photosynthesis - welcome to miss loulousis'...
TRANSCRIPT
Photosynthesis – An Overview Living things get energy from food
Food is broken down and energy is stored as
ATP Heterotrophs have to consume other
organisms for energy
Autotrophs are able to make their own food – Sugar (C6H12O6)/ glucose
How do Autotrophs Make Their Own Food? Through photosynthesis – the process
of using energy from the sun to convert Water and Carbon Dioxide into Oxygen and Sugar.
Equation:
6H2O + 6CO2 6O2 + C6H12O6
An organism’s metabolism is part of Earth’s carbon cycle
Photosynthesis takes in Carbon as CO2 and transfers that carbon to glucose
Glucose is a carbohydrate
Light and Pigment Plants also need light and chlorophyll to undergo
photosynthesis.
Plants absorb the sun’s light with chlorophyll. There is chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
Sunlight is a mixture of colors (ROYGBIV)
Light and Pigment cont. The color we see with our eyes is the result of
colors being reflected and absorbed.
A red flower appears red because all of the colors from the spectrum are being absorbed, EXCEPT red. Red is the color being reflected.
Both chlorophylls absorb the red and blue spectrums easily. They DO NOT ABSORB green light, they reflect green light. (See the previous color spectrum chart)
Stop & Think 1. Why are light & chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis?
2. Why are plants green?
3. How well would a plant grow under pure yellow light?
4. Write the equation for photosynthesis. Identify
reactants and products.
5. Use the graph below to figure…
In which regions of the spectrum will chlorophyll a absorb the most
light?
In which regions of the spectrum will chlorophyll b absorb the most
light? Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
Cellular Energy
Cells use a form of chemical energy
called Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Cells store & use ATP to fuel necessary
metabolic reactions
Such as maintaining internal chemical
conditions (homeostasis)
10 MILLION molecules of ATP are
consumed & regenerated per second
per cell!
ATP-Energy Currency ATP (adenosine triphosphate) -nucleotide with
two extra energy-storing phosphate groups
Energy is released when the bonds that hold the phosphate groups together are broken
The removal of a phosphate group from ATP produces adenosine diphosphate -ADP:
H2O + ATP ADP + P + energy
Energy is stored when a phosphate is added
to ADP to become ATP (reverse the equation)
The Reactions of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs inside the
chloroplast of plant cells.
Two main stages of Photosynthesis: 1. The Light Reactions
a) Need Light to occur
b) Takes place in the Thylakoid Membranes
2. The Calvin Cycle a) Does NOT need light to occur
b) Takes place in the Stroma of the chloroplast
Electron Transport Chains
Electrons get “excited” when they
absorb energy from light (photons)
The energy gets transported down a
chain to make new molecules
There are two electron transport chains
(ETC) in photosysthesis
Provides energy to make ATP
Provides energy to make NADPH
Carrier Molecules A red hot coal gets hot in a campfire. If
it had to be transported to another place, you would not use your hands! You could use a pan or bucket – a carrier – to transport it.
High-energy electrons gain a great deal of energy from sunlight Needs a special carrier molecule to transport
it.
Carrier Molecules
NADP+ is the electron carrier involved in photosynthesis. It accepts and holds 2 electrons (e-) along with Hydrogen ions (H+) to become NADPH.
NADPH can now carry the electrons to other areas where the cells need help building molecules.
The Light Reactions
1. Light strikes the chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
2. Electrons absorb the light, get excited,
and gain energy. 3. The high-energy electrons are passed
along the electron transport chain.
4. Chlorophyll is now missing electrons.
Light Reactions cont. 5. To produce new electrons, water
molecules split in the process of photolysis, leaving H+ ions and an Oxygen atom. The Oxygen is released as a gas into the atmosphere.
6. Energy from the electrons is available to transport the H+ ions.
(The hydrogen ions and electrons are looking for a place to go)
Light Reactions cont.
7. NADP+ picks up the electrons and hydrogen ions and becomes NADPH. The NADPH will be used in the Calvin Cycle.
8. The release of the hydrogen ions from photolysis creates ATP. The ATP will be used in the Calvin Cycle.
Calvin Cycle 1. CO2 enters the cycle from the atmosphere.
It combines with a 5-Carbon molecule in the process of carbon fixation.
2. Carbon fixation results in the formation of an unstable 6 carbon molecule that breaks down into two 3-carbon molecules.
3. The cell used the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to convert the 3-carbon molecules into higher energy forms.
Calvin Cycle
4. The carbon molecules are then used to form various sugar (C6H12O6) molecules.
5. The extra carbon molecules, ADP and NADP+ are reintroduced to the light reactions to begin the next cycle (Back to the Light Reactions)
Grand Totals
During the Light Reactions: Enters = H2O Leaves = O2
During the Calvin Cycle: Enters = CO2 Leaves = C6H12O6
_____________________________
Total Equation: 6CO2 + 6H20 6O2 + C6H12O6
Stop & Think
1. Summarize the light dependent reactions.
2. Summarize the events of the Calvin
Cycle.
3. What is the function of NADP+?
4. Why must the light reactions take place
before the Calvin Cycle can occur?
Factors that Affect the Rate of Photosynthesis
1. Amount of water: a shortage will slow or even stop rate of
photosynthesis desert plants have waxy coatings to reduce water
loss
2. Temperature: Functions best between 0ºC & 35ºC Above or below this will damage enzymes & slow the
rate of photosynthesis
Factors that Affect the Rate of Photosynthesis
3. Intensity of Light: Greater light intensity will increase the
rate of photosynthesis
will eventually reach its maximum rate
varies from plant to plant
4. Amount of Carbon Dioxide: More CO2 increases rate of photosynthesis
Will reach its maximum rate, or saturation
point
Stop & Think
A) When light intensity is below 200 photons/m2/s, do sun plants or shade plants have a higher rate of photosynthesis?
B) Does the relationship in question 1 change when light intensity increases above 400 photons/m2/s? Explain.
C) The average light intensity in the Sonoran Desert is about 400 photons/m2/s. According to the graph, what would be the approximate rate of photosynthesis for sun plants that grow in this environment?
D) Suppose you transplant a sun plant to a shaded forest floor that receives about 100 photons/m2/s. Do you think this plant will grow and thrive? Why or why not? How does the graph help you answer this question?