Everything which is taught in a school from subjects to after school clubs to how to deal with bullies. It even includes things like being punctual and showing respect to people

This perspective see’s the hidden curriculum as concerning everything beyond the main subjects being taught to other things being taught which influence and shape the thoughts and beliefs of students. These include school rules, dress codes, obeying teachers etc

Particularistic values are those given to you by your family, they treat you as an individual, they take account of your own individual skills, abilities, and habits.

  Universal values are those given to

everyone, the same rules apply, as an individual you aren’t afforded any special considerations.

They were functionalists and they said as we live in a meritocratic society the education system was the best mechanism for selecting the right people for the right jobs.

As a Marxist he said the education systems main role was in the reproduction of an efficient and obedient labour force.

The state apparatuses are all the institutions of the state (government) which work to protect the power of the ruling class. So he saw the education system as a tool of the ruling class. For example meritocracy is an ideology sold to the working class on the basis the education system provides equal opportunities for all.

Functionalists see the hidden curriculum as a positive force developing learners’ character through timetables, uniform, rewards, assemblies etc. While Marxists point out all these features do is prepare young people to be exploited by bosses, as the hidden curriculum simply prepares them to be obedient in the workplace

This follows on from the previous point where the hidden curriculum simply prepares people for a life-time of work through formal controls like wearing a uniform, obeying orders, accepting prizes for good or extra work, doing homework prepares you for doing extra work at home when you’re at work!

As a functional prerequisite by passing on to new children society’s core values and beliefs

Through secondary socialisation as schools take over from the family in preparing children for adulthood. This occurs with the shift from particularistic and particularistic values

Ascribed status is given to you by your family. So at home you could be the ‘top –dog’. However adulthood is meritocratic and you have to earn your status through talents that have been worked through say educational qualifications