physics made easy - form 4

7/23/2019 Physics Made Easy - Form 4

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Positive zero error

Negative zero error

inside jaws (measure internal diameter)

vernier scale

object

outside jaws(measureexternal diameter)

measures depth

main scale

zero error = +0.06 cm

mainscale

vernierscale

zero error = (0.10 0.07) cm = 0.03 cm

mainscale

vernierscaleMain scale reading

Vernier scale readingSize of object

= 1.6 cm= 0.05 cm= 1.65 cm

spindle

frame

sleeve (with main scale)

ratchet knob 0

45

40

10

5

0

40

35

anvil

thimble scalelock

ballbearing

Main scale readingVernier scale reading

Size of ball bearing

Positive zero error Negative zero error

zero error = + 0.04 mm zero error = 0.06 mm

= 7.50 mm= 0.37 mm

= 7.87 mm


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Title of the graph

x-axis is labelled

y-axis is labelled

Suitableeven scale

Respondingvariables

Coordinatesare plottedwith a small

cross mark ( )

Manipulated variables

Best adjustedstraight line

Suitableeven scale

Length ofpendulum,(cm)

Time for 10 oscillations, t(s) Period ofoscillation,

tT= (s)

10

T2(s 2)t

1t

2Mean, t

10.0 6.2 6.4 6.3 0.63 0.40

20.0 8.9 8.9 8.9 0.89 0.79

30.0 10.7 10.9 10.8 1.08 1.17

40.0 12.4 12.6 12.5 1.25 1.56

50.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 1.40 1.96


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Darrens

house

Post office

P

Q

R

s1

s2

s

SMK Seri Perak

Initial velocity, u 1.0 cm= = 50.0 cm s1 0.02 s

directionof motion

Time interval, t= 4 dot-spaces 0.02 s= 0.08 s

Final velocity, v 1.4 cm= = 70.0 cm s1 0.02 s

Time for 1 dot-space (1 tick) 1= = 0.02 s 50


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Object at

rest

When a stationarybus startstomove with forward

acceleration, thepassengers lurchbackwards.

Object inmotion

When a moving busstopssuddenly, thepassengers lurchforwards.


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Type of collision Situation Important formula

Elastic Momentum is conserved: m

Au

A+ m

Bu

B= m

Av

A+ m

Bv

B

Kinetic energy is conserved: 1 1

mAuA2+ mBuB22 2

1 1 = m

Av

A2+ m

Bv

B2

2 2

Inelastic Momentum is conserved:

mAuA+ mBuB= (mA+ mB)v

Kinetic energy is NOTconserved.

Explosion

mAv

A+ m

Bv

B= 0

uA

mA

mB m

A m

B

uB

vA v

B

uA

mA

mB m

A m

B

uB v

at rest

vA

mA

vB

mB


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spring balance

measure the

gravitational

attraction(weight)

on the objectm

mg

Earth


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W

flowerpotW

T2

T1

T2

T1

T2 T1

W

W

T2

T1

2

F2

F1

30

30


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Factors Less stiff More stiff

Value of springconstant, k

Small k Big k

Length of spring

Long spring Short spring

Diameter of wire

Thin wire Thick wire

Diameter of coil

Big diameter Small diameter

Type of material

Copper wire Steel wire

Arrangement ofspring

Series Parallel


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P

A


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inputforce, F1

a high outputforce, F2 isproducedbecause of

fluid

piston

cylinder

objectbeing lifted

the large surfacearea of the pistonA2 which

is acted byhigh pressure

INPUT OUTPUT

high pressure is transmitted

acting on thesurface area,A1of the smallpiston and

produceshigh pressure


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purged air

ventvalveopens

waterentersthe ballasttank

weight

diving

buoyant force

equalpressure

floating

weight

buoyantforce


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compressedair

rising

weight

buoyant force

air from atmosphereflows in

gas supply

The fast flowing

gas produces aregion of lowpressure.

The high atmosphericpressure causes theair to be sucked inand mixed with the

gas.

The mixture of gas

and air producesa completecombustion.

1

2

3


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B

A

C

D E

F

Solid

Solid +Liquid

Liquid + Gas

Gas

Liquid

solid heating solid melting liquid heating gas heatingliquid boilingTime (s)

melting begins

boiling point

melting point

Temperature(C)

melting completes boiling begins boiling completes0

Liquid +Solid Solid

Gas + Liquid LiquidGas

solid coolingliquid freezingliquidcooling

gascooling gas condensing

condensation begins

condensation

point

freezing

point

condensationcompletes

freezing begins freezing completes

F

Time (s)

Temperature(C)

B C

D E

A


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Boyles law

Temperature = constant

Action Decrease in volume

Before

After

Result Pressure increase

Relationship

Formula P1V1= P2V2


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Pressure law Charles law

Volume = constant Pressure = constant

Increase in temperature Increase in temperature

Pressure increase Volume increase

P1 P

2

= T1 T

2

V1 V

2

= T1 T

2


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incident ray

normal

reflected ray

i r


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i

r

I

O

apparentdepth, d

realdepth, D


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semicircular glass block

refracted ray

reflected ray

ray box

incident ray A

B

DC

protractor

protractor

totally refracted ray

ray box

incidentray

semicircularglass block

B

A

DC


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1 2 3


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i

vu

Image is formedbehind the lens

o

i

Image is formed on the same side

of the lens

i

ho


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1 2 3


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i

vu

Image is formedbehind the lens

o

i

Image is formed on the same side

of the lens

i

ho


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physics made easy - form 4

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