phrases clauses (1)

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Phrases & ClausesPhrases & Clauses

What are they?

How are they different?



The main difference:The main difference:

Phrases Phrases

DONOTDO

NOT

have BOTH a subject& a verb

Cl ausesCl auses DO HAVEDO HAVE

BOT

H a subject & averb



PHRASES:PHRASES:

4 Types

No Subject & Verb



1: Prepositional Phrase

Prepositional Phrase =PrepositionPreposition + NounNoun

f rom the house = fromfrom ((prep)prep) + (noun(noun)) the housethe house He ran quicklyHe ran quickly from thefrom the

house.house.

behind a rock = behindbehind ((prep)prep) ++ (noun(noun)) a rocka rock I saw my teacherI saw my teacher

behind a rockbehind a rock..



during themovie

aboutabout hishismessy roommessy room

aroundaround the trackthe track and nearnearthe fieldthe field

1: Prepositional Phrase



2: Participial Phrase2: Participial Phrase

A participle is a verb used as anotherused as anotherpart of speech.part of speech.

1Participles are easy to recognize:they end inthey end in inging oror ed.ed.

For exampl e: runningrunning water, bakedbakedapples, lovingloving husband, loadedloaded gun,

etc



lookinglooking closely,

stayingstaying up all

night

studyingstudying theHistory book

2: Participial Phrase2: Participial Phrase

M ore exampl es:



3: Infinitive Phrase3: Infinitive Phrase

ToTo + verbverb = Infinitive phrase If you have ever studied a f oreign

l anguage, you might remember that

verbs are always studied w/ the

in f initivein f initive f irst:

toto lovelove (the inf initive f orm)

I loveyou love

he/she/it

loves

we loveyou

love

they

love



3: Infinitive Phrase3: Infinitive Phrase cont·dcont·d

Infinitive phrasesInfinitive phrases begin with theinfinitive form of the verb

Examples:

toto runrun a mile

toto startstart over

toto dodo homework all night

toto winwin the contest

toto wakewake up early



4: Noun Phrases4: Noun Phrases Adjective Adjective + NounNoun = Noun Phrase

The talltall buildingbuilding

A smoky, crowdedsmoky, crowded roomroom

Screaming, halfScreaming, half--nakednaked toddlerstoddlers

Nests of yellow and red stripedNests of yellow and red striped

snakessnakes



NOW FOR A SMALLWARNING



One word can make phrasesa little tricky:



The tricky to

The word to is found in

BOTH

prepositionalprepositionaland

infinitiveinfinitivephrases



CAUTIONCAUTION----Dont mix these up!Dont mix these up!

toto the football stadiumfootball stadium ( prepo siti onal)

toto the teacherteacher ( prepo siti onal )

toto runrun a mile

toto finishfinish my homework

Prepositional Phrases:

Infinitive Phrases:



Clauses:Clauses: 3 types 3 types

Have BOTH Subject & Verb



INDEPENDENT CLAUSE(aka: SENTENCESENTENCE OR MAIN CLAUSEMAIN CLAUSE)

Clause #1:



Independent ClauseIndependent Clause

Independent clauses have ahave asubjectsubject && verbverb and can standcan stand

alonealone.

E xampl es:

The doctordoctor finishedfinished the

examination. Stud entsStud ents leaveleave campus after class.



DEPENDENT CLAUSE(aka: THE µµCLIFFHANGERCLIFFHANGERµµ)

Clause #2:



Dependent ClauseDependent Clause

Dependent clauses havesubjectssubjects & verbsverbs, butbut

they cannot stand alonethey cannot stand alone



Dependent ClauseDependent Clause

Dependent clauses usually beginwith subordinating conjunctionssuch as although, because,

when, since, if, unless« E xampl es: E xampl es:

B ecause II leftleft early

I f we

we fin

dfin

dmy notebook

S ubordinating conjunction

subjectsubject verbverb««



Dependent ClausesDependent Clauses

Dependent clauses require a completeDependent clauses require a completethought to make them complete«thought to make them complete«

Written alone,

dependent clauses createcreatesuspensesuspense for whats to

comelike a

cliffhangercliffhanger:




Example of a dependent clause:

B ecause a

rattlesnakerattlesnake has madehas madea home under our

bed




Dependent clauses often begin or end

sentences:

Because a rattlesnakerattlesnake has madehas made a

home under our bed (dependentdependentclauseclause)

+ W e W e purchasedpurchased a mongoose to sleep

with us. (sentence/main clausesentence/main clause)




Because a rattlesnakerattlesnake

has madehas made a home under

our bed, we purchased a mongoose to sleep with

us.




We purchased a mongoose

to sleep with us because a

rattlesnakerattlesnake has madehas made ahome under our bed.



Ex amples of Dependent ClausesDependent Clauses

A lthough

II

spentsp

ent three hoursstudying,

B ecause the childrenchildren had hiddenhad hiddenthe key,

( N ote how each o f these requires something t o f oll ow it.)




I

f stud entsstud ents sign up sign up early,

U nless the weather weather prevents travel,

W hen everyoneeveryone finished dinner,





A fter the sched ulesched ule is published,

B efore a hurricanehurricane hits an area,




RELATIVE CLAUSE(WHO, WHICH, THATWHO, WHICH, THAT )

Clause #3:



Relative ClausesRelative Clauses

Relative clauses areeasy to recognize.

They begin with WHOWHO,WHICHWHICH, or THATTHAT.




They are not questions,

but part of sentences.




E xampl es: E xampl es:

Martin, who usually finishes first who usually finishes first, wasunable to beat my record.

Pasta, which used to be included in which used to be included in

most dietsmost diets, has been replaced byhigh-protein foods.

Toys that the dog che wed up must bethrown away.



NOW FOR ANOTHER SMALL WARNING



2 words can make clauses alittle tricky:

Before

After



CAUTION--Dont mix these up!

beforebeforeand

after after canappear in either

prepositional phrases or

dependent clausesdependent clauses.




Prepositional phrases:Prepositional phrases:

after after the stormthe storm

beforebefore the alarmthe alarm

after after lunchlunch

beforebefore my napmy nap after after work work

beforebefore the holidaythe holiday




DependentDependent clauses:clauses:

after after thethe stormstorm endedended

beforebefore thethe alarmalarm rangrang

after after wewe leftleft workwork

beforebeforethethe doctordoctor arrivedarrived

after after II receivedreceived your callyour call

beforebefore thethe judge judge makesmakes his rulinghis ruling



Phrase & Clause Review




Q: What is the maindifference between

phrases & clauses?




Answer:

Phrases do not have both asubject and a verb

Clauses have both a subject

and a verb.



Phrase Review

Prepositional:Prepositional:

above the clouds

near my house

along the shore



Phrase Review

ParticipialParticipial::

leaving work early

sleeping until noon

celebrating the holidays

filled with liquid



Phrase Review

Infinitive:Infinitive:

toto walkwalk the dog

toto playplay the piano

toto watchwatch our favorite T V show



Phrase Review

Noun Phrases:Noun Phrases:

a blue glassglass

fifty wild iguanasiguanas

aa comfortablecomfortable bedbed



Clause Review

Independent/Main Clause:Independent/Main Clause:(Sentence)

Broccoli is my fav orite food.



ClauseReview ClauseReview

Dependent ClauseDependent Clause:

B ecause broccoli broccoli isismy favorite food

Clause Review



ClauseReview ClauseReview

Relative Clause:Relative Clause:

whichwhich is my favorite foodis my favorite food



Be sure t o know your phrases & cl auses!

End of presentation.

phrases clauses (1)

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