physics 106 - college of saint benedict and saint john's …syost/106/syll106.pdf · ·...

PHYSICS 106Physics for the Life Sciences II

SoundElectricity and Magnetism

OpticsModern Physics

PHYS 106Sections 04A & 03A

ODD Days 8:00-9:10 & EVEN Days 11:20-12:30PEngel 173

Text:College Physics, 9th Edition

with Enhanced WebAssignBy Raymond A. Serway and Chris Vuille

Spring 2013Dr. Sarah Yost

Course Objectives

● Learn principles of sound, E&M, optics, and post-19thC. physics.● Apply these principles to physical systems (biological examples

when possible).● Learn how to calculate results and solve problems related to

these topics

Contact Information: for Dr. Sarah A. Yost

Office PENGL 113

Office Phone 363-3187

Websites http://www.users.csbsju.edu/~syost/106/index.html

Email address [email protected]

Office Hours

1-3-5 Mornings after the 8 AM class

or just stop by, I’m almost always in until 5-ish. Email me for an appointment if you want to be sure of a time!

Note: I teach on days 2-4-6: 9:40-10:50 all semester

If you require any special accommodations, please contact me as soon as possible.

Methods of AssessmentHomework: Homework will be assigned to be completed online via the

WebAssign website. You will have the opportunity to redo answers flagged as incorrect.

Quizzes: Seven 10-15 minute quizzes given on the indicated days (10 quiz pts). On any non-review, non-Quiz day there *may* be one 3-5 minute "quick check" quiz question (2 quiz pts).

Labs: Attendance and lab reports are required.

Tests: Three 70 minute tests will be given on the indicated days.

Exams: A two hour final exam.

Grading: Homework = 15%

Quizzes = 8%,

Lab = 22%,

3 Tests = 33%

Final Exam = 22%

Homework will be assigned via WebAssign.net.

Note that these homework problems are selected from the chapter-end problems in our textbook, but different students will get different numerical values and hence have different answers.

While the web promises global connections, it often promotes isolation. Consider avoiding web-induced isolation by forming a problem solving group. (Again, everybody's numbers will be slightly different, but the algebra and thought required to solve the problems will be the same.) Or just work the homework with classmates in our “Physics Library” PEngel 104; I'll then be near by when you have questions.

Note that assigned homework should just be the start to developing your problem solving skills: work the examples (cover them up and see if you can do them), and work extra odd problems, checking the answer in the back of the textbook! I will provide lists of suggested extra problems as well.

To use WebAssign for homework you will need the access code you purchased with your textbook to self-register for your course section.

1. Go to http://www.webassign.net/login.html2. Click on the “I have a class key” button below the “Login” button3. Enter the class key corresponding to your class section listed below:

8:00-9:10 1-3-5 Section 04A csbsju 2930 0986 11:20-12:30 2-4-6 Section 03A csbsju 5607 6791

Anticipated Grade Scale:

Grade Percentage

A 93-100AB 86-92B 80-85BC 73-79C 67-72CD 56-66D 50-55F < 50

http://www.webassign.net/login.html

ASSESSMENT LOGISTICS

For quizzes, you may need to recall equations from memory. See the topical pages and their “equations to remember”

For tests, you will be given an equation sheet, based upon the “equations to remember”.

Equation sheets for upcoming tests as well as solutions to quizzes, tests, etc will be sent as PDF files via classwide email. If you do not get the “testing the list” email before the second class meeting, contact me.

Scheduling:Schedule problems related to tests and formal quizzes can be accommodated for documented school-related reasons, but ONLY if I know about it at least 2 class meetings prior to the test. Only medical / family emergencies can be accommodated on shorter notice.

Due Dates:Online homework is due at the time posted with the WebAssign set. This will usually be before the corresponding quiz or test associated with the chapter. The due date can be overridden if there are problems. Inform me of any problems with the WebAssign access or site; I can also help contact the site administrators.

I will try to set up zero-point “extra practice” questions through WebAssign to stay “open” throughout the semester.

