permeabilidad y mecanismos de trasnporte celular codigo 20120353.pdf

LABORATORIO DE SIMULACIÓN (Physioex 9.0). Correr el Ejercicio Nº 1:Permeabilidad y mecanismos de transporte celular: actividades del 1 al 5.

ALUMNO: ANTHONY HUAMÁN ALAYO

COD: 20120353

CURSO: FISIOLOGÍA DE ANIMALES DE GRANJA-LABORATORIO

GRUPO: A

CICLO: 2015-I

Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 1: Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion) Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz ResultsYou scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The driving force for diffusion isYou correctly answered: b. the kinetic energy of the molecules in motion.

2. In diffusion, molecules moveYou correctly answered: a. from high concentration to low concentration.

3. Which of the following dialysis membranes has the largest pore size?You correctly answered: d. 200 MWCO

4. Avogadro's number is a constant for the number ofYou correctly answered: b. molecules.

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Experiment ResultsPredict Question:Predict Question 1: The molecular weight of urea is 60.07. Do you think urea will diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane?Your answer : c. No, not at all.

Predict Question 2: Recall that glucose is a monosaccharide, albumin is a protein with 607 amino acids, and the averagemolecular weight of a single amino acid is 135 g/mole.

Which of the following will be able to diffuse through the 200 MWCO membrane?Your answer : c. glucose only

Stop & Think Questions:The reason sodium chloride didn't diffuse left to right is thatYou correctly answered: c. the membrane pore size was too small.

Glucose is a six-carbon sugar. Albumin is a protein with 607 amino acids. The average molecular weight of a single aminoacid is 135 g/mole. There is no reason to run these solutes at the 20 MWCO becauseYou correctly answered: d. glucose and albumin are both too large to pass.

The rate of diffusion for ureaYou correctly answered: b. is slower than that for sodium because urea is a larger molecule.

Experiment Data:

Solute MWCO Solute Concentration Average Diffusion RateNa+ Cl- 20 9.00 0.0000

Urea 20 9.00 0.0000Na+ Cl- 50 9.00 0.0150Na+ Cl- 50 18.00 0.0300Na+ Cl- 100 9.00 0.0150

Urea 100 9.00 0.0094Glucose 200 9.00 0.0040Albumin 200 9.00 0.0000

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Post-lab Quiz ResultsYou scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The effect of increasing the concentration of sodium chloride from 9 mM to 18 mM in the left beaker was toYou correctly answered: b. increase the rate of diffusion.

2. Describe the difference between the rate of diffusion seen for sodium and urea.You correctly answered: c. Urea diffused more slowly because it is larger than sodium.

3. Which of the following solutes did not pass through any of the membranes?You correctly answered: b. albumin

4. When diffusion stops, we say the solution has reachedYou correctly answered: a. equilibrium.

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Review Sheet Results1. Describe two variables that affect the rate of diffusion.Your answer:1- el tamaño de los poros; mientras más grandes sean en terminos de MWCO le dan facilidad a la molecula para quepasen la embrana.2- el tamaño de las moleculas que pasaran por los poros, segun su tamaño (si son grandes o pequeña), tienen limitacionespara pasar a traves de la menbrana.

2. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? How well did the results comparewith your prediction?Your answer:porque la urea es una molecula muy grande, en comparacion con el poro por donde va a entrar (20MWCO ), mientras quea 100 MWCO (poro más grande) y bajo las condiciones de soluto anterior sí logró pasar por la menbrana.

3. Describe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200 MWCO membrane. How well did theresults compare with your prediction?Your answer:a pesar de que a 200 MWCO el poro es más grande, la albumina no logra pasar por difusion simple ya que es unamolecula muy grande (607 aminoacidos), mientras que la glucosa es una molecula con un peso mucho menor encomparacion con la anterior

4. Put the following in order from smallest to largest molecular weight: glucose, sodium chloride, albumin, and urea.Your answer:Orden de moleculas de menor a mayor peso molecular:1.cloruro de sodio.2. urea.3. glucosa.4. albumina.

Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 2: Simulated Facilitated Diffusion Lab Report


1. Molecules need a carrier protein to help them move across a membrane becauseYou correctly answered: d. they are lipid insoluble or they are too large.

2. Which of the following is true of facilitated diffusion?You correctly answered: c. Movement is passive and down a concentration gradient.

3. Examples of solutes that might require facilitated diffusion includeYou correctly answered: d. all of the above.

4. Which of the following would not affect the rate of facilitated diffusion?You correctly answered: a. the amount of intracellular ATP

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Experiment ResultsPredict Question:Predict Question 1: What effect do you think increasing the number of protein carriers will have on the glucose transportrate?