peter gärdenfors & massimo warglien using conceptual spaces to model actions, events and the...
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![Page 1: Peter Gärdenfors & Massimo Warglien Using Conceptual Spaces to Model Actions, Events and the Semantics of Verbs](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022051401/56649e8a5503460f94b8ed0b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Peter Gärdenfors&
Massimo Warglien
Using Conceptual Spaces to Model Actions, Events and the
Semantics of Verbs
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Conceptual spaces• Information is organized by quality dimensions• … that are sorted into domains (space, time,
temperature, weight, color, shape … )
• Domains are endowed with a topology or metric
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The color domain
Intensity
Hue
Brightness
Green
Red
Yellow
Blue
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Conceptual spaces• Information is organized by quality dimensions• … that are sorted into domains (space, time,
temperature, weight, color, shape … )
• Domains are endowed with a topology or metric• Conceptual spaces represent human cognition (not scientific models)
• Similarity is represented by distance in a conceptual space
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Properties vs. concepts
Properties: A convex region in a single domain
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The color spindle
Intensity
Hue
Brightness
Green
Red
Yellow
Blue
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Properties vs. concepts
Properties: A convex region in a single domain
Concepts: A number of convex regions in different domains; together with (1) prominence values of the domains and (2) information about how the regions in different domains are correlated
Concepts ≈ frames + geometric structure
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An example of a concept: ”Apple”
Domain Region
Color Red-green-yellow
Taste Values for sweetness, sourness etc
Shape "Round" region of shape space
Nutrition Values for sugar, vitamin C, fibres etc
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Cognitive grounding of linguistic categories
• Properties Adjectives
• Concepts Nouns
• There is a shape bias in children’s learning of nouns
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Shape space according to Marr
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How is action space structured?
We know even less about the geometry and topology of action space
than we know about shape space
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Dynamic domains
Marr & Vaina”Walk”
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Gunnar Johansson’spatch-lighttechniquefor analysingmotion perception
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Kinematic specification of dynamics(Runesson)
The kinematics of a movement contains sufficient information to identify the underlying dynamic force patterns.
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Representational hypothesis• The fundamental cognitive representation of an
action is the pattern of forces that generates it
• Actions are more or less similar and show prototype effects
• An action category is a convex region in the space of force patterns
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A two-vector model of an event• The force vector (pattern) acts on an patient
• From force space (categorized into actions)
• The result vector describes the changes of the properties of the patient
• Changes in location or in category space
• Cognitive account, not metaphysical
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More components of events• Agent represented in agent space that
contains at least the force domain
• Patient represented in category space and physical space
• Counterforces exerted by the Patient
• Intentions of the Agent
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Representing verb meanings• Main semantic hypothesis: A verb represents
either the force vector or the result vector of an event
• Explains the division of manner and result verbs
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Manner verb: ”Push”
• Force applied to object• Prototypically, push leads to
change in position of object• However, this change is not
certain, due to counterforces• Expectations can be tested
with ”but”
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Result verbs
• Describes change in object (”cut” and ”break” divide into several)
• Do not say anything about the forces that lead to the change
• Two basic kinds: change of position (”move”) and change of properties (”paint”)
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Why either manner or result?
• Strong support from linguistic analyses
• Connection between force vector and result vector not direct (counterforces etc)
• Makes it difficult to learn the mapping
• Possible counterexample: ”dive”
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Transitive/intransitive
• Intransitive: walk, jump, sleep, die
• In many intransitive verbs Agent = Patient
• Agent applies a force to him/herself
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Mental forces
• I persuade you, I scare you, I praise you, I blame you
• Apply to different aspects of patient’s emotional or cognitive space
• These verbs presume a sentient patient
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State verbs
• E.g. be, sleep, hate
• No change involved (identity vector in property space)
• No force applied
• Result verbs
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Adverbs (modifying verbs)
• Function as scalars to multiply force or result vectors
• ”He strongly pushed the door”
• ”She slowly opened the door”
• Analogous to how adjectives modify nouns
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Cognitive grounding of linguistic categories
• Concepts Nouns• Properties Adjectives• Spatial relations Prepositions• Force and change vectors Verbs• Modifying vectors Adverbs• Events Propositions