Academic Honesty

CSBSJU's academic catalog defines plagiarism as ...the act of appropriating and using the ideas, writings, or works of original expressions of another person as one's own without giving credit to the person who created the work. If suspected, the burden of proof rests with the faculty. If proven, the consequence for a first offense is failure of the course.

Again, please note that it is quite helpful to work in groups at times to solve homework problems, and this collective effort is not plagiarism. By the end of the process you need to be able to understand and do the question yourself, of course!

Any unauthorized use of solution guides (particularly ``Instructor's Guides'') constitutes academic dishonesty. Presenting work assisted by such items is plagiarism.

PHYS106 Course Schedule

DATES FOR 1-3-5, 2-4-6 IS NEXT DAY

Cycle D Date Text Topics Tests Labs

1

1 M 14 Jan 14.1-6 Sound, Doppler effect

3 W 16 Jan 14.7-13 Interference, standing waves

5 F 18 Jan 15.1-5, 7, 8 Electric fields Quiz 1

Elec. Instruments

2

1 T 22 Jan 15.6-9 Gauss' Law

3 R 24 Jan 16.1-5 Electric Potential Quiz 2

5 M 28 Jan 16.6-10 Capacitors, dielectrics

Sound Waves

3

1 W 30 Jan 17.1-8 Current, resistance

3 F 1 Feb 18.1-4 Kirchoff's rules

5 T 5 Feb 18.4-8 RC circuits

Equipotentials

4

1 R 7 Feb CH 14-18 REVIEW

3 M 11 Feb CH 14-18 SOUND & ELECTRICITY TEST 1

5 W 13 Feb 19.1-6 Magnetic forces

DC Circuits

5

1 F 15 Feb 19.6-10 Electromagnetism

3 T 19 Feb 20.1-5 Induction, Lenz' Law Quiz 3

5 M 25 Feb 20.6-21.3 AC Circuits

6

1 W 27 Feb 21.3-7 RLC Circuits

3 F 1 Mar 21.8-22.1 EM Waves & properties Quiz 4

5 T 5 Mar 22.2-7 Reflection & refraction

Magnetic Fields

7

1 R 7 Mar 23.1-3 Mirrors

3 M 11 Mar 23.4-7 Lenses

5 W 13 Mar CH 19-23 REVIEW

AC Circuits

8

1 F 15 Mar CH 19-23 CIRCUITS & LIGHT TEST 2

3 T 19 Mar 24.1-5 Interference

5 R 21 Mar 24.6-9 Diffraction, Polarization Quiz 5

Lenses

EASTER AND SPRING BREAK

9

1 T 2 Apr 25.1-6 Optical instruments

3 R 4 Apr 25.7, 26.1-4 Special relativity

5 M 8 Apr 26.5-8 Relativistic momentum and energy. E=mc2 Quiz 6

Diffraction

10

1 W 10 Apr 27.1-5 Photons and X-rays

3 F 12 Apr 27.6-8,28.1,2 Quantum Mechanics, atoms

5 T 16 Apr 28.3-7 Bohr model and the periodic table

11

1 R 18 Apr CH 24-28 REVIEW

3 M 22 Apr CH 24-28 WAVE OPTICS, QUANTUM WORLD TEST 3

5 R 25 Apr 29.1-4 Nucleus, radioactive decay

12

1 M 29 Apr 29.4-7 Nuclear reactions Quiz 7

3 W 1 May 30.1-3 Fission, fusion

5 F 3 May CH 14-30 REVIEW

Nuclear Radiation

Exam Week

Wed 8 May10:30-12:30

1:00-3:00FINAL EXAM (PICK ONE)

Topic 1 – Sound

Reading: Chapter 14

Objectives:

1. Be able to describe characteristics of sound waves including speed, intensity, quality, spherical and plane, and shock waves.

2. Be able to calculate the speed of sound in various materials.3. Be able to calculate decibel levels.4. Be able to describe the Doppler effect and apply the Doppler equation.5. Be able to define superposition, standing wave, node, antinode,

resonance, and beat frequency.6. Be able to calculate resonant frequencies (fundamental and

harmonics) for strings under tension and columns of air.

