ecology and populations -...
TRANSCRIPT
Ecology and Populations HS-LS2-2
Use mathematical representations to support and revise explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems of different scales.
HS-LS2-1
Use mathematical and/or computational representations to support explanations of factors that affect carrying capacity of ecosystems at different scales.
*Notes taken and adapted from biologycorner.com
Driving Questions
Question: What determines how many species live in a given place?
What determines how large each population can grow?
4.1 What is Ecology?
ECOLOGY - the study of interactions among organisms with each other and with environment
BIOSPHERE - portion of planet where life exists
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Species - individuals that can breed with one another
Population - all the individuals of the same species (ducks) in an area
Community - all the different species in an area (ducks + maple trees + dragonflies)
Ecosystem - the community plus the physical factors in an area (ducks + maple trees + dragonflies + temperature + soil + rainfall)
Biome - large area that has a particular climate, and particular species of plants and animals that live there (tundra)
Biosphere - the part of the earth that supports life
Organism
Organism
Population
Population
Community
Community
Ecosystem
Ecosystem
Biome Biosphere
Some Animals Are More Equal than Others
Consider the following ideas as you watch (take notes)
1.)Green World Hypothesis
2.)Keystone Species
3.) Trophic Cascades
4.) Hypothesis and experimentation
Ecologist
Ecologist attempt to solve real-world problems related to the environment
Might Study:
Effects of a forest fire
Number and location of whales
Reasons for frog deaths in a pond
How pesticides affects bees
How changing temperatures affect plants
Ecological Methods-how do we study ecology?
Observation
Experimenting
Modeling –models are used to make predictions
4.2 Energy Flow
Autotrophs (producers) –capture energy and convert to “food”
Plants
Heterotrophs (consumers)-must eat things
animals
Types of Consumers
Herbivores: Eat only plants
Carnivores: eat animals
Omnivores: eat both plants & animals
Decomposers: break down organic matter
Sunlight is the main source of energy
Photosynthesis uses light energy to make “food”
Do you remember the equation for photosynthesis?
Chemosynthesis-makes food from chemicals (some bacteria do this)
Feeding Relationships
Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction… from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to heterotrophs (consumers)
The relationships between producers & consumers connect organisms into feeding networks based on who eats whom
Trophic Levels
1st trophic level consists of
producers
2nd trophic level consists of herbivores
3rd trophic level is usually omnivores; can be carnivores
4th trophic level would be carnivores
Primary Productivity
Primary Productivity-rate at which organic matter is created by producers
More plants=more productivity
Which of the following ecosystems has the greatest primary productivity?
Analyze the Food Web
Find a food chain
State the producers
State organisms in the 2nd trophic level
Locate the omnivore
State organisms in the 4th tropic level
Ecological Pyramids
Ecological pyramids: a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level
Ecological Pyramid
Energy Pyramid-shows how much energy is produced at each level
Ecological Pyramids
Pyramid of Numbers-shows how many individuals are in each trophic level
Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of numbers-counts how
many animals are in each trophic level with in an ecosystem
A biology student counts the number of animals viewed on a Trialcam. In the forest, the camera photographed:
Grizzly bears
Deer
Rabbits
Sparrows
Squirrels
Based on the models, which of the animals would you expect to get most abundant in the forest? Why?
Energy Pyramid
Only 10% of the energy that is stored in one trophic level is passed on to the next level
Rest of the energy is used by organisms for life processes such as respiration, movement, and reproduction, or loss as heat
The more levels that exist between
a producer and a top level consumer,
the less energy that remains from
the original amount
How do Ecosystems Change Over Time?
