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PHILIPPINE STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PART I A Conceptual Framework FOREWORD The Department of Environment and Natural Resources initiated in 1987 the process of formulating a Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development (PSSD). Through a series of consultations with the different sectors of society, the concept took form and substance. In a national workshop held on June 6, 1988, a formal resolution urging the President and the Congress of the Republic of the Philippines to adopt and implement a Philippine strategy for Sustainable Developments was passed. Following the national workshop, the draft PSSD framework went through a series of regional and sectoral consultations. On June 22, 1989 it was presented to the Cabinet Assistance System (CAS) Plenary for comments. CASCRD was then tasked to input PSSD principles into the formulation of the Strategy for Sustainable Development in the Rural Sector. A consensus was made to adopt the PSSD concept in a joint meeting of the CASCRD and the Cabinet Cluster A on Rural Development on August 3, 1989. On November 29, 1989, the Cabinet passed Cabinet Resolution No. 37 approving the Conceptual Framework of the PSSD subject to the following approved modifications: 1. The Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development shall address specifically the adverse impact of growth and development such as but not limited to po11ution from factories an(l pesticide build up from agriculture; and the depletion and degradation of natural resources due mainly to misuse and over exploitation. 2. It shall consist of a set of general strategies to resolve and reconcile the diverse and sometimes conflicting environmental, demographic, economic and natural resource use issues arising from the country's development efforts; and sectoral strategies identified after a review of the current efforts being undertaken in each of the identified sectors. 3. The general strategies shall include the integration of environmental considerations in decision making, proper resource pricing, property rights reform, conservation of Biodiversity, rehabilitation of degraded ecosystem, strengthening of residual management (pollution control), control of population growth and human resources development, inducing growth in rural areas, promotion of environmental education and strengthening of citizens participation. 4. The conceptual framework shall be the basis for the formulation of strategies for each of the identified sectors, namely: population, environment and natural resources, industry, infrastructure and energy. The resolution also directs all the pertinent agencies to review the respective development programs and projects for consistency with the PSSD framework.

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  • 8/8/2015 PhilippineAgenda21...ExecutiveOrderNo.15

    http://www.psdn.org.ph/agenda21/pssd.htm 1/28

    PHILIPPINESTRATEGYFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT

    PARTI

    AConceptualFramework

    FOREWORD

    TheDepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResourcesinitiatedin1987theprocessofformulatingaPhilippineStrategyforSustainableDevelopment(PSSD).Throughaseriesofconsultationswiththedifferentsectorsofsociety,theconcepttookformandsubstance.InanationalworkshopheldonJune6,1988,aformalresolutionurgingthePresidentandtheCongressoftheRepublicofthePhilippinestoadoptandimplementaPhilippinestrategyforSustainableDevelopmentswaspassed.Followingthenationalworkshop,thedraftPSSDframeworkwentthroughaseriesofregionalandsectoralconsultations.OnJune22,1989itwaspresentedtotheCabinetAssistanceSystem(CAS)Plenaryforcomments.CASCRDwasthentaskedtoinputPSSDprinciplesintotheformulationoftheStrategyforSustainableDevelopmentintheRuralSector.AconsensuswasmadetoadoptthePSSDconceptinajointmeetingoftheCASCRDandtheCabinetClusterAonRuralDevelopmentonAugust3,1989.OnNovember29,1989,theCabinetpassedCabinetResolutionNo.37approvingtheConceptualFrameworkofthePSSDsubjecttothefollowingapprovedmodifications:

    1. ThePhilippineStrategyforSustainableDevelopmentshalladdressspecificallytheadverseimpactofgrowthanddevelopmentsuchasbutnotlimitedtopo11utionfromfactoriesan(lpesticidebuildupfromagricultureandthedepletionanddegradationofnaturalresourcesduemainlytomisuseandoverexploitation.

    2. Itshallconsistofasetofgeneralstrategiestoresolveandreconcilethediverseandsometimesconflictingenvironmental,demographic,economicandnaturalresourceuseissuesarisingfromthecountry'sdevelopmenteffortsandsectoralstrategiesidentifiedafterareviewofthecurrenteffortsbeingundertakenineachoftheidentifiedsectors.

    3. Thegeneralstrategiesshallincludetheintegrationofenvironmentalconsiderationsindecisionmaking,properresourcepricing,propertyrightsreform,conservationofBiodiversity,rehabilitationofdegradedecosystem,strengtheningofresidualmanagement(pollutioncontrol),controlofpopulationgrowthandhumanresourcesdevelopment,inducinggrowthinruralareas,promotionofenvironmentaleducationandstrengtheningofcitizensparticipation.

    4. Theconceptualframeworkshallbethebasisfortheformulationofstrategiesforeachoftheidentifiedsectors,namely:population,environmentandnaturalresources,industry,infrastructureandenergy.

    TheresolutionalsodirectsallthepertinentagenciestoreviewtherespectivedevelopmentprogramsandprojectsforconsistencywiththePSSDframework.

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    ThisdocumentcontainsthePSSDconceptualframeworkincorporatingtherelevantmodificationsasdirectedinCabinetResolutionIVNo.37.

    AccompanyingthevolumearetwootherdocumentsthatcontainthepolicyandinstitutionalreformmeasuresandactionprograminitiatedandproposedbyDENR.Thesedocumentsrepresenttheeffortsundertaken11wDENRtooperationalizethePSSD.

    Pertinentsectoralagenciesarenowintheprocessofreviewingtheirpolicies,programsandprojectsforconsistencywiththePSSDframeworkInitialoutputshavebeensubmittedtoDENRandarecontainedinaseparatedocument.

    Thesameprocesswillbeundertakenatthesubnationallevelsformoreaccuratefocusingofthearealdimensions/implicationsofthestrategy.

    ThetranslationofthePSSDconceptualframeworkwillhavereacheditsfinalcyclewiththepreparationofaGovernmentActionProgram

    TheCOPActionProgram_whilespecificallyaddressingtheconcernsofastrategyforsustainabledevelopmentwillbetreatedasanintegralcomponentofthecountry'snationaldevelopmentplan.

    1.RATIONALE:THEECOLOGICALIMPERATIVESINTHEPHILIPPINECONTEXT

    OneofthemorerevealinglessonslearnedduringthepasttwodecadesofenvironmentalawakeninginthePhilippinesisthatthemaintenanceoftheearth'sdelicatebalancebythemereprophylacticsofpollutioncontrolandotherecologicalmitigationmeasurescannotensuresustainabledevelopment.There Isnowacompellingneed tooverhaul the traditionalconceptsofdevelopment, with its exclusive focus on economic principles and the political economy of natural resources. In 1979,RafaelSalaswasalreadyattunedtothisemergingworldviewwhenhesaid:

    "Wearetendinggloballytowardsamoreholisticviewofdevelopmentwithitsemphasisonrelatingenvironmentalfactorstoprogrammes.Populationgrowthanddevelopmentpatternsnotonlyaffectthedemandforresourcesbutalsogenerateenvironmentalchangeswhichwillhaverepercussionsonthefuturecarryingcapacityoftheearth.Atthegloballevel,itisnotonlynecessarytotakeintoaccounttheresourcesrequiredtofeed,clotheandshelteragrowingpopulationbutalsothetypeoftechnologywhichwillmakethispossiblewithoutworseningtheenvironment.Itis,indeed,propertoaskatthispointhowfarpopulationanddevelopmentplansareconsistentwiththeprudentuseofresources,anddonotbringaboutthedegradationofourenvironment"(l)

    MostFilipinosstilldependonnaturalresourcesystemsfortheirsubsistenceandmustthereforeconfronttheinexorablerealityofecologicalprinciples.TwothirdsofthePhilippinepopulationliveintheruralareasanddependonagriculture,fisheriesandforestry.Soilerosion,deforestation,pollutionanddecliningfishcatchi.811pointtothefactthatthelimitsofthenaturalcarryingcapacityarealreadybeingexceeded.Whileitistruethatwecanextendthelimitsbytechnologicalfixessuch

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    becomingmoredifficult,butnotgettinganywhere.(2)

    PopulationPressure

    Indeed,therearestrongcoincidencesbetweenpopulationgrowth,resourcedepletion,environmentalquality,andtheincidenceofpoverty.TheseapparentlinkagesaregraphicallyportrayedinFigures1,2,and3forthePhilippinesituation.Theyaretheresultofthedevelopmenteffortsofthepastwhichfailedtoconsiderbothpopulationandenvironmentasresourcebasesthatmustbenurturedandtakencareofasthecentralassetsbehindthedevelopmentprocess.(3)Figure1showstheincreasingpopulationandthedecreasingforestcoverduringthelastfivedecades.SincethePhilippineswasalmostallforestinitsnaturalstateandsincethecountry'stopographyandecologyappeartobesignificantlycontrolledbytheecologicaldynamicsoftheforests,thestateoftheforestscouldserveasaqualitativesurrogateofenvironmentalquality.Figure2reinforcestheobservationoftheconnectionbetweenpopulationandforestcoverbecauseitexhibitsaclearcorrelationbetweenpopulationdensityandforestcoverastheyoccurinthevariousregionsofthePhilippines.ThelinkagebetweendevelopmentandforestcoverisshowninFigure3.Thisfigureexhibitstheregionalvariationsofthecorrelationbetweentheincidenceofpovertyandremainingforestcover.Thereareahostofotherquantitativeandqualitativeindicatorsthatcouldtestifytotheominousdeclineofenvironmentalqualitysuchastheravagingoffishinggroundsandcoralreefs,thepollutionofrivers,lakes,andbays,andtheclearlyvisibleairpollutioninMetroManila.(4)

    EconomicCosts

    Itispossibletogetaroughestimateoftheeconomiccostofdeforestation.Theconversionofonehectareofoldgrowthforestamountstoalossofabout100cubicmetersofcommercialqualitylogs,nottomentionitspotentialforsustainedyieldatagrowthrateofabout2.4cubicmetersperhectareperyear.IfthesearecomputedatthecurrentpriceofaboutP2,900percubicmeter,andassumingthatprofitamountsto50%ofgrossrevenue,thiswillrepresentalossinnetprofitofaroundP145,000perhectare.Estimatesshowthatsome119,000hectaresofnaturalforestvegetationweredestroyedin1988,amountingtoagrosslossofaroundP34.5billionperyear,oralossinnetprofitofaboutP17.3billion.Eveniftheseareashavebeenloggedaccordingtorecommendedpractices,lossoffuturerevenueswouldstillamounttoP5.7billionoratotalofU'$12.98millionnetperyear.Deforestationisresponsibleforerosionofalluplands.Herewealsohaveanindicationofthemonetarycostoftheloss.InthecaseofMagatwatershed,annualerosionrateispeggedat219tonsperhectareforopengrasslandand71tonsperhectareforotherlanduses.Usingtheaboveerosionratesasbasis,actualeconomiccostsofsoilnutrientlossamounttoP1,068toP3,392perhectareperyear.ForthePantabanganwatershedthetotalvalueofsoilnutrientlosswasestimatedatP2,541perhectareiferosiontakesplacefromthefirst5cm.layerofthetopsoil.(5)Thus,theunecologicaluseofforestsentailshugeeconomiclosses.Developmentpolicies,withouttheguidanceofecologicalprinciples,couldgoastray.Thiswasclearlydemonstratedbythepastgovernment'spolicyofconvertingmangroveswampsintofishpondsinthehopeofacceleratingfoodproduction.Theultimateimpactofthispolicywasthedecimationofvirginmangroveswampsfrom500,000hectaresinthe1950'stoonlyabout38,000hectaresoforiginalvegetationin1985.Studiesnowshowthatwehavelostmoreintermsofsustainablefisheriesproductionwiththelossofspawninggrounds,richnutrientpoolsandtheprotectivevaluesprovidedbymangroveecosystems.Accordingtoestimates,onehectareofafullydevelopedmangroveplantationcouldproduceanannualyieldof100kgs.offinfish,25kgs.ofshrimp,15kgs.ofcrabmeat,200kgs.ofmollusks,and40kgs.ofseacucumberinadirectharvest.(6)TheeconomiccostofairpollutionisnotyetwellstudiedinthePhilippinecontext.ExperiencefromtheUSsituation,however,showsthatairpollutioniscostly.AccordingtotheWorldResourcesInstituteintheU.S.:

    Agriculturallossesfor1987duetoincreaseofozoneconcentrationamountedtoUS$5,2billionOntheotherhand,thebenefitofattainingstandardsforparticulatesandsulfurdioxideisestimatedtobeatUS$500

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    millionperyear.