Equations to Know from Memory:

Speed of Sound: v= elastic propertyinertial property

in fluid: v= B

in solid rod: v=Y

Speed of Sound in air: v=331 m /s T273K

Intensity: I≡powerarea

=PA

Decibel Level: ≡10 log II 0 Doppler Effect: f O= f S vvO

v−vS Shock Waves: sin=

vvs

Standing Waves:Both Ends Same (n = 1, 2, 3, ...) Different Ends (n = 1, 3, 5, ...)

n=2Ln

f n=vn

=nv2 L

=nf 1 n=4 Ln

f n=vn

=nv4 L

=nf 1

Speed of Wave on string: v= F

Beat Frequency: f b=∣ f 2− f 1∣

Topic 2 – Electric Forces and Fields

Reading: Chapter 15

Objectives:

1. Be able to describe the difference between conductors and insulators.2. Be able to describe the evidence for quantization of electric charge.3. Be able to describe how to charge by friction, conduction, and induction.4. Be able to calculate electric forces using Coulomb's Law.5. Be able to calculate electric fields due to point charges.6. Be able to draw electric field lines.7. Be able to calculate electric flux and apply Gauss's Law.


Coulomb's Law: F=ke∣q1∣∣q2∣

r2Electric Field: E≡

Fq0=k e

∣q∣

r 2

Electric Flux: E=EAcos Gauss's Law: E=Q inside

0

Physical Constants to Understand:

Fundamental Charge: e=1.6×10−19 CCoulomb Constant: k e=8.9875×10

9 N⋅m 2/C2≈8.99×109 N⋅m 2

/C2

Permittivity of Free Space: 0=1

4 ke=8.85×10−12 C2/N⋅m2

Topic 3 – Electrical Energy and Capacitance

Reading: Chapter 16

Objectives:

1. Be able to describe electric potential and electrical potential energy.

2. Be able to calculate electric potential differences.3. Be able to calculate electrical potential energy.4. Be able to describe the operation of a capacitor – calculate capacitance

based on electrical measurements and physical attributes.5. Be able to calculate the equivalent capacitance for series, parallel, and

complex combinations of capacitors.6. Be able to calculate the energy stored in a capacitor.7. Be able to describe how dielectrics modify electric fields.


Change in potential energy in uniform electric field: PE=−qE x x

Potential Difference: V=PE

q in uniform E-field: V=−E x x

Point charges: Electric Potential: V=keqr

Potential Energy: PE=kq1 q2

r

Capacitance: C≡Q V

Parallel-Plate Capacitor: C=0Ad

≡

0

Energy Stored in Capacitor: W=12

QV=12

C V 2=

Q2

2 C

Capacitors in Parallel: C eq=C1C2C3⋯

Capacitors in Series:1

C eq

=1

C1

1

C2

1

C3

⋯

Physical Constants and Units to Understand:

Volt: 1 V=1 J /CElectron Volt: 1 eV=1.6×10−19 JElectric Field: 1 N /C=1 V /mCapacitance (farads): 1 F=1 C /V

Topic 4 – Current and Resistance

Reading: Chapter 17

Objectives:

1. Be able to define and calculate current.2. Be able to describe the operation of a resistor – calculate resistance

based on electrical measurements and physical attributes.3. Be able to apply Ohm’s Law.4. Be able to calculate power supplied to devices and power dissipated by

resistors.5. Be able to describe superconductors.


Current: I av≡Q t

I= lim t0

I av= lim t 0

Q t

I=nqvd A

Resisitance: R≡ V

I R=

LA

Ohm’s Law: V=IR

Power Supplied: P= V I Power Dissipated by Resistor: P=I 2 R= V 2

R


Current (amps): 1 A=1 C/sResistance (ohms): 1 =1 V /AEnergy (kilowatt-hour): 1 kWh=3.60×106 J

Topic 5 – DC Circuits

Reading: Chapter 18

Objectives:

1. Be able to describe sources of emf and calculate their terminal voltage and power output.

2. Be able to calculate the equivalent resistance for series, parallel, and complex combinations of resistors.

3. Be able to apply Kirchhoff’s Rules to complex circuits.4. Be able to describe transient currents in RC circuits and calculate time

constants.5. Be able to describe household circuits.