If a major disruption strikes a community, such as the wipe out of many organisms, the ecosystem reacts in such a way that it is restored to equilibrium
Return to original state
Succession
Succession is the regular progression of species replacement
Primary succession – succession that occurs where life has not existed before
Secondary succession – succession in areas where there has been previous growth
Initial conditions and chance play roles in the process of succession
No two successions are alike
Primary Succession
New Organisms form on bare rock
First organisms to live in habitat are pioneer organisms (lichens)
Climax community-mature ecosystem at the end of succession
Primary succession happens after
Volcanic lava flow cools and forms rock
Glaciers retreat and expose rock
Secondary Succession
sequence of community changes that
takes place when a community is
disrupted by natural disaster or human
actions – takes place on existing soil
• Occurs after: A fire in a forest, A
farmer plows his field
Pond Succession
Ecosystem Resiliency
Resilience-ability to recover or adjust easily to change or misfortune without major affects
Predation
reduces effects of competition
Keystone Species – most influential species, regardless of population; removal causes serious disturbances of food web
Biodiversity –number of different species in ecosystem
Communities with greater diversity can recover quicker from a major disturbance like a drought
Cycle of Matter Reading Packet
HS-LS2-3
Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for the cycling of matter and flow of energy in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Populations 5.1
HS-LS2-2
Use mathematical representations to support and revise explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems of different scales.
5.1 Populations
Population –group of organisms of same species that live in a specific geographical area and interbreed
Populations tend to grow because individuals multiply by producing offspring
Eventually, limited resources in an environment limit growth
Demography – statistical study of all populations
Study the composition and population to predict how size of population will change over time
Three Key Features of Populations
1.Geographic Distribution
The way they are arranged in a population
Three main patterns.. Random, even, clumped.
Three Key Features of Populations
2. Population density-# of individuals that live in a given area
If individuals of population are few and are spaced widely apart, they may not come into contact – no reproduction
Three Key Features of Populations
3.Population Growth-# of individuals in a population
Number of births
Number of deaths
Emigration (out) & Immigration (in)
Growth= Birth Rate-Death Rate
Births=Deaths = No Gowth
Exponential Growth
- Positive Growth rate = population increase Negative Growth rate = decrease Exponential Growth –reproduce at a constant rate. Occurs under ideal conditions (no limits)
- Exponential growth- occurs when individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate (J-shaped)
-If a population has abundant space and food, and is protected from predators and disease, then organisms in that population will multiply and the population size will increase.
Logistic Growth
Populations do not usually grow unchecked
Limited by predators, disease, and the availability of resources
Carrying capacity – the population size that an environment can sustain, support at a given time. (S-shaped)
As resources become less available, the growth of populations slows or stops
When birthrate decreases, death rate increases, or when they are
the same
Limits to Growth
Factors that affect population growth
Density Dependent Factors – variables affected by number of organisms in area (depends on size of population)
Rate at which they become depleted depends on the population density
Greater the density, will faster factors are depleated (and vice versa)
Examples: nesting sites, as adult birds increase, there not enough nesting sites, so may birds do not have young, and population decreases
Limits to Growth
Density-independent factors – variables that affect population regardless of population size
Example: weather, floods, fires
Features affect Population Survival
Can affect ability of population to survive
Small populations most likely to become extinct
Random disturbances (fires, floods, etc.) endanger small populations
Interbreeding – reduces population’s fitness
Large population has better chance of survival
Community Interactions
Interactions in communities revolve around the relationships between organisms.
1.Predation-- an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism
Most animals are both predators and prey
Few species are not hunted by others
Killer whales are not hunted by any other animals
Coevolution – evolution of 2 or more species due to mutual influence
Predator-prey or parasite-host relations often develop adaptations in response to one another
Prey evolve to be faster runners
Community Interactions
2. Herbivory- Herbivores do not usually kill the plants they eat
Plants develop methods of defense against herbivores
3. Symbiosis “living together”
A. Mutualism both species benefit (bees and flowers)
B. Commensalism one member benefits and the other is no helped nor harmed (barnacles and whales, orchids and trees)
C. Parasitism-one species benefits and the other is harmed (tapeworms in digestive system)
Community Interactions
4. competition arises when two or more individuals (or populations) rely on the same limited resource. In doing so, both parties are impacted negatively
Stealing of food is called kleptoparasitism
Competitive exclusion-when one species eliminates another through competition
Similar species have similar needs, leads to competition
The organism that is slightly better at getting the resource will survive and reproduce successfully
The other either dies or moves to new ecosystem
Avoiding Competition
Niche- A species physical use (of space) of its habitat and its function within a community
Different from habitat- place organisms lives
Dividing Resources
However, some competitors do still live in the same place
This is possible because they divide the resources by possibly feeding in slightly different ways or in slightly different places
Example: Warbler