    CosttotheEcosystem

    Concern,however,shouldnotfocusmainlyoneconomiccosts.Anunquantifiablecostofforestdestructionisthelossofspeciesandgeneticdiversity.EvenestimatesforthistragiclossdoesnotexistforthePhilippines.Dr.SeymourSohmeroftheBishopMuseumofHonolulu,whohasbeenstudyingPhilippinefloraformanyyearsnow,assertsthatwehavealreadylostabout40%ofourendemicflora.Philippinelossescontributetothegloballossofbiologicaldiversityestimatedatabout100speciesperyear.Bytheyear2000,itispredictedthataboutamillionspecieswouldhavebeenlostforever.Ingeneral,adecreaseinthediversityoffloraandfaunamakesecosystemslessstable.Environmentaldegradationhasotherseriousimplications.AccordingtoGanapin,"foradevelopingcountrylikethePhilippines,theimpactsofenvironmentaldegradationaremuchmoreseriousthansimplyerosionorpollution.Inmanycases,thesocialandpoliticalimpactsareofgreaterdimensionandaremoredirect.Thepoorbecomepoorer.Andaslargerpopulationsarepushedintoadesperatestruggleforsurvival,theywroughtlargerdamagetotheenvironmentandthecyclecontinues.Therecomesatime,however,whenthisviciouscyclereachesalimitandthefragilefabricofastressedsocietystartstounravel.Thegunsubstitutesfortheplow.Thefirethatusedtoburnforestsbecomesfirethatwillconsumesociety."(7)

    2.THEPHILIPPINESTRATEGYFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT(PSSD):THECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK

    Theonlyrationalwayofplanningthecountry'snationalprogressisthroughsustainabledevelopment:meetingtheneedsofcitizensoftodaywithoutlimitingtheoptionsoffuturegenerationstofulfilltheirneeds.Itisdevelopmentwithoutdestructionitistheachievementofmaterialprogresswithoutcompromisingthelifesupportfunctionsofnaturalsystemsitisthepursuitofhigherlevelsofqualityoflifewhilepreservingorevenenhancingenvironmentalquality.Itistheonlytruedevelopment.

    2.1GOALANDOBJECTIVES

    Goal

    Sustainabledevelopmentstressestheneedtoviewenvironmentalprotectionandeconomicgrowthasmutuallycompatible.Thisimpliesthatgrowthobjectivesshouldbecompatiblenotonlytotheneedsofsocietybutalsotothenaturaldynamicsandcarryingcapacitiesofecosystems.ThegoalofthePSSDistoachieveeconomicgrowthwithadequateprotectionofthecountry'sbiologicalresourcesanditsdiversity,vitalecosystemfunctions,andoverallenvironmentalquality.

    Objectives

    ThefollowingobjectiveshavebeenidentifiedtowardtheattainmentofthePSSDgoal.

    1. Toensurethesustainableutilizationofthecountry'snaturalresourcessuchasforests,croplands,marine,andfreshwaterecosystems.

    2. Topromotesocialandintergenerationalequityintheutilizationofthecountry'snaturalresources.

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    3. Todevelopmanagementprogramstopreservethecountry'sheritageofbiologicaldiversity.4. Topromotethetechnologiesofsustainablelowlandagricultureanduplandagroforestrythroughtheencouragementof

    researchanddevelopment(RandD)anddemonstrationprojects.5. Toachieveandmaintainanacceptablequalityofairandwater.6. Topromoteandencourageanexplorationprogramforeconomicallyimportantminerals.7. TopromoteRandDinenvironmentallysoundandeconomicallyefficientprocessingofthecountry'smineraland

    energyresources.8. Toenhancethefoundationforscientificdecisionmakingthroughthepromotionandsupportofeducationand

    researchinecosystems.9. Topromoteandsupporttheintegrationofpopulationconcernincludingmigrationvariablesandfamilywelfare

    considerationsindevelopmentprogramswithspecialemphasisinecologicallycriticalareas.10. Toexpandsustantiallythefamilyplanningprogramsandresponsibleparenthoodprogram.

    2.2GUIDINGPRINCIPLES

    Sustainabledevelopment,asdefinedbytheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopment(WCED),"ismeetingtheneedsandaspirationsofthepeoplewithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirs".Itisdifficult,however,tomakeuseofageneraldefinitiontoguideactionswithregardtoparticulardevelopmentsituations.Thisgeneraldefinitionneedstobefurtherexplainedinoperationalterms.Operationally,sustainabledevelopmentcanbefurtherexplainedthroughthefollowingprinciples,whichformtheguidingframeworkforactionsunderthePSSD:

    systemsorientedandintegratedapproachIntheanalysisandsolutionofdevelopmentproblemsaconcernformeetingtheneedsoffuturegenerations,otherwisetermedasIntergenerationequity:aconcernforequityofpeople'saccesstonaturalresources:aconcernnottoexceedthecarryingcapacityofecosystemslivingontheInterestratherthanonthecapitalorstockofnaturalresourcesmaintenanceorstrengtheningofvitalecosystemfunctionsIneverydevelopmentactivityaconcernforresourceuseefficiencypromotionofresearchonsubstitutes,recycling,exploration,etc.fromrevenuesderivedfromtheutilizationofnonrenewableresourcesarecognitionthatpovertyIsbothacauseandconsequenceofenvironmentaldegra3atlonandpromotionofcitizens'participationanddecentralizationinimplementingprograms.

    2.3GENERALSTRATEGIES

    ThePSSDhasforitscoreanumberofimplementingstrategies.Thisisaimedatresolvingandreconcilingthediverseandsometimesconflictingenvironmental,demographic,economicandnaturalresourceuseissuesarisingfromthecountry'sdevelopmentefforts.

    IntegrationofEnvironmentalConsiderationsInDecisionMaking

    Theunderlyingthemeinsustainabledevelopmentisthateconomicandenvironmentalconcernsmustbeaddressedsimultaneouslyintheplanning/decisionmakingprocess.Thisisadeliberateshiftfromtheconventionalpractice

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    characterizedaspredominantlysinglesectorplanningexercises.Theimportanceofpursuingamultisectoralapproachinpolicyandplanformulationcanneverbeoverstated.Forinstance,policiesthatconservethequalityofagriculturallandandprotectforestsimprovethelongtermprospectsforagriculturaldevelopment.Efficiencyintheutilizationofenergyandrawmaterialsinindustrialprocessesreduceswastesandcanalsoreducecosts.

    Mergingenvironmentalandeconomicconsiderationsindecisionmakinginvolvesafundamentalrealignmentoftheoverallobjectivesofdevelopmentplanninginthelightofanewawarenessoftheenvironmentalimplicationsofdevelopmentactivities.Thismeansthattheprocessofdevelopmentshouldbeviewedfromtheoutsetasamultipurposeundertakingthatincludesanexplicitanddefinedconcernforthequalityoftheenvironment.Withinsuchaplanningcontext,itisespeciallyimportantthatanalysisandevaluationstressthekeyrolethatenvironmentalqualitycanplayinsustainabledevelopment.

    Toeffectivelyimplementthisdesiredshiftineconomicdecisionmaking,therefinementofanalyticaltoolsandmethodologiesiscritical.Forinstance,toaccommodatethesocialandenvironmentalconsequencesofthemisuseofthenation'snaturalcapitalineconomiccalculations,suchtoolsasNaturalResourceAccounting,EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)andLandUsePlanningmustbeproperlyinstalledandstrengthened.

    Naturalresourceaccountingemphasizestheproductiveroleofnaturalresourcesintheeconomicsystem.Naturalresourceassetsmustbevaluedinthesamemannerasmanmadeassets.Inasmuchasnaturalresourcesareprincipallythemainassetsuponwhichwedependforrevenue,employmentandforeignexchange,asystemofnationalaccountingandanalysismustbeinstitutedthatrecognizesthemassuch.

    Likeeconomicanalysisandengineeringfeasibilitystudies,EIAisamanagementtoolforofficials,managersandaffectedcitizenswhomustmakeimportantdecisionsaboutmajordevelopmentprojects.Inrecentyears,majordevelopmentundertakingshaveencounteredseriousdifficultiesbecauseinsufficientaccounthasbeentakenoftheirimpactsonthesurroundingenvironment.Someprojectshavebeenfoundtobeunsustainablebecausetheycausedresourcedepletion.Othershavebeenabandonedbecauseofpublicopposition,financialencumbrancebyunforeseencosts,veryhighliabilityfordamagestonaturalresources,andthedisastrousaccidentstheyhavecaused.

    Giventhisexperience,itisclearlyveryriskytoapproveandfinanceamajorprojectwithoutfirsttakingintoaccountitsenvironmentalconsequences,aswellas,thesitingandprojectdesignconsiderationsthatwillminimize,orbetterstill,altogetherremoveadverseimpacts.

    Atthelocal/regionallevel,LandUsePlanningisalsoseenasabasictoolforIncorporatingenvironmentalconsiderationsinthedecisionmakingprocess.Optionallanduseallocationscanbedeterminedusinganenvironmentalqualityperspective,whichtakeintoaccountecologicalprinciplesandtheimpactofhumanactivitiesonnaturalsystemsasinputs,alongwithothereconomicandsocialdemands.

    ProperPricingofNaturalResources

    Themostwidespreadopportunityforimprovingresourcemanagementistotreatnaturalresourcesastrulyscarce,notasiftheywerefree.Thisisdonebyproperpricingbasedonthecostofreplenishment,increasingtheirsupplyandprovidingappropriatesubstitutes.Inessence,thisstrategyaimstocorrectthegrossunderpricingofnaturalresources(e.g.,logs,minerals)thatissubstantiallyresponsibleforthewastefulextractionandutilizationoftheseresources.