emf Soures – Terminal Voltage: V=−Ir Power Output: P=I Resistors in Series: Req=R1R2R3⋯

Resistors in Parallel:1

R eq

=1R1

1R2

1R3

⋯

Kirchhoff’s Rules: ∑ I i n=∑ I out junction rule ∑ V=0 loop rule

Capacitor Charging: q=Q 1−e−t /RC Capacitor Discharging: q=Q e−t /RC

Time Constant: =RC

Topic 6 – Magnetism and Magnetic Fields

Reading: Chapter 19

Objectives:

1. Be able to describe sources of magnetic fields.2. Be able to calculate the magnetic force on moving charges and current-

carrying wires.3. Be able to calculate the torque on a current loop.4. Be able to describe the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field

and explain quantitatively how a mass spectrometer works.5. Be able to calculate the magnetic fields due to straight wires, loops,

and solenoids.6. Be able to apply Ampère’s Law.7. Be able to calculate the magnetic force between parallel conductors.


Magnetic Forces: F=qvB sin moving charge F=BIl sin current carrying wire Torque on current loop: =BIAN sin= B sin Magnetic Moment: =IAN

Magnetic Fields: Bwire=0 I

2 r Bloop=N

0 I

2 R Bsolenoid=0 n I n=

Nl

Motion of Charged Particle in Magnetic Field: r=mvqB

Ampère’s Law: ∑ B∣∣ l=0 I

Force between 2 Parallel Conductors:Fl=0 I 1 I 2

2d


Tesla (T): 1 T=1 Wb /m2=1N

C⋅m /s=1

NA⋅m

Gauss (G): 1 G=10−4 T

Permeability of Free Space: 0=4×10−7 T⋅mA

Topic 7 – Electromagnetic Induction

Reading: Chapter 20

Objectives:

1. Be able to define and calculate magnetic flux.2. Be able to apply Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction.3. Be able to explain and apply Lenz’s Law.4. Be able to calculate motional emf.5. Be able to explain the operation of electric generators and calculate their

emf.6. Be able to explain and calculate self-inductance.7. Be able to calculate emf and current for series RL circuits.8. Be able to calculate the energy stored in the magnetic field of an

inductor.


Magnetic Flux: B≡BA cos Faraday's Law of Induction: =−NB

t

Motional emf: ∣∣=Blv

Electric Generators: =NBAsin t

RL Circuits: ≡−L I t I=

R

1−e−t / =L /R

Inductors: L=N B

I L=

0 N 2 A

lEnergy Stored in a Magnetic Field of an Inductor: PEL=

12LI 2

Units to Understand:

Henry (H): 1 H=1 V⋅s /A

Topic 8 – AC Circuits and Electromagnetic Waves

Reading: Chapter 21

Objectives:

1. Understand the relationship between rms values and maximum values.2. Be able to calculate capacitive and inductive reactance.3. Be able to draw phasor diagrams for RLC series circuits.4. Be able to calculate the impedance and phase angle for RLC circuits.5. Be able to calculate the power dissipated in RLC circuits.6. Be able to calculate the resonant frequency for an RLC circuit.7. Be able to calculate voltages and currents in the primary and secondary

of a transformer.8. Be able to describe properties of electromagnetic waves.


RMS values: A rms=Amax

2Ohm's Law: V R ,rms=I rms R

Capacitors: XC≡1

2 f C VC , rms=I rms XC

Inductors: X L≡2 f L V L , rms=I rms X L

AC Circuits: V max= V R2 V L−V C

2 Z≡√ R2+(X L−X C)

2 V max=Imax Z

Phase Angle: tan=X L−X C

R Power: P av=I rmsV rmscos cos=R /Z

Resonance: f 0=1

2LC

Transformers: V 2=N2

N1

V 1

Properties of Electromagnetic Waves: EB=c c= f

Uc≤ p≤

2 Uc

Intensity: I=Emax Bmax

2 0

=Emax

2

2 0 c=

c2 0

Bmax2 Doppler Shift: f O≈ f S1±u

c

Physical Constants to Know:

