of >h si&s *tage assists students to prepare for emp#o ment and fu## and a&ti e

parti&ipation as &itiIens @n parti&u#ar there are opportunities for students to gain re&ognition in o&ationa#edu&ation and training ea&hers and students shou#d ,e aware of these opportunities

Recognition of Student chie$ement in 9ocational .ducation andTraining :9.T;

here er appropriate the s6i##s and 6now#edge a&


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12 ssessment and Re)orting

Ad i&e on appropriate assessment pra&ti&e in re#ation to the >h si&s s ##a,us is &ontained in Assess$e!t a!" ,eporti!g i! Physics Stage 6 hat do&ument pro ides genera# ad i&e on assessment in *tage as we## as thespe&ifi& rere#iminar and 7*/ &ourses he do&ument &ontains:

• suggested &omponents and weightings for the interna# assessment of the >re#iminar &ourse• mandator &omponents and weightings for the interna# assessment of the 7*/ &ourse

• the 7*/ e5amination spe&ifi&ations whi&h des&ri,e the format of the e5terna# 7*/ e5amination

he do&ument and other resour&es and ad i&e re#ated to assessment in *tage >h si&s are a ai#a,#e on the"oard8s we,site (www ,oardofstudies nsw edu au$s ##a,usNhs&)

81

http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/syllabus_hschttp://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/syllabus_hschttp://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/syllabus_hsc


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13 ))endi<

he fo##owing information arifies termino#og used in this s ##a,us

%pti&a# Ci,re /onsisting of a &ore where #ight ra s tra e# and the adding whi&h is made ofa simi#ar materia# with a s#ight# #ower refra&ti e inde5 to &ause tota# interna#ref#e&tion wo t pes of materia# are used to manufa&ture fi,res – g#ass (si#i&a)and p#asti&

physics sylabus

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