    Thequestionofwhopaysfordamagestotheenvironmentshouldbepartofmorewiderangingpolicyreformsregardingthe

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    pricingofthecountry'snaturalresources.Ithasbecomeobviousthatnaturalresourcessuchastimberandmineralsaregrosslyunderpriced.Underpricedinthesensethatthosegiventherighttoexploittheseresourcesforprofitpayverylittleofthesignificantdamagecoststosociety.Theyalsosharewiththerestofsocietyverylittleofthe"rents"theygetoutofexploitingtheseresources("rent"representsthesurplusafterallcostandreasonableprofitsarepaid).Therentsfromtheexploitationofnaturalresourcesarehuge,andtheyhavegonetoonlyafew.TheWorldResourcesInstitute,forexample,hasestimatedthatforthePhilippines,only20%ofthemorefithanP20billionrentfromlogsharvestedfrom1979and1982wenttothePhilippinegovernment.Toattainsustainability,thegovernmentshouldrecoverthefulleconomicrentfornaturalandenvironmentalresources.

    Acomponentoftheneededpricereformstrategyinvolveschargingapriceonthoseenvironmentalresources(e.g.,air,water)whichhaveuntilnowbeenregardedasfreeresourcesandwhichhavethusbeenpollutedfreelyandindiscriminately.Atpresent,polluterscontinuetoviewtheenvironmentasameresink,forwhichtheypaynothing.Thisconceptshouldbechanged.Asocialpriceshouldbeassignedtotheseotherwisefreeresources.Thepollutermustthenlearntointernalizethispricewithinhisprofitorienteddecisionmakingprocess.Ifthereispollution,thepollutermustpayfortheconsequentsocialcosts.Thechoicecanbemadebetweencuttingdownonpollutionbyinvestinginpollutioncontroldevicesorcuttingdowndirectlyonpollutiveaspectsofanactivity.Ineffect,thepolluterregulateshisownbehaviourwithinthecontextofanenvironmentalpricingsystem.Thesystemisbasedonthesocalled"polluterpays"principle.

    Ingeneral,pricereformprovidesawaytointernalizeenvironmentalcostsaspartofdecisionsonhowresourcesareused.Theadvantageofproperresourcepricinginresourcemanagementisthat,onceinplace,itprovidesaselfregulatingsystem.Resourceusersstillmakechoicesinawaythatmaximizesrealresourcecosts.

    Byestablishingafairvaluationofnaturalresourcesandchargingtheusersappropriately,anautomaticeconomicrestraintonthewayenvironmentandnaturalresourcesareusediscreated.

    RelevanttothesuccessfulImplementationofsuchpricingmechanismsisthedevelopmentofcapabilitiesinenvironmentaleconomicsandtheconductofmeasuresinthisfield.Inaddition,thereIsaneedtosetupsupportfundsandincentivesforthosewillingtoshiftfrompollutiveordestructivetechnologiestothosethatareenvironmentallyprotective.

    PropertyRightsReform

    Naturalresourceshaveatendencytobeexploitedasfreeresourcesbyindividualseventhoughtheyareineffectscarceresources.Thisisthecasefor"openaccess"resourcesinwhichthereis8strongtendencyformisuseanddepletion.Itisdifficultforanindividualproducersuchasashiftingcultivatororanartesanalfishermantoconserveanopenaccessresourceandunilaterallyregulatehisexploitativeefforts,sincefromhisperceptionanythingthatheconserveswillonlybetakenupbyothers.Thisisthefamous"tragedyofthecommons."

    Selfregulationintheexploitationofnaturalresourcescanbeachievedbyassigningsecureaccessrightsperhapsevenprivateownershipovertheseresourcestoresponsibleindividualsandcommunities.Throughsecureaccessrights,theindividualorcommunityestablishesalastingtiewiththeresourceandalongtermstakeinitsprotectionforsustainedproductivity.

    Theneedthereforeistodevelopcreativeandsecureinstrumentssuchasforeststewardshipcontracts,smallholdertimberconcessions,artificialreeflicenses,communityforests,communityfishinggroundsandminingcooperativestoensureequitableaccessandtenurialsecurityintheutilizationofnaturalresources.Ithastobenoted,however,thatanessential

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    conditionfortransferringcontroloverresourcesordistributingresourcerightsisforrecipientindividualsorcommunitiestodemonstratethecapacityforthesustainabledevelopmentofsuchresources.

    EstablishmentofanIntegratedProtectedAreasSystem

    Theimportanceofthepreservationofthevarietyofgenes,species,andecosystemscannotbeoveremphasized.Thedevelopmentofmanandhiscivilizationhasalwaysbeenbasedonthebiologicalwealthofnature.Agriculturalcropsandlivestock,virtuallymostofthecountry'sdailyfoodintake,werederivedfromwildspecies.Fromwildspecieshavealsocomemanyofthemedicinesavailabletoday.Inbiodiversityresidesthenewgeneticpoolofinformationneededtoadapttovariousenvironments.Itcanthuswellprovidetheanswersandincreasedcapacitiesformantodealwithfuturequestionsofsurvivalanddevelopmentespeciallyinthefaceoftherapidlychanginglocalandglobalenvironments.Unfortunately,thisisnotgenerallyrecognized.

    Ecosystemsarecomposedofspecies,andspeciesarecomposedofgenesandallthesearelinkedtooneanother.Thestabilityofecosystemsultimatelydependonthediversityofgenesandspecies.

    Protectedareasshouldthereforebeestablishedfortheconservationofwildlifeanduniqueecosystems,withtheendinviewofconservinggeneticresourcesforscientific,educational,culturalandhistoricalvalues.Theestablishmentofprotectedareasshouldbeprecededbyareassessmentofthestatusofparksandequivalentreserves.Thiswillserveasthebasisfordevelopingrehabilitativestrategiesfordegradedparksandatthesametimeidentifynewareaswhereconservationofgeneticresourcesandpreservationofbiologicaldiversitycanbepursued.

    RehabilitationofDegradedEcosystems

    Rehabilitationofdegradedecosystemsisasignificantstrategygiventhemassivedestructionofecosystemsthathasalreadyoccurred.Undersuchconditions,nature'sregenerativecapacityisnotenough.Deliberaterehabilitativeeffortsareneeded.

    Rehabilitationmustkeeppacewiththecontinuousdegradationcausedbytheincreasingdemandsforbothrawmaterialsandproductsthatcomefromnaturalresources.Asthepressuresontheseresourcescontinuetointensifysomustthecountry'scommitmentandcapabilityforrehabilitativeaction.Aconcertedaction,therefore,ofamagnitudenevertriedbeforeinthereforestationofdenudedwatersheds,mangrovereplantation,cleanupandcontrolofpollutionandrevivalofbiologicallydeadrivers,andseagrasstransplantationshouldbevigorouslyundertaken.

    Naturalecosystems,however,willcontinuetobethreatenedunlessamorecomprehensiveprogramonecosystemsrehabilitationisundertaken.Rehabilitation,therefore,hastobelinkedtoecosystemsprotectionprogramsandtopolicyreformsandinstitutionalstrengtheningthatdecisivelydealwiththesocioeconomicrootsofecosystemdegradation.

    StrengtheningofResidualsManagementinIndustry(PollutionControl)

    Themostcommonlyappliedinstrumentforpollutioncontrolis"endofpipe"controlsystemsthattreatorattempttolimitwasteproductswithstandardsandlimitsonthepermissibleemissionsrate.Residualsmanagement,however,looksatthepollutionproblemwithinamorecomprehensiveframeworkofmaterialspolicywhichincludesresourcerecovery,recycling,andappropriatebyproductdesignthatsaveonmaterialsandenergy.

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    Amoveshouldbemadetowardsadoptingrecentinnovationsinindustrialprocessdesignswhichareaimedatreducingwastestreams,especiallyasincreasingrestrictionsondisposalbecomesmorenecessary.Reformulatingproducts,developingsaleablebyproductsfromresiduals,andredesigningorcombiningprocessesaresomeinnovationsthathaveoftenbeenfoundtoreducewastesandcostsaswell.AU.S.plant,forexample,wasabletoreducewastesby66percentbycuttingonwateruseby32percent.Theuseofbiogasdigesterstorecovermethanefrompiggeryordistillerywastesisanotherexampleofpollutionreductionthroughtechnologicalinnovations.

    InthePhilippines,resourcerecoveryshouldprovehighlyeconomicalbecausematerialsandenergycostsarequitehighrelativetolaborcosts.Paper,glass,metals,plastics,oilsandothermaterialscouldberecoveredfromwastestreamsandrecycledbynetworksofworkers.

    Inadditiontoandinsupportoftechnologicalinnovationsisthestrengtheningofenforcementofappropriatepollutioncontrollaws.Otherpolicyinstrumentssuchastheuseofeconomicincentivestoencouragepollutivefirmstoinstallpollutioncontrolfacilitiesandcollectiveactionssuchastheinstallationofcentralcollectionandtreatmentfacilitiesforwastewatersareneededtosupplementcurrentenforcementefforts.Theseareespeciallyimportantgiventherelativelysmallcapitalbaseofenterprisesinvolved.Moreconciliatoryformsofpollutionregulationinvolvingpersuasionandinformationdisseminationaimedatalteringpolluteraswellasendconsumerbehaviorshouldalsobeimplementedtocausepositivechangeinbusinessattitudestowardstheenvironment.

    IntegrationofPopulationConcernsandSocialWelfareInDevelopmentPlanning

    Populationisthecriticalfactorinanyeffortatsustainabledevelopment.Populationandthevaluesespouseddeterminethespeedatwhichproductivitycanbeincreasedorconverselythepressuresonlandandnaturalresourcesbroughttobearbytheprocessofdevelopment.ForadevelopingcountrylikethePhilippines,itisimportantthatthepopulationfactorinallitsdimensionsisturnedintoarealassetforbuildingastrongindustrialbase,formultiplyingproductiveformsoflivelihood,andforpreservingandimprovingfragileecosystemsandtheoverallnaturalresourceenvironment.

    Thecountry'spopulationprogrammustnotbelimitedtocontrollingnumbersbutmustincludeimprovementsinhealth,educationandvaluesformation.Itmustbeimplementedaspartofacomprehensivesocioeconomicprogramattheregionalandcommunitylevels.Thepopulationprogrammustbebasedonmethodsthatareconsistentwiththeculturalandreligiousnormsofthepopulation.Withinourtraditionalruralsocietythebenefitsofadditionallaborwillalwaysoutweighthebenefitsofreducingfamilysize.ItisforthisreasonthatourpopulationpoliciesmustrecognizethelimitationsofpromotingfertilitycontrolinIsolationfromotherincentives.Toovercomesocialprejudicesagainstbirthcontrolandsuspicionsofthemotivationsbehindthenationalpopulationcontrolprogram,emphasisshouldnowbeplacedonthebenefitstoeachchildandtothefamilyofspacingbirths.