Speed of Light in vacuum: c=3.00×108 m/ s

Topic 9 – Geometric Optics: Reflection and Refraction

Reading: Chapter 22

Objectives:

1. Be able to calculate photon energy.1. Be able to apply the law of reflection to plane surfaces2. Be able to define the index of refraction.3. Be able to apply Snell’s law for refraction.4. Be able to describe dispersion as it applies to prisms and rainbows.5. Be able to describe Huygen's Principle.6. Be able to describe total internal reflection and find the critical angle.


Photon Energy: E=hfReflection: 1 '=1

Index of Refraction: n≡cv

n=0

n

Snell’s Law: n1 sin1=n2 sin2 Critical Angle: sinc=n2

n1

for n1n2


Planck's Constant: h=6.63×10−34 J⋅s

Topic 10 – Geometric Optics: Mirrors and Lenses

Reading: Chapter 23

Objectives:

1. Be able to draw ray diagrams for mirrors and lenses.2. Be able to apply the law of reflection to plane, concave, and convex

mirrors and calculate image distances and heights.3. Be able to apply the law of refraction to flat surface, spherical surfaces,

and thin lenses image distances and heights.4. Be able to describe spherical and chromatic aberration.


Mirrors: M=h 'h=−

qp

1p

1q=

1f

f =R /2

Refraction: M=h 'h=−

n1 q

n2 p

n1

p

n2

q=

n2−n1

R

Thin Lenses: M=h 'h=−

qp

1p

1q=

1f

1f=n−1 1

R1

−1R2

Topic 11 – Wave Optics

Reading: Chapter 24

Objectives:

1. Be able to define destructive and constructive interference both in words and mathematically.

2. Be able to mathematically describe a two-source interference pattern.3. Be able to mathematically apply the principle of thin film interference.4. Be able to mathematically apply the principles of diffraction to single slits

and gratings.5. Be able to describe polarization, optical activity and apply Brewster's

Law.


Interference m=0,±1,±2,±3, ... :

Constructive: d sinbright=m ybright=Ld

m Destructive: d sindark=m 12

Wavelength in Medium: n=

n n≡

cv

Thin Film Interference: 2 n t={m 12

m } where m=0,1,2,3,...

Single-Slit Diffraction: sindark=m

a where m=±1,±2,±3, ...

Diffraction Grating: d sinbright=m where m=0,±1,±2,±3, ...

Polarization – Malus's Law: I=I 0 cos2 Brewster's Law: n=tanp

Topic 12 – Optical Instruments

Reading: Chapter 25

Objectives:

1. Be able to describe the operation of a camera.2. Be able to describe how the human eye functions.3. Be able to calculate power of a lens needed to correct hyperopia and

myopia.4. Be able to calculate magnifications for magnifying lenses, microscopes,

and telescopes.5. Be able to describe Rayleigh's criterion for resolution.6. Be able to calculate the limiting angle of resolution for single slits and

circular apertures and the resolving power of a diffraction grating.7. Be able to describe the operation of a Michelson interferometer.


Cameras: fnumber ≡ f /D

Magnifying Lens: m≡

0 mmax=1

25 cmf

m=25 cm

f

Microscope: m=−Lf o 25 cm

f e Telescope: m=−

f o

f e

Resolution – Single Slit: min≈/ a Circular Aperture: min=1.22/D

Resolving Power of Diffraction Grating: R=

=Nm

Constants to Understand:

Typical Human Near Point: 25 cm

Topic 13 – Special Relativity

Reading: Chapter 26

Objectives:

1. Be able to explain the difference between inertial and accelerated frames of reference.

2. Be able to explain how the Michelson-Morley experiment showed that the speed of light in vacuum is a constant.

3. Be able to state the two postulates of special relativity.4. Be able to define an event in space-time.5. Be able to distinguish proper time intervals from time intervals when

applying the time dilation formula.6. Be able to distinguish proper lengths from lengths when applying the

length contraction formula.7. Be able to state the two postulates of general relativity.


