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TRANSCRIPT
Personalized Aging
3rd Annual Senior Living Executive courseSunday, February 26th, 2017
Dean Pinchas Cohen, MD
USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology
Case #1
• A 60-year old man walks into a bar…
• OK, actually he walks into a doctor’s office
• He needs a general physical, and he wants to get life insurance, and he wants to start living a healthier lifestyle. Yes, its the second week of January
The “Digital-Aging” Initiative at the
USC Davis School of Gerontology
Digital Aging Center• Center Fully Launched in 2013
• Mission Defined - Partners Committed
• Leadership Established (Liz Zelinski)
• First Lead Grant $250,000 (HCP)
• First Product Launched
– (guide to elder abuse response app)
• Signature App Development Program
• A centralized source of aging and supportive technology information
• Incubate new products, programs, applications, services
• Next product to launch: the Longevity App
GEARA Guide for
Elder Abuse
Response
Digital Aging – App Competition
We hold an annual competition among our
students to create the best new “app” to benefit
older adults.
Winners included:
GEAR App
Longevity App
Call-Grandma App
Financial GEAR
Caregiver app (trilingual – Spanish & Tagalog)
All Cracked App
People Are Bad at Guessing
How Long They’ll Live
The chance
people (55-60 YO)
thought they had
of living to 75
(20-years ago)
Their actual chance people of living to 75
(20-years later)
2014 Abraham (UM) andHarris (Brookings Institution)
When the “Spans” Don’t Match…Lifespan – Average life expectancy
Healthspan – Age of contracting a chronic disease
Disability-Span is growing
“Wealth-span” – Age when savings begin to dwindle
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1900 1960 2010
Mean lifespan
Mean Healthspan
Using Biology to Estimate Age & Measure Risk
• Biomarkers help determine “biological age”
• Biological age is more predictive of remaining life expectancy than chronological age
• Modifying health behaviors and environment can slow biological aging and increase longevity
Current Calculator Uses Multi-
dimensional Information Clinical Biomarkers
C-reactive Protein
Creatinine
Alkaline Phosphatase
Albumin
HbA1c
Systolic Blood
Pressure
Total Cholesterol
Sociodemographics
Chronological Age
Gender
Race/Ethnicity
Education
Health Behaviors
Physical Activity
Smoking Status
Body Mass Index
Waist
Circumference
Alcohol
Consumption
The USC Longevity app
The USC Longevity Calculator
Two Main Features
1. Predicts current life expectancy
2. Incentivizes adoption of healthy
lifestyle to improve life expectancy
Using the
Longevity
App to
motivate
people to
make lifestyle
changes
78 yrs84 yrs
Case #1.1
• The man selects an appropriate life insurance policy (projecting a life expectancy of 88 (80%)
• Appropriate medical therapy initiated
• Diet and exercise program initiated
• Longterm care insurance is recomended
Centenarians• I950 - 5,000 centenarians world-wide
• 2000 - 250,000 centenarians world-wide
• 2015 – 600,000 in China alone
• 2050 - 6 million centenarians world-wide
• Exceptional longevity is hereditary – choose your parents well
• Multiple genes associated with longevity have been identified
• Genes also control your response to diets and meds
• Potential diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets
100 years later
Gender and AgingWomen
• Lived only 1-2 years longer a century ago
• Live 5 years longer than men today
• Represent >75% of centenarians
• Spend more years with “disability”
Source: Crimmins and Colleagues, PNAS 2015
• A 58 year old women brings her mother to a memory care facility.
• She is happy with the set up and the care but displays anxiety related to her mothers diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
• During the interview with the resident physician she asks of her own risk
Case #2
Personalized Aging
My other main initiative for the USC
Davis School involves something I call
“personalized aging.”
Some of you may have heard of
“genomics” and some of you may
have not.
Basically, everybody ages differently
due to many factors unique to the
individual, including our genes.
THE USC CENTER FOR PERSONALIZED AGING
• Filter out non-relevant health messaging
• Allow focus on areas of personal highest risk
• Help select individualized programs, diets,and wellness strategies
The end of “one-size-fits-all”
aging advice
PERSONALIZED AGING INITIATIVE
The opportunity:
• Create new approaches to individualized strategies for health
maintenance which could be referred to as "personalized aging”
• Abandon 20th Century advice – “one-size fits all”
• Capitalize on novel technologies and Genetic Counseling:
• Diet and nutrigenomics
• Health telemetry
• Exercise innovation and wearable tech
• Brain Training – apps and beyond
• Develop a paradigm by which personalized longevity advice can
be offered to people together with appropriate nutritional,
exercise, brain training and tailored pharmacological interventions
The Evolution of GenomicsGenomics 1.0 – Discovery of Disease-Related Mutations
Rare conditions, e.g. Sickle Cell, Huntington’s Disease, Cystic Fibrosis
Genomics 2.0 – Identification of Disease SusceptibilityCommon conditions, e.g. Diabetes, Cancers, Alzheimer’s
Genomics 3.0 – Responsiveness to TreatmentsCommon conditions, e.g. Diabetes, Cancers, Alzheimer’s
Genomics 4.0 – Genetics of PreventionIdentifying genetic variants that determine responsiveness
to diets, exercise, supplements, etc.