    Managingpopulationdistributionandmobilityshouldalsobeconsideredtolimittherapidandoftenuncontrolledpopulationgrowthinurbanareas.Promotionofprogramsandpoliciesthatleadtobalancedregionaldevelopmentareimportant.Thedevelopmentpotentialofallregionsshouldbeassessedandprogramstoincreaseopportunitiesforlivelihoodshouldbeimplementedtoencouragemigrationtowardslessdenselypopulatedandlessenvironmentallysensitiveareas.

    InducingGrowthIntheRuralAreas

    Economicrecoveryandlongtermstabilitydependonincreasingincomesandemploymentintheruralareas,whereamajorityofourpeoplereside.Itshouldbeagainnotedthattheruralpoorarelinkedverycloselytonaturalresources.Their

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    actionshaveadirectimpactonnaturalresources.Conversely,anychangeintheactualandpotentialproductivityoftheseresourceshaveseriousrepercussionsontheirpresentandfuturewelfare,evenontheirverysurvival.Thesheernumberofruralpooralreadyinplacerightonorbesidefragileecosystemsmakethemaformidableforceeitherforenvironmentaldestructionorprotection.

    Attentionmustthereforebegiventoruraldevelopment,asithasalreadybeenestablishedthatpovertyforcestheruralpoortobedestroyersratherthancaringtowardsoftheveryresourcesthatcanliberatethemfrompoverty.Theeconomic,socialandpoliticalpotentialsofthecountrysidemustbeharnessedtoalleviatepovertyanduplifttheconditionsoftheruralpoor.Aruraldevelopmentstrategywhichischaracterizedbythefollowingelementsmustthereforebeeffected:

    EmpowermentoftheruralpoorthroughgreaterparticipationinpolicymakingprocessesandprojectimplementationAcceleratedimplementationoflandreformtoachieveequityinthedistributionofwealthandboostproducerincentivesGrantofequitableaccessfortheruralpoortonaturalresourceuseandbenefitsRemovalofeconomicpolicyandpublicinvestmentbiasesagainsttheruralsectorProvisionofinfrastructureandsupportservicestoincreaseruralproductivityandexpandmarketsEstablishmentandreinforcementof"growthcenters"toserveasbaseforindustrialandcommercialactivitiesthatcanprovidealternativelivelihoodandIncreasedeconomicopportunitiesfortheruralpoorStrengtheningofsocialservicessuchaseducation,healthandnutrition.

    PromotionofEnvironmentalEducation

    EnvironmentaleducationasconceivedinthePSSDhastwomajorobjectives.Thefirstistoenablecitizenstounderstandandappreciatethecomplexnatureoftheenvironment,aswellastheroleplayedbyaproperlymanagedenvironmentineconomicdevelopmentandtodevelopsocialvaluesthatarestronglysupportiveofenvironmentalprotectionandwhichwillcreatethecommitmentandpoliticalwilltodealwithdifficultissues.Onlyawellinformedandmotivatedcitizenrycouldprovidethemassbasenecessaryforthecontinuedprotectionoftheenvironment.

    Decisionsareultimatelyapoliticalresponsibility,butthelikelihoodofthebestchoicesbeingmadeisgreatlyenhancedwhenthereiswidespreadknowledgeandunderstandingofallaspectsoftheissuesathand.Thiscouldbeachievedbyintegratingenvironmentalconceptsintheelementaryandsecondaryschools.Thiswinequippeoplewiththebasiccapabilitytomakeuptheirownmindsinaninformedwayanddosomethingabouttheirdecisions.

    Thesecondobjectiveistodevelopthelocalknowledgebaseaboutthelocalenvironmentandnaturalresourcesthroughthedevelopmentandpromotionoftertiaryandgraduatecoursesinecology,environmentalscience,resourcemanagementandresourceeconomics.Researchanddevelopmentintheseareasshouldbepromoted.

    StrengtheningofCitizens'ParticipationandConstituencyBuilding

    Lessonsfrombothfailuresandsuccessesinenvironmentalanddevelopmentaleffortshaveshownthatcitizens'participationisanimportantdecisivefactor.Absenceorlackofithascausedfailures.Itsactivepresencehasresultednotonlyineffortsmeetingimmediatetargetsbutalsointheassuredsustainabilityofpositivetrendsthathavebeeninitiated.

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    Peoplehavetheinherentcapacitytoimprovethemselvesandtheircommunity.Problemsconfrontingthemcanbesolvedthroughtheirownefforts.Incaseswherethepovertyoftheirsituationandthedifficultiestheyfacearetooseriousforthemtodealwith,initialassistancefromgovernmentandnongovernmentinstitutionsmaybeneeded.Theiractiveparticipationinplanningandimplementation,however,isamustsothattheywillnotbeforeverdependentonexternalsupport.

    Inpromotingtheactiveparticipationofthecitizenryforsustainabledevelopment,nongovernmentorganizations(NGOs)canbethecentralvehicleinmobilizingpeopletoparticipate.NGOshavecertainadvantages.Theyhavelessbureaucraticredtapeandcanthusmovefast.Theyhavealreadyestablishedstrongdirectlinkswiththegrassroots.TheirmembersaretheverycitizenswhoseparticipationisneededandwhoseetheirNGOmembershipasacitizen'sresponsibility.Theyarethusimbuedwiththeneededcommitmentanddrivetodealwithdifficultsustainabledevelopmentissues.AstrategyinthisregardistodevelopanetworkamongNGOsaswellasNGOsandgovernmentalorganizationswhichwillworkoncommunityorganizing,publicinformationcampaigns,research/situationassessment,environmentalsurveillanceandmonitoring,scienceandappropriatetechnologyandthelike.

    3.ASSESSMENTOFMAJORSECTORS

    Theconceptualframeworkshallbethebasisfortheformulationofstrategiesforeachoftheidentifiedmajorsectors,namely,Population,EnvironmentandNaturalResources,Agriculture,Industry,InfrastructureandEnergy.Areviewofeachsector,exceptfortheInfrastructuresector,hasbeenundertakenaspartoftheformulationprocess.Thissectionpresentsthepreliminaryresultsofthisreview,includingcurrentefforts,keyissuesandkeymeasureisneeded.

    3.1POPULATION

    Situationer.ThePhilippinepopulationin1989wasestimatedat60.1millionandisexpectedtoriseby2.3percentto61.5millionin1990.Withregardstopopulationdistribution,SouthernTagalog,MetropolitanManila,andCentralLuzonarethecountry'shighlyconcentratedregions,withapopulationof8.1million,7.9million,and6.1million,respectively.ThemostcommontypeofinternalmigrationinthePhilippinesistheflowofpeoplefromtheruralareasintotheurbanareas.Fortheperiod19751980,MetropolitanManilareceivedatotalof378,878ruralmigrantsandfollowedbySouthernTagalogwith183,077andCentralLuzonwith101,844.*

    Thepresentpopulationsituationhasalreadystrainedthegovernment'scapabilitytoprovidebasicservicessuchaseducation,healthcareandfoodforthenation.Thecriticalissuestobediscussedshouldthereforeaddressthebalancebetweenpopulationsizeandavailableresourcesandtherateofpopulationgrowthinrelationtothecapacityoftheeconomytoprovidethebasicneedsofthepopulation.

    KeyConcerns.

    ContinuedrapidpopulationgrowthwhichusuallyleadstoadeclineinthequalityoflifeforthemajorityEncroachmentofpopulationintomarginalecosystems,includingpopulationsettlementsinecologicallysensitiveuplandsContinuedinfluxofruralmigrantsintodenselypopulatedurbanareas,whichtaxesthecapacityoftheseareastosustainconcentratedpopulationsresultingIncongestion,urbanblight,slums,andenvironmentaldegradation

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    CurrentEfforts.ThedirectionforthepopulationprograminthecountrywasdrawnupinapopulationpolicystatementissuedinApril,1987.Itspecificallyaddressesthefollowingdemographicconcerns:fertilityreduction,familyformation,statusofwomen,maternalandchildhealth,childsurvival,morbidityandmortality,populationdistributionandurbanization,internalandinternationalmigration,andpopulationstructure.Thepolicyalsostressestheimportanceofaconsistentpopulationgrowthrateinrelationtoexistingresourcesrecognizingthestrainimposedbythepopulationonscarceresources.

    FamilyPlanningservicescontinuetobeprovidedby3,545familyplanningclinics/serviceoutletsofgovernmentandnongovernmentorganizationsnationwide.Theremoteareasareservedby39ComprehensiveItinerantTeams.Supportsystemsfortheseactivitiesinclude1,753fulltimeoutreachworkers(FTOW's)and50,000BarangaySupplyPointOfficers(BSPO's).

    ThePopulationEducationProgramcontinuestoworkfortheintegrationofpopulationeducationintotheschoolcurriculumatalleducationallevels.TheAdolescentFertilityProgramthroughitstwelveadolescentcentersalsocontinuestoprovideinformationandcounselingservices.

    In1987,87medicalpersonnelweretrainedonbasicfamilyplanningandvoluntarysurgicalsterilization.Manpowerdevelopmentandcontinuingeducation,whichweremostlyforeignfunded,werealsoconducted.

    ThePopulationInformationManagementandDisseminationProgramalsoconductedwidespreaddisseminationactivitiesonthenewpopulationpolicy.Theseincludetheconductofsymposiaandconferences,thereleaseoftwoissuesofthePopulationBulletinandthepublicationofaweeklynewsletter.

    ThePopulationPolicyAnalysisandCoordinationUnitofPOPCOMisalsocontinuingitstaskofcollecting,processingandanalyzingvarioussourcesofinformationfordissemination.

    ANationalConsultationamong107NaturalFamilyPlanningNGO'swasconvenedtoformulateworkableschemeswithNGO'sandwiththechurchbasedFamilyPlanningMaternalandChildHealth(FPMCH)Network.The"UgnayansaKababaihan"Projectwasalsolaunchedasavehicletopromotewomen'swelfareandstrengthenwomen'sparticipationinplanninganddecisionmaking.

    SupportactivitiestothepopulationprogramarealsoimplementedbytheDepartmentofSocialWelfareandDevelopment.Theseincludedaycareandsupplementalfeedingprogram,familyplanningmotivation,populationawareness,andsexeducation.TheDepartmentofHealthalsopromotes/implementsthefollowingprograms:primaryhealthcaredevelopment,controlofcommunicableandnoncommunicablediseases,healthpromotionandspecificprotection,foodassistance,selectivehomefoodproduction,nutritioninformationandeducationcampaign,andthemalnutritionpreventionproject.

    KeyMeasuresNeeded

    VigorouspopulationprogrambasedonmethodsthatareconsistentwiththeculturalandreligiousnormsofthepopulationBroaderscopeofpopulationprogramstoIncludeimprovementofthequalityofhumanresourcesintermsofproductivity,environmentalconsciousness,abilitytomanagecommunalnaturalresources,andsocialresponsibility

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    Intensificationofruraldevelopmentwithemphasisonsustainablelivelihoodprogramstoreducethepushfactorinruralurbanmigration

    3.2ENVIRONMENTANDNATURALRESOURCES

    Ecosystemsarelifesupportsystems.Theyarecapableofrenewal,eveninthefaceofmajormanmadedisturbancesbutonlyuptoacertainpoint.Beyondthislimitedthresholdandcarryingcapacity,ecosystemfunctionsareimpairedhencedeteriorationoccurs.Thechallengeforresourcemanagementistotreattheecosystemastheunitmostsuitableforanalysis,sothatthemaintenanceofvitallifesupportfunctionsmaybeensured.