Time Dilation: t= t p Length Contraction: L=L p/

Relativistic Factor: =1

1−v2/c2

KE = γmc2−ER where ER=mc2 is the rest energy

Topic 14 – Quantum Physics

Reading: Chapter 27

Objectives:

1. Be able to explain how Planck’s concept of quantized energy contributed to our understanding of blackbody radiation.

2. Be able to explain the photoelectric effect in terms of photons.3. Be able to explain the importance of x-rays for probing matter and apply

Bragg's Law.4. Be able to explain the Compton Effect and calculate wavelength shifts.5. Be able to describe matter waves qualitatively and quantitatively.6. Be able to describe the wave function.7. Be able to apply the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.


Wien's Displacement Law: max T=0.2898×10−2 m⋅KEnergy Quanta: En=nhfPhotoelectric Effect: KEmax=e V s=hf −

Photon Energy: E=hf Photon Momentum: p=Ec=

h

X-ray Production: min=hc

e VBragg's Law: 2 d sin=m m=1,2,3,

Compton Effect: =−0=h

me c1−cos

deBroglie Wavelength: =hp=

hmv

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: x px≥h

4and E t≥

h4


Planck's Constant: h=6.63×10−34 J⋅s

Topic 15 – Atomic Physics

Reading: Chapter 28

Objectives:

1. Be able to explain Thomson’s and Rutherford’s models of the atom.2. Be able to explain line spectra in terms of the Rydberg formula and

calculate wavelengths of emission and absorption.3. Be able to describe the Bohr model of the atom in terms of

quantization.4. Be able to calculate radii and energies of electron orbits using the Bohr

model.5. Be able to identify valid quantum states.6. Be able to describe how the n , l ,ml ,ms quantum numbers correspond

to physical quantities; be able to describe states with these quantum numbers and to encode the l value as a letter.

7. Be able to explain the origin of characteristic x-rays and bremsstrahlung.8. Be able to describe the operation of a laser.


Rydberg Formula: 1=RH 1m2−

1

n2 Bohr Model: m e vr=nℏ r n=n2 ℏ

2

me ke e2=n2 a0 En=−m e k e

2 e4

2ℏ2 1n2 = 1

n2E1

Emitted Photon Frequency: f =E i−E f

h


Rydberg Constant for Hydrogen: RH=1.097×107 m−1

Planck's Constant: ℏ=h/ 2Bohr Radius (hydrogen): a0=0.0529 nmGround State Energy (hydrogen): E1=−13.6 eVangular momentum: s, p, d, f

Topic 16 – Nuclear Physics I

Reading: Chapter 29

Objectives:

1. Be able to describe nuclei in terms of constituents and stability.2. Be able to list types of radiation and their sources.3. Be able to calculate decay constants and half-lives.4. Be able to balance nuclear reaction equations using baryon

conservation, charge conservation, and energy conservation.


Binding Energy: m c2=[ ∑nucleons

m − m nucleus]c2

Nuclear Radius: r=r0 A1/3 r 0=1.2×10−15 m

Radioactive Decay: R=∣N t ∣= N N=N 0 e− t T 1/2=

0.693

decay: XZA

YZ−2A−4

He24

E

decay: n01 p1

1 e−1

0

decay: p11 n0

1 e1

0

decay: X∗ZA

XZA

Threshold Energy: KEmin=1 mM ∣Q∣

Dose in rem = Dose in rads × RBE


Activity: 1 Ci=3.70×1010 Bq 1 Bq≡1 decay /sAbsorbed Dose, D: 1 rad=10−2 Gy 1 GrayGy≡1 J /kgDose Equivalents: 1 rem=10−2 Sv 1 Gy×RBE≡1 sievertSv

Topic 17 – Nuclear Physics II

Reading: Chapter 30 thru 30.4

Objectives:

1. Be able to describe nuclear fission2. Be able to describe how a nuclear reactor works3. Be able to describe nuclear fusion4. Be able to describe the fundamental forces of nature

physics 106 - college of saint benedict and saint john's …syost/106/syll106.pdf · ·...

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