Creating healthy aging strategies for each individual
Cost of Sequencing One GenomeFrom $3,000,000,000 .... to < $3,000
H
Heritability
Height heritability – 80% (>400 genes)
Knowing an individuals’ risk level may…
• Lead to more targeted interventions
• Incentivize at-risk individuals to improve their health
How do you discover risk genes? 2005-2015?
Genome-wide association analysis
GWASInvolves genotyping cases and controls for >1,000,000 SNP markers spread throughout the genome and looking for associations between genotypes at any locus and disease status.
Single-nucleotide polymorphismwe have tens of millions
23&me$199
Provides information on >2,000,000 SNPs
å
Average Alzheimer’sLifetime Risk
ApoE e4/e4 Alzheimer’sLifetime Risk
APOE
Allele rs429358 rs7412
OR vs.
Ave
OR vs.
e3/e3
ε2/ε2 TT TT 0.26 0.5
ε2/ε3 TT TC 0.36 0.6
ε2/ε4 TC TC 1.38 2.5
ε3/ε3 TT CC 0.56 1
ε3/ε4 TC CC 2 3.5
ε4/ε4 CC CC 7.71 8
• The Women’s APOE genotype is e4/e3
• Her AD risk is 3-fold elvated
• Exercise, weight loss, vegetarian diet, and various forms of brain training are recommended
• Her sister is referred to testing as well
Case #2.1
• 59 year old hypochondriac discovers 23andMe
• Has great concerns about family history of coronary disease
• Has stressful job, travels frequently on business, and has limited time to exercise.
Case #3
My Genomics at 23and Me
Pinchas Cohen, M.D.23&Me Results
Thromboembolism Risk
• Reality check
• Longevity app predicts 80-84 years
• Changes travel style (Business Class, compression stockings)
• Aspirin, 10,000 steps, aspires to be a vegan
Case #3.1
N-acetyl-transferaseregulates metabolism of
overcooked meatfast vs. slow
POT1 – the sunscreen gene
After a two year loan to the United States, Michelangelo's David is being returned to Italy:
2014 USC Diet Studies Challenge Thinking on Proteins Versus Carbs
Caloric RestrictionExtends Lifespan?(only sometimes)
Dis-lipidemiaNoYes
PersonalizedAging!!!
What diet should you be on?
For $30,000,000,000
And 20-years
We can tell you!
Low Calorie?Low Carb?Low Fat?Low Protein?Mediterranean?Vegetarian?Vegan?
Big Genomics
What can we do to reduce our genetic risks:
Based on the individual susceptibility –
Avoid smoking and Obesity
Exercise
Select an appropriate diet
Carrot is the new Hotdog
USC Davis School of Gerontology Graduate Coordinated Program in Dietetics
• Master’s of Science Degree in Nutrition, Health-span
and Longevity (NHL) Focus on Nutrigenomics
• Graduates can sit for the exam to become Registered
Dietitians (RDs)
• Focus on medical nutrition therapy, community
nutrition, food science, policy and leadership
• Translating nutrition research into practice
• Will be a one-of-a-kind program in the world
• First students started in 2014 - will graduate this year
Wearable Tech: Personalized Exercise
Non-invasive brain stimulation
Brain Training – for those with dementia risk
Brain-Challenging Video Games
What can we gain from cognitive interventions in healthy older adults?
• Attempt to prevent a decline in cognitive tasks
• Rehabilitate and improve declining cognitive skills
• Ensure preservation of functional ability Image courtesy of http://www.simpsoncrazy.com/pictures/homer
Personalized Health Services
• Individual exercise regimens
• Nutrigenomic analysis and customized diets
• Brain training exercises
• Stress reduction (spirituality, social engagement)
“Nonsense, Dad - you look fabulous!”
The Economic Benefits of Prevention
212323
54160
0
200
400
600
800
1000
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Total Medical Costs ($Billions) for Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease under delay scenarios
Total Costs ($Billions) Delay 1 Year Delay 5 Years
928
593
300
518
214
119
Zissimopoulos and Crimmins 2015
Final Secret to a long and Healthy Life:
• Everything in Moderation
• Including moderation
Personalized Health and Longevity