    Thissectoriscurrentlyfacingalotofproblems,amongthem:resourcedepletion,environmentaldegradationduetopollution,tenurialproblemsinthepublicdomain,andinequitabledistributionandallocationoflandsandnaturalresources,amongothers.

    Forests

    Situationer.TheremainingforestedareasofthePhilippines(withoutbrushlands)is6.5millionhectares,whichis21%ofthecountry'stotalareaof30millionhectares,and40%ofthelegallyclassifiedforestlandsof16millionhectares.Thecountryislosing119,000hectareseachyearorabout14hectaresperhourduetoillegallogging,forestfiresandslashandburnagriculture.

    KeyConcerns

    DegradationofforestlandsduetologgingaswellasencroachmentofslashandburncultivatorsintologgedoverareasSettlementofecologicallysensitiveforestlandsduetopopulationpressureandlackofopportunitiesinthelowlandsPoorenforcementofforestprotectionlawsLackoftenurialsecurity,infrastructuresupport,andsocialservicesforuplanddwellerswhichresultindisincentivesforadoptingresourceconservationmeasures

    Currentefforts.TheDepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(DENR)launchedtheNationalForestationProgram(NFP)in1986declaringasapolicy"theperpetuationofforestresourcesforthebenefitofpresentandfuturegenerationsofFilipinos."

    TheNFPrestatesthekeyobjectivesofthegovernment'sbasicpolicyinforestationas:adequatesupplyofindustrialtimberandfuelwoodprovisionoflivelihoodforuplandcommunitiesand,restorationandmaintenanceofastable,functionalandwholesomeenvironment.Themainfocusofthe14yearforestationprogramisthedevelopmentofproductionforestplantationsforsuppliesoftimberandfuelwood,whileatthesametimerehabilitatingdenudedwatershedareas.

    WiththeassistanceofprogramloansfromtheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)andtheOverseasEconomicCooperation(OECF)ofJapan,theDENRistargetingtoreforestthroughvariousmodesandapproachesabout300,000hectaresby1992.

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    ThemainthrustofthepolicyframeworkoftheNFPistopositiontheprivatesectorcommunitiesandfamiliesasthevanguardofthecountry'sreforestationefforts.Thus,apartfromencouragingtheprivatesectortoinvestincommercialforestplantationsatitsownrisk,thepolicyalsodirectstheemploymentoftheprivatesector(toinclude,apartfromentrepreneursandenterprisesinforestation,thcNGOs,individualfarmersandfarmers'associations)inexecutinggovernmentfundedforestationprojectsoncontractterms.ThegovernmentconsidersthatcontractforestationwouldenableittomakeuseoftheexperienceandcommercialmotivationsoftheprivatesectortowardstheexpeditiousandefficientaccomplishmentofNFPtargets,addthatthetermsofthecontractswouldensurethattheplantedareaspaidforwillactuallygrowintoforests.

    ProjectsunderthedirectadministrationoftheDENRare:TimberStandImprovementinsecondgrowthforests,andprotectionandmaintenanceofexistingforests.Privatesectorparticipationwillbeincontractreforestationwatershedrehabilitationassistednaturalregenerationbamboo,rattanandmangroveplantationsindustrialtreeplantations,andIntegratedsocialforestryactivitiestorehabilitateforestmigrants.

    Contractstoreforestormanagespecifiedactivitiesinreforestationareasareopentoqualifiedcorporations,nongovernmentorganizations,communities,tribesand/orfamilies.DENRpaystheseprivateentitlesandindividualsforthereforestationactivitiestheyundertakeinspecificsites.

    KeyMeasuresNeeded

    Reforestationapproachesthatactivelyinvolvetheuplandpopulation,andwhichcombinethegoalsofreestablishingforestsaswellasprovidingsustainedlivelihoodforuplanddwellersIntensifieddevelopmentoflowlandresourcestoincreaseproductivityanddivertpressureawayfromcriticaluplandsPreparationofsitespecificresourcemanagementplans,basedoninventoryofresources,censusofuplandpopulation,andassessmentofcarryingcapacitiesDevolutionofcontroloverthemanagementofforestresourcestolocalcommunitiesandtribalgroupsbasedonoftheirabilitytoutilizethecommonresourceproperlyStrengtheningofresourceaccessrightsforsmallholdersthroughmoresecurerentarrangementanddispositionofremainingAandDlands.Intensificationofenvironmentalinformationandeducation

    >ProtectedAreasandBiodiversity

    Situationer.ThePhilippineshasatotalof62nationalparksand7wildlifesanctuariesencompassingsome1.3millionhectares,orabout4.3%ofthecountry'stotallandarea.However,someoftheseparksexistonlyonpapersincethereisagenerallackoffundstoimplementprotectionactivitiesandfieldmanagementoftheareas.Almostalldesignatedreservescontainillegalsettlementsof"slashandburn"(kaingin)farmersandhavebeenPartiallymodifiedorcompletelydegraded.Criticallyimportantareas,suchasBicolNationalParkinCamarinesSurandMt.ApoNationalParkinDavao,havebeenheavilysquattedandseriouslydenuded.Others,suchasMt.PlugNationalParkinBennett,QuezonNationalParkinQuezonProvince,andMt.CanlaonNationalParkinNegrosisland,areseriouslythreatenedbyillegalloggingand"kaingin".

    Thewidediversityofmarineandterrestrialecosystemsformthehabitatsoffivemajorforestformations(mixeddipterocarp,tropicalmontane,mossyorsubalpine,molaveandpine),8,000speciesofdominantargiosperms(orchidsandroses),960

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    speciesofterrestrialvertebrates(landmammals),541speciesofavifaunabirds),252speciesofherpetofauna(reptiles),488speciesofcoral,16speciesofmangroves,and1000speciesoffish.Amongthemorenotableofthesearethefollowingendangeredspecies:thePhilippineeagle,BlackShama,Philippinecrocodile,dugong,andmarineturtles.Theeffectsofhunting,trappingandtradingofwildlife,asidefromhabitatloss,havecontinuallythreatenedthereproductioncapabilitiesandthesurvivaloftheseendemicplantsandanimalsinthePhilippines.

    KeyConcerns

    IneffectiveprotectedareasandparksmanagementsystemsThreatstotheexistenceofvaluablefloraandfaunaasaresultofhabitatremovalormodificationNeedtoincreasethelevelofpublicawarenessandappreciationofthebenefitsofprotectedareas

    CurrentEfforts.TheDENRandtheWorldBankareundertakingastudyandreviewofthecountry'sprotectedareasinordertorationalizeanddevelopanintegratedprotectedareassystem(IPAS)inthePhilippines.Thestudywill,determineexistingprotectedareastoberetainedinthenewsystemandrecommendqualifiedsitesforinclusion.ThestudyshallalsoprovidethebasicinformationforthepreparationofthelegislationthatwillcreatetheIPAScodeasmandatedbylaw.Also,undertheDebtforNatureSwapProgrambetweentheDENR,theWorldWildlifeFund,andtheHaribonFoundation,theprotection,managementanddevelopmentoftwoprotectedareas,namely,St.PaulsubterraneanRiverNationalParkandElNidoMarineSanctuarybothinPalawanareunderway.Experiencefromtheprogramshallserveasthebasisandprovideamodelforthemanagement,protectionanddevelopmentofothernationalparksinthefuture.ThegovernmentisalsocurrentlyconductingcaptivebreedingprogramsforthePhilippineeagle,tamaraw,flyinglemur,crocodileandotherendangeredspecies.NGOshavealsobeentappedaspartnersinconservationprojects.

    Thesurvey,rehabilitation,reproduction,conservation,information,trainingandresearchofthecountry'sdiverseecosystemsandwildlifecomprisetheproposedNationalBiodiversityProgramoftheDENR.Thesurveyandrehabilitationofcriticalecosystemssuchascoralreefs,mangroves,wetlands,lakes,riversandlowlandforestsshallbeundertaken.Ecologicalresearches,surveys,captivebreedingandreintroductionofendangeredspeciesIntothewildshallbeimplemented.TheprogramshallpromoteconservationawarenesstothepublicandestablishtrainingopportunitiesforfieldpersonnelundertheDENR.

    KeyMeasures

    AssessmentandevaluationofexistingnationalparksandequivalentreservestowardstheformulationofasystematicmanagementandprotectionschemeIntegrationofprotectedareaplanningintotheoveralllanduseandregionalplanningImplementationofanintensivenatureconservationeducationprogramTrainingofmanagersofprotectedareas

    UrbanEcosystems

    Situationer.Themigrationofthepopulacetourbanareaswillcontinuetoputpressureonlimitedurbanlandresourcesinthecomingyears.By1990,about25millionor43%ofthenationalpopulationwillberesidinginurbanareas.Bytheyear2000,thiswillincreaseby40%.

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    InMetroManila,7millionofthetotalpopulationcrowd636squarekilometersofland.Withapopulationthatisincreasingatarateof3.6%annually,MetroManilawillbeoneofthemegacitiesintheworldwithapopulationof11million.

    Generationanddisposalofsolidwastes,airpollutionemittedbytransportvehicles(60%)andstationaryindustrialsources(40%)willcontinuetobeamajorproblem.Highvolumesamplemeasurementsoftotalsuspendedparticulates(TSP)indicatethatannualaveragesinMetroManilacanexceed250milligramspercubicmeter(mg/m3),exceedingtheUSannualaverageTSPairqualitystandardbyover200%.

    Furthermore,jeepney,busandtaxicommutersareexposedtoexcessiveconcentrationsofRespirableSuspendedParticles(RSP)intheorderof1,000mg/m3whilemillionsofMetroManilaresidentsareexposedtoambientconcentrationsofRSPintheorderof100mg/m3.Thelongtermhealtheffectsofsuchexposureneedtobedetermined.

    Sulfurdioxide(S02)doesnotappeartobeamajorprobleminMetroManila.ThereisrelativelylessconcentrationofheavyindustrynearurbancentersandconsequentlythelevelsofS02measuredinManilaareallwellbelow.05partspermillion(ppm)onanannualaveragebasis.However,sincemostofthemajorvehiclesinMetroManilaaredieselfueledtheexposureofS02bypeopledirectlyexposedtotrafficexhaustarehigher.

    WaterpollutioninMetroManilaandothermajorurbanandregionalcentersiscausedbythegeneralpublicand,toalesserextent,bytheindustrialsector.AllmetropolitanareasinthePhilippineshavenoefficientsewagecollectionandtreatmentexceptforsomeaffluentsubdivisionswithresidentswhocanaffordanexpensivesewagetreatmentfacility.Onlyabout12%ofMetroManila'spopulationisservedbyaseweragecollectionsystem.Thebalanceofunservedareascontributeabout70%ofallthebiodegradableorganicpollutantsthatflowintothedifferentriversystemsinMetroManilaUntreatedorpartiallytreatedindustrialwastewaterisalsobeingdischargedintorivers,lakes,oresteros.Thesewastesaccountfortheother30%oftheorganicpollutantsthathaveallbutkilledMetroManila'swatersystems.

    Municipalsolidwastesorgarbageusuallyfindsitswayintotheriversystemthroughopencanalsandculvertsandendupintheriversystemandexertadditionaloxygendemand.MetroManilaalonegeneratesabout3,600tonsofgarbageperdayandthisisexpectedtoreachmorethan5,000tonsperdayintieyear2000.TherearenosufficientfundstofinanceasystematicandIntegratedsolidwastemanagementsystemalthoughaverythoroughsolidwastemasterplanhasbeenformulatedandapprovedbyaPresidentialTaskForceonSolidWasteManagement.

    Anotherproblemisthedisposalandproliferationoftoxicandhazardouswastesfromindustries.ThisisespeciallytrueinMetroManilawhere69%ofthecountry's15,000Industrialfirmsarelocated.Mostofthetoxicsubstancesareapparentlydischargedwithouttreatmentintonaturalwaterbodiesandcoastalwaters.

    KeyConcerns

    PollutionfromindustrialeffluentsSolidwastedisposalbydomestic,commercialandIndustrialestablishmentsAirpollutionfromgasoline/dieselfueledvehiclesandindustrialestablishmentsPopulationmigrationtourbanareas

    CurrentEfforts.TheDENR,incooperationwithothergovernmentagencies,theprivatesectorandnongovernmentalorganizations,iscurrentlyundertakingariversrevivalprogram,foremostofwhichisthe"IlogKo,IrogKo"projectaimedat

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    loweringthepollutionloadoftheNavotasMalabonTenejerosTullahanriversystem.TheDENR,beingtheleadagency,hascommittedtolowertheindustrialpollutionloadby60%by1992,from32,777kq.BiochemicalOxygenDemand(BOD)perdaytoabout23,200kg.BODperday.Todate,theDENRhasloweredtheindustryloadbyabout7%.TheMWSSiscommittedtoimplementabasinwideseptictankcleaningprogramthatwilllowerthesewageloadfromtheprojected1992loadofabout26,608kg.BODperdaytoabout9,978kg.BODperday.TheNationalHousingAuthority(NHA)isalsocommittedtoremoveallthesquattershantieslinedalongthe26kilometerwaterwayandrelocatethemwithinthebasin,thusloweringthepollutionload.TheDepartmentofPublicWorksandHighways(DPWH)iscommittedtodredgethe26kilometerwaterwayandbuild(2)parallelroadsalongthewaterway.

    TheInterAgencyCommitteeaimstolowertheoverallpollutionloadin1992by50%.ThecosttoimplementtheseprogramsisaboutU.S$25.75millionspreadoverthenextthreeyears,endingin1992.Thescenariobeyond1992willinvolvetheinstallationofaseweragecollectionandamarineoutfallwhichwillincreasethetotalcosttoU.S$2368million.Itisexpectedthattheriversystemwillbefullyrehabilitatedandtheentire26kilometerwaterwaywillbecapableofsustainingmarinelife.

    AnothercomponentoftheriverrevivalprogramistheManilaBayCleanUpProject.ThiswillfocusonsixmajorrivernetworksystemswhichemptytheirwastesintoManilaBay.Theseare:

    NavotasMalabonTenejernsTullahanriverSystem,PasigSanJuanMarikinaRiverSystem,LasPinasZapoteRiverSystem,ParanaqueRiver,LagunaLakeBasin,andMeycauayanRiver.

    ThecleanupofManilaBaywillentailthecleanupoftheindividualsinksystems.Amongtheprojectslinedupforloweringthepollutionloadofeachofthesesourcesare:

    septictankcleaningandseweragecollectionandtreatmentfordomesticsewage,individualorcombinedwastewatertreatmentplantsforindustrialfirms,dredgingofriverstoremoveaccumulateddebris,andtransferofsquatterfamiliesalongtheriverbanks.

    ThecurrenteffortsforairqualitymanagementinurbanregionsareparticularlyaddressedtotheMetropolitanManilaareawheremostofvehiclesandindustrialfirmsarelocated.Otherurbangrowthcenters,however,havealreadystartedandaresteppinguptheairpollutioncontrolprogram.

    Vehicleexhaustemissionisthemostpressingairpollutionproblemtoday.Intheshortterm,activitiesbeingimplementedtoalleviatethesituationaresteppedupeffortstoenforcetheantismokebelchinglawandeducationalcampaignstoraisethelevelofawarenessandknowledgeofmotoristsandthegeneralpublicontheairpollutionproblem.Inadditiontothis,theairqualitymanagementprogramforMetroManilaproposestheadoptionoflongtermpolicyoptionstominimizevehicularpollution.Suchpolicyoptionswouldcoverawiderangeofconcernssuchas:

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    Incentivesforlowpollutantvehiclesandadditionaltaxforpollutivevehicles.Promotionof"environmentfriendly"fueladditivesandappropriatepollutioncontroldevices.Regulationofimportationofsecondhandcars.Developmentofanefficientmasstransportationsystem.

    Emissionsfromindustriesandpowerplantswillalsobeamajorconcernaseconomicdevelopmentprogresses.Majorpolicyoptionsbeingconsideredtominimizetheairpollutioneffortsfromthesesectorsarethefollowing:

    ProvidingdisincentivesforpollutiveindustriesthatarelocatedinMetroManilaandotherurbancenters.Strictimplementationoflanduseplansandzoningregulations.Promotionofenergyconservationandenergyefficientproductionprocesses.Adoptionoflowornonwastetechnologies.

    Foraneffectiveairqualitymanagementprogram,itisimperativethatthemonitoringandenforcementcapabilitiesoftheenvironmentalagencieswillalsobeefedup.Thus,acquisitionofmonitoringequipmentandmanpowertrainingaremajorcomponentsoftheprogram.

    TheSolidWasteManagementPlanforMetropolitanManila,asconceptualizedbythePresidentialTaskForceonSolidWasteManagement,isinitsinitialstagesofimplementation.Siteshavebeenidentifiedtoserveassanitarylandfillsinlieuofoperatingopendumps.EngineeringdesignsarenowbeingpreparedandreviewedbasedontheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentmade.

    KeyMeasuresNeeded

    Rationalplanningofurbancenters(dispersalofindustries)ProvisionofworkableairmonitoringnetworksRationalizationofcurrentenvironmentalandpollutionpoliciesImplementationofapragmaticinformationandeducationcampaignontheeffectsofairandwaterpollutionandsolidwastedisposalStringentenforcementoflaws,ordinance,rulesandregulationsImplementationofasoundmonitoringsystem

    FreshwaterEcosystems

    Situationer.Thereareatotalof384majorriversystemsand59lakesandmorethan100,000hectaresoffreshwaterswampsinthePhilippines.Theseareusedeitherfordomestic,industrial,irrigationandpowergenerationpurposes.

    Agriculturecontinuestobetheheaviestwateruser,accountingfor60%oftotalwithdrawals.Thequalityofwateravailableforirrigationhasbeenrelativelygood.However,theincreasingsedimentationofriversystemshaveresultedinthereducedwaterconveyancecapabilityofirrigationsystemsanddiversionfacilities.Themaincauseofthisproblemisthedestructionofwatershedsandconsequentsoilerosion.Sedimentationcausedbythedumpingofminetailingsintheriversystemsisalsoamajorcontributoryfactor.

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    Anotherenvironmentalproblemwhichisbecomingamajorconcernissaltwaterintrusion.Thisproblemischaracterizedbythemovementofsalinewaterintofreshwateraquifersorsurfacewaters.Thegeneralmechanismsresponsiblefortheintrusionarethereversalorthereductionofnaturalbarriersthatpreventmovementofsaltwater,andtheaccidentalorinadvertentdisposalofwastesalinewater.

    OfficialreportsoftheMWSSandNWRBrevealthatthetotalareaaffectedbysaltwaterintrusion(excludingMetroManila)hasreached480,802hectares.ThemostheavilyaffectedprovincesareCagayan,Bulacan,andCebu.

    InMetroManila,theaffectedareasmaybecategorizedaccordingtosourcesofcontamination,namely:1)seawaterintrusion10,244hectares2)seawaterintrusionandconnatewater513hectaresand3)connatewater5,674hectares.Theaffectedareastotal19,611hectares.Itshouldbepointedoutthatmajorityoftheaffectedareasareurbanandruralsettlements,whichisarealcauseforalarm.

    Hydrogeologicalinvestigationandeconomicanalysisofthegroundwatersalinityintrusionphenomenonindicatethefollowingimpactsonwatersupplyandtheaffectedpopulation:

    poorwaterqualitycorrosionofwellssalinizationofagriculturallandduetoinundation,subsequentlyreducingagriculturalyieldreducedrevenuesinsomeindustriesduetoadditionalcostofwatersupplyrevenuelossinpublicwaterutilitiesduetoreplacementcostswherewellsbecametoosalinetouseadditionalcostfortheacquisitionofwaterfrompipedsupply

    SixparticularareasinthePhilippines,includingthetwomajorcitiesMetroManilaandCebuwerefoundtobesubjectedtocontinuousdegradationofthegroundwatersupplyduetosaltwaterintrusion.

    KeyConcerns

    Pollutionduetodomestic,commercialandindustrialactivitiesAgriculturalrunoffsfrompesticidesandfertilizersSiltationSaltwaterintrusion

    CurrentEfforts.TheDENR,asidefromitsriversrevivalprogram,iscurrentlyundertakingitsriverclassificationproject.Ofthe384majorriversinthecountry,261havebeenpresentlyclassifiedaccordingtotheiruse.

    KeyMeasuresNeeded

    Enforcementoflaws,rulesandregulations.ImplementationofaninformationandeducationcampaignSettingupofwastewatertreatmentplantsImplementationofasoundrehabilitationprogramforaffectedfreshwaterecosystems

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    CoastalResources

    Situationer.Becauseofpressuresfromanincreasingpopulationandthedrivetowardsindustrialdevelopment,coastalresourceshavebeenexploitedindiscriminatelyanditsconservationandprotectionhavebeenoverlooked.Dynamitefishing,siltationandhumanencroachmenthaveledtothedestructionofcoastalresources.Pollutionfromindustrialcomplexescontinuestobeagrowingproblem.

    Arecentsatellitestudyrevealsthatmangroveandcoralresources,twoofthemostimportantcoastalhabitatshavebeenseverelydegraded.Ofthe500,000hectaresoftheoriginalmangrovespeciesvegetationinthe1920's,only38,000hectaresarelefttoday.However,satelliteimageryshowssome149,000hectaresofsecondarygrowthmangrovevegetation.

    Theestimatedcoralcoverofthecountry'scoastalresourcesisalmost33,036squarekilometer.Only5to6percentofthisisclassifiedasinexcellentcondition.

    Thecoastalareasarealsothefinaldestinationofmostoftheminetailingsgeneratedbytheminingindustry.Duringthelast3years,minetailingsgeneratedtotaledover2billionDMT.Inadditiontolandbasedpollution,pollutionfromshipandoilspillsarecommon.

    KeyConcerns

    OverfishingofnearshorefishingareasduetoexpandingcoastalpopulationContinuedwidescaleuseofillegalfishingpracticesDegradationofcoralreefswhichisduetoacombinationofsiltdepositionanddestructivefishingmethods(blastfishingandmuroami)Disappearanceanddegradationofspawningareas,notablymangroveandmangroveareas,duetoconversiontofishpondsandotherusesEncroachmentofcommercialfishingvesselsintonearshoreareasreservedforsmall(municipal)fishermenIneffectiveadministrativearrangementsforregulatingcoastalandmarineresources

    KeyMeasuresNeeded

    IdentificationandquantificationofpointandnonpointsourcesofpollutionSettingupofcentralizedtreatmentplantsfordomesticwastesandwastesofsimilarindustrytypesContainmentofoilslicksControlofsiltationbyreforestationGrantingexclusiverightstosmallfishermenConductofhydraulicstudiesinaquifersSteppedupenforcementoffishinglawsandzoningrulesCommonpropertymanagementarrangements,i.e.,assigningcommonpropertyrightstocoastalcommunitiesorfishermenorganizationsintheuseandprotectionofcoastalfishingareasPreparationofsitespecificfisheryresourcesmanagementplansbasedoninventoryofresourcesandassessmentof

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    sustainablefishingyieldsRehabilitationofcoastalresources(coralreefsandmangroves)tosustainfishyields,includingmeasurestoenhanceproductivitythroughartificialmeans,e.g.,artificialreefsProvisionofalternativelivelihoodopportunitiesforcoastalcommunitiestoreducerelianceonfishingasasourceofincomeIntensificationofenvironmentalinformationandeducation

    LandandMineralResources

    Situationer.Pollutionoflandresourcesmaybetracedtothreegeneralsources:solidwastesfromdomestic,commercialandindustrialactivitiesagriculturalpollutionfrompesticidesandfertilizersandpollutionfromminingactivities.Theextensiveuseoffertilizersandpesticidesiscontinuouslypollutingthecountry'slandresourcesandiscausingsoildeterioration.

    Thelandresourcesofthecountryarealsovulnerabletosoilerosion.Presently,atleast21provincesareknowntohavemorethanhalfoftheirareaseroded.About9millionhectaresofalienablelandareerodedinvaryingdegreesandapproximately1millionhectaresofagriculturallandshavean815%slopemakingitsusceptibletoseveresoilerosionduringtherainyseason.Improperagriculturalpracticesbyfarmersmaketheselandsunproductive.

    ThePhilippinesisendowedwithrichandvariedmineralresources,muchofwhichremainstobeexploredandexploited.Withsuchavastmineralresource,thePhilippineminingindustryhasplayedamajorroleintheeconomicgrowthofthecountry.Concomitantwithmineralexploitationhowever,aretheenvironmentalproblemsgeneratedbymining,panningandmillingactivities.Hugequantitiesofwasteandminetailingshavetobedumped.Thesecancausepollutionofriversandmarineecosystems,anddamageirrigationcanalsandfarmlandsbysiltation.Vegetativecoverhastoberemovedtogivewaytoanopenpitminingoperation,andforsitesofwastedumpsandtailingponds.Toxicchemicalslikemercury,usedbythousandsofsmallscaleminers,findtheirwaytotheriversystemeveninurbanareas.Landslidesandflashfloodsoccuratalarmingratesinareasdefacedbyunsystematicminingoperations.

    KeyConcerns

    Unregulatedimportation,distributionanduseoftoxicandhazardoussubstancesIncompatiblelandusepracticesUnregulatedminingactivitiesanddumpingofminetailingsandwastesIndiscriminateuseofpesticidesandfertilizersLackofawarenessandeducationonthepartofthepublicregardingtheilleffectsofpollution

    CurrentEfforts.TheDENRmanagesthemineralresourcessectorandisempoweredtooverseetheactivitiesconcerninggeologyandmineralresourcesexploration,developmentandconservation.TheEnvironmentalManagementBureau,abureauundertheDENR,administerstheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentSystemwhichhasregulatorycontroloverproposedminingprojects.PollutionandotherrelatedproblemsgeneratedbytheindustryareregulatedbythefieldofficesoftheDENR.

    KeyMeasuresNeeded

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    FormulationofanationallanduseplanImplementationofaneffectiveinformationandeducationcampaignonthecausesandeffectsoflandpollutionStringentenforcementofenvironmentallaws,localordinances,rulesandregulationsImplementationofanefficientmonitoringsystemtopreventorabatethedegradationoflandresourcesImmediateenactmentofalawforthesoundmanagementoftoxicandhazardoussubstances

    3.3AGRICULTURE

    Situationer.WiththeFilipinopopulationnearing60millionin1989,andatotallandareaof30millionhectares,thelandareapercapitaisabout0.5hectare.Thispercapitaagriculturallandislowerthantheworldaverageofaboutonehectare.

    Asof1980,thePhilippineshasabout9.70millionhectaresofagriculturalland.Anestimated3.7millionhectaresoftheselandsareplantedtopay,2.0millionhectarestocorn,and2.8millionhectarestococonuts.Theremaining1.2millionhectaresofagriculturallandareplantedtocropsliketobacco,sugarcane,citrus,vegetables,abacaandothers.

    Untilabout1960,agriculturalgrowthwasbasedprimarilyonlandincreaseattheextensivemarginwithlittlechangesincroppingintensity,technology,andtotalproductivity.In1979andthereafter,therewasashifttoincreasinglandproductivityataveryintensivemargin.

    Theincreasingdemandsbyagrowingpopulationforhigheragriculturalproductionnowthreatenstheverysustainabilityothecountry'snaturalresources.SocioeconomicfactorssuchasInequitabledistributionorlackofaccesstoland,aggravatefurthertheproblem.

    TheproblemofsoilerosioninthePhilippinesisquitepronouncedduetoitsgeographicalandclimaticconditions.Forexample,31%ofthecountry'stotallandareaishillyandmountainous,andthussusceptibletoerosion.

    Soilerosioninmanypartsofthecountryhasalreadycausedirreparablelossofprecioustopsoil,deteriorationofarablelands,lowcropyields,andreducedwatersupply.Erosionhasalsocontributedtothesedimentationofriversaswellasdamsandlakes,andincreaseincidenceoffloods.

    Inplaceswherearablelandshavebecomeuseless,farmersareshiftingtomarginal,lessproductiveareas.Theproofistheincreasenumberofclearingsonevensteepmountainslopes.

    KeyConcerns

    DegradationofsoilqualityduetoerosionanduseofchemicalfertilizersReducedlifespanandeffectivenessofirrigationinfrastructurefacilitiesduetorapidsiltationofreservoirsandconveyancesystemsHeavyuseofchemicalfertilizersresultinginpollutionofreceivingwaterbodies,andreductionofsoilfertilitySlowimplementationofCARP,whichperpetuatesinequitablelandownershippatternsthatdrivelandlessfarmerstowardthemarginaluplandsSettlementandfarmingofuplandareas,andemploymentofpredominantlyunsustainablefarmingpractices

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    Indiscriminateconversionofagriculturallandforresidentialandcommercialuses

    CurrentEfforts.Thegovernmentiscurrentlyacceleratinglandtransferandredistribution.In1972,PresidentialDecreeNo.27enactedalandreformprogramwhichredistributedtenantedriceandcornlands.ThelatesteffortinthisdirectionisRepublicActNo.6657,theComprehensiveAgrarianReformProgram(CARP)whichplacesunderagrarianreformalltypesofagriculturallandregardlessofcropandtenancyarrangements.

    Multicroppingsystemsarebeingpilotedalloverofthecountry,particularlyinareaswherethereIslimitedwatersupply.TheInternationalRiceResearchInstitute(IRRI),theBureauofPlantIndustry(BPI),thePhilippineRiceResearchInstitute(PRRI)andotherrelatedinstitutionsareintoresearchanddevelopmentoftechnologyofadaptablemulticropsinareasnotyetsuitableforhighyieldingvarieties.Therearealsoexistingprogrammesonirrigationsuchaswaterimpoundingprojects,bothlargeandsmall,andwatershedrehabilitationoftheDENR,DPWHandNIA.

    TheDepartmentofTradeandIndustry(DTI)isexertingefforttoexpandourforeignmarketsinnontraditionalcommercialcrops.Cropssuchasmanqroves,coffee,garlic,gingerandpineapplesarepotentialexportcrops,inadditiontothetraditionaldemandforbananas,freshcoconuts,andsugarcane.

    Therecentshiftfromuseofchemicalfertilizerstoorganicfertilizersisgaininggroundevenamongourfarmers.TheIntegratedPestManagementprogramissimilarlygainingattention.

    KeyMeasuresNeeded

    PreparationofsitespecificagriculturalresourceinventoriestoassesssustainableproductionpotentialsandpopulationcarryingcapacitiesEfficientandintensivefarmingsystemsbasedonsmallscalefarmunitsanduseoforganicfarming,nutrientcyclingtechniquesandintegratedpestmanagementMultipurposedevelopmentofforestlandstoprovidelivelihoodopportunitiesthroughsustainableuplandfarmingUtilizationoftheagriculturaldevelopmentpotentialoftheuplandsthroughcombinationofappropriatefarmingtechnologies,provisionofinfrastructure,andestablishmentofinstitutionalsupport(e.g.,tenurialarrangements)DiversionofpressureawayfromtheuplandsthroughintensifieddistributionanddevelopmentofagriculturalareasinthelowlandsPolicyandfiscalmeasurestoencourageordirectalongtermshiftofagricultureawayfromrelianceonchemicalfertilizersandpesticidesIntensificationofenvironmentalinformationandeducation

    3.4INDUSTRY

    Situationer:Withoutdoubt,industrializationmustbepursued.Itisthevehiclethroughwhichweexpecttosolveproblemsofmasspovertyandunemployment.However,industrywithdrawmaterialsfromthenaturalresourcebaseandgeneratespollution.Dependingontheoverallframeworkofthepolicytobeadopted,industrializationhasthepowereithertoenhanceordegradetheenvironment.

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    Theindustrialsectorregisteredapositivegrossvalueadded(GVA)of8.02%in1987.Growthwasprincipallyattributedtotherenewedbusinessconfidenceintheeconomyduetotheimprovedconsumerspendingandperceivedpoliticalandeconomicstability.

    ThegrowthintheindustrialvalueaddedwasaccountedforbyImprovedperformanceinmanufacturing(7.12)andelectricity,gasandwatersubsectors(10.74).Astrongdomesticexpenditureprogram,stableconsumerpricesandademandformanufacturedexportproductsintheworldmarketenhancedthegrowthofmanufacturingindustries.Increasesinthegrowthleveloftheelectricity,gasandwatersubsectorcanbeattributedtothehigherconsumptionofpowerandwaterbycommercialandindustrialfirms.

    Theconstructionindustryrecoveredfromlastyear'spoorperformancemainlybecauseoftheavailabilityofcreditatlowinterestrateswhichfueledgovernmentandprivateinvestmentsinthesector.Theminingandquarryingsubsectorhowever,sufferedfromtheinabilitytorespondtometalpriceincreasesinviewofIncreasedproductioncostsbasedonrisingoilpricesandthelowgradeofmillsinmostmines.

    Investmentsalsoshowedastrongturnaroundin1987.TheBoardofInvestments(BOI)approvedequityInvestmentsgrewby165.7percentfromP3.15billionin1986toP8.36billionin1987.Thiswasbroughtaboutbythe217.7percentincreaseinFilipinoinvestmentsamountingtoP3.43billionandthe115percentgrowthinforeigninvestmentsamountingtoP3.43billion.TheU.S.Japan,andHongkongwerethePhilippines'majorinvestorsaccountingfor55percentofthetotalforeigninvestmentsfor1987.

    Intermsofregionalcapitalinvestment,theNationalCapitalRegionandSouthernTagalogregistereda95percentincreaseinpaidupcapitalstockofexistingandnewdomesticstockcorporations.

    Theindustrialsectorisprojectedtocontinuallygrowwiththethrusttowardsexportpromotionandselectiveimportsubstitution.Theminingsectorisexpectedtorecoverasaresultofthepromotionofsmallscalemining,increasedproductionofnonmetallicmineralsandexpansionofforeignandlocalmarketsformineralcommodities.Thegrowthofdomesticresourcebasedindustriesislikewiseexpectedtoenhancethegrowthofthemanufacturingsubsector.Importsshallenjoyasteadyincreaseandwillcomeintermsofpaymentsforrawmaterialsandintermediategoods,capitalgoodsandoilrequirementsoflargescaleindustrialandothermajorinfrastructuredevelopmentprojects.However,totalimportvalueisexpectedtodecreaseduetotheutilizationofindigenousenergysourcesandtheadoptionofenergyconservationmeasures.

    KeyConcerns

    BuildupofindustrialinfrastructureresultinginnecessaryincreasesinenergyandrawmaterialrequirementsfromthenaturalresourcebasePollutionandwasteresultingfromindustrialactivitiesConcentrationofindustrialfacilitiesinurbanareasEnvironmentalrisksofnewindustrialtechnologiesRelocationofpollutiveheavyindustriesfromindustrialcountriestodevelopingcountrieslikethePhilippines

    Currentefforts.Inordertoenhancecontinuedgrowthintheindustrialsector,thegovernmentpreparedatenyearsectoraldevelopmentprogram.Intheprogram,ten(10)industrysectorswereidentifiedforshortandlongtermactionplans.These

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    are:agribasedindustries,forestbasedindustries,wearables,chemicals,construction,toys,gift,furnitureandhousewares,services,miningandotherextractives,metals,engineering,electronicsandtelecommunicationindustries.

    ThegovernmentcontinuestopromotethedevelopmentofCottage,SmallandMediumEnterprises(CSME's)throughapackageofassistanceprogramsconsistingoffinancing,entrepreneurialdevelopment,researchandmarketing,andtechnicalassistance.SupportactivitieswerealsoprovidedIntheformofprojectsontechnologytransfer,training,productivityawarenessseminars,technicalandmanagementinformation.

    ThegovernmentalsocreatedtheMicro,Cottage,SmallandMediumEnterpriseCouncil(MICSMEC)in1987tocoordinateeffortsInthesubsectorandintheagenciesinvolvedinCSMEdevelopment.Anotherefforttosustainindustrialgrowthisthecreationof1,158People'sEconomicCouncils(PEC).

    AnotherprogramimplementedwhichaimstoprovidefinancialresourcesandtechnicalexpertiseforcountrysidedevelopmentistheAgricultural,SmallandMediumIndustriesLendingPrograms(ASMILE)alongwiththeAgoraindustrialTechnologyTransferProgram(AINP).

    Theregionaldispersalofindustriesisbeingpromotedtodistributethebenefitsofindustrializationtothecountrysideandencourageselfreliantandproductivecommunities.ThesubcomponentsoftheprogramaretheNationalProgramforIndustrialEstateDevelopmentandtheLivelihoodProjects(e.g.,KKI,ICSS).

    Thegovernmentalsograntedfiscalincentivestodeservingfirmstomakeupformarketdistortions.Incentivesincludeoutrighttaxexemption,taxcreditandpreferentialtaxtreatment.

    KeyMeasures

    Establishmentofenvironmentalgoals,policiesandstandardstoregulateindustrysectordecisionsinvolvinglocation,pollutioncontrol,wastemanagement,occupationalhealthandsafetyofworkers,energyandrawmaterialusage,anddisposaloftoxicsubstancesSupportintermsofpolicy,research,economicinstruments/marketmechanismsforthepromotionofrecyclingorreuseofindustrialrawmaterialandbyproductsRuralinfrastructuredevelopmenttopromotedispersalofindustriestothecountrysideFiscalmeasures(e.g.taxincentives,subsidies,pricingpolicies)toencourageadoptionofpollutioncontroltechnologiesbybothlargeandsmallscaleindustriesAdoptionofthe"polluterpays"principleVigorousenforcementoftheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)SysteminmakingdecisionsinindustryplanningEstablishmentofatrackingsystemandcapabilitytodealwithtoxicandhazardouschemicalsandwastes

    Amongtheprojectsneedingpriorityattentioninthissectorare:

    ToxicChemicalsandHazardousWastesManagementEnvironmentalCarryingCapacityProfilesofProposedGrowthCentersOutsideMetroManila

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    IntensificationofSmallScalePlanningOperationfortheDevelopmentofAncillaryIndustriesDevelopmentofanInformationBaseonLandUseandFiscalPlanningforUrbanandOtherGrowthCentersintheCountrysideProgramstoProvideTechnicalAssistanceontheAbatementofAirPollutiontoDENRRegionalOfficesAirandWaterQualityMonitoringNetwork

    3.5ENERGY

    Situationer.Aftertheenergycrisisof19731974,energydevelopmentinthePhilippinesledtothepartialreplacementofoilbyindigenoussourcessuchascoal,hydroelectricpower,geothermal,andothernonconventionalsources.Thenonconventionalsourcesincludebagasse,agriwaste,anddendrothermal.

    Thecountry'stotalenergyconsumptionin1988reached110.53millionbarreloffueloilequivalent(MMBFOE),10.3percenthigherthanthe1987consumption.Importedenergyaccountedfor62.3percentofthetotalpercentfromthelevelattainedin1987.Theincreaseinthetotalenergyconsumptionisattributabletotheeffortstosustainthecountry'seconomicrecoverymomentum.

    Indigenousenergyproductionamountedto41.70MMBFOE,accountingfor37.7percentofthetotalconsumption.Outoftotalindigenousenergyconsumption,geothermalaccounted7.6percent,hydro9.8percent,oil1.8percent,coal3.9percent,andnonconventional14.7percent.

    The19881992MediumTermEnergyPlanoutlinedthesector'spolicythrustsasfollows:

    PromotionofenergyselfrelianceRationalizationofenergypricestoreflectthetruecostofproductionanddistributionEncouragementofenergyconservationmeasurestopromoteefficiencyParticipationoftheprivatesectorinenergyprojectsMaintenanceofenvironmentalandsafetymeasuresforenergyprojects

    KeyConcerns

    NeedforgrowthInenergysuppliesandpowergeneratingfacilitiestopromoteandsustaineconomicdevelopmentPotentialadverseimpactsoflargescaleenergyresourcesdevelopmentWastefulenergyutilizationduetooldandinefficientgeneratingfacilitiesanddistributionsystemReducedlifespansofhydroelectricsystemsduetorapidsiltationanddegradationofwatershedsThegrowingshortagesoffuelwoodinruralareasduetodeforestationSeveralforeignexchangedifficultiesasaresultofpayingforimportedoilEnergytechnologieshavethepotentialtoperturbcriticalenvironmentalprocessesaswellasthreatenhumanhealthNoenergytechnologiesarcfreeofenvironmentalrisk

    CurrentEfforts:Toassurethecountryofastablesupplyofenergy,thefollowingactivitiesarebeingundertaken:

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    Oilexplorationanddrillingbothonshoreandoffshorearecontinuouslypursued.Atotalofsevenwellsweredrilledin1988.TheoildiscoveryatNorthMasinloc,andGalocincreasedthenumberofoilproducingfieldstosix,bringingthetotalproductionto2.18millionbarrelsor6.9percentfromthe1987productionlevel.Coalexplorationwasintensifiedwiththelaunchingofthesmallscalecoalminingprogram.Thecoalminingindustryproduced1.29millionmetrictonsin1988.Geothermaldevelopmentactivitieshaveintensifiedin1988,withtheadoptionofanewpowerprogramrecognizingthatgeothermalsteamcouldbeamajorpowersource.Todate,thereare197wellsthatareproducinganestimatedpowerpotentialof1,228megawatts.Inthenonconventionalsector,studiesandpromotionalactivitiesthatcoverawiderangeofpotentialindigenousenergysourcesarebeingundertaken.

    KeyMeasuresNeeded

    EnvironmentalaspectsshouldbeintegratedintoenergypoliciesbothattheformulationandimplementationstagePromotionofenergyconservationmeasureswhichhavepositiveenvironmentaleffectsAcceleratethedevelopmentandexploitationofnewandexistingenergysources,takingintoconsiderationenvironmentalrequirementsandprecautionstominimizeadverseenvironmentalimpactsActivesupportintermsofresearchandfiscalmeasures(e.g.taxincentives)forthedevelopmentandintegrationofnonconventionalrenewableenergysystems(biomassenergy,wind,solar,minihydro)Clarificationofenergydevelopmentalternatives(e.g.,coalversusgeothermal)toinformthepubliconthenecessarytradeoffsinvolved(economic,social,andenvironmental)Energypricingschemethatincludespaymentforenvironmentaldamagesorenvironmentalrehabilitationcostsdirectlyattributabletoenergydevelopment

    FOOTNOTES____________________________________________________________________________

    1. Salas,Rafael,M.ReflectiononPopulation,PergamonPress,NewYork,1984.p.63.2. Factoran,FulgencioJr.Population,ResourcesandthePhilippineFuture:AnEcologicalPerspective,PaperpresentedatthcFirstRafael

    M.SalasForum,24October,19893. Roque,CelsoR.ThePresentandFutureStateofthePhilippineEnvironment,KalikasanPress,QuezonCity,19894. lbid.5. Cruz,WilfredoHerminioA.andConway,ZenaidaT.TheOnSiteandDownstreamCostsofSoilErosionintheMagatand

    PantabanganWatersheds,JournalofPhilippineDevelopment,Vol.XIV,No.2,Phil.InstituteforDevelopmentStudies,1987,p.88.6. Porter,GarethwithGanapin,DelfinJr.Resources,PopulationandthePhilippines'Future,WRIPaperNo.4,WorldResources

    Institute,1988.p.38.7. Ganapin,DelfinJr.OpeningRemarksoftheDirector,EnvironmentalManagementBureau,SeminarWorkshopontheDevelopmentof

    anEnvironmentalEducationStrategy,forSustainableDevelopmentinthePhilippines,SuloHotel,OuezonCity,23October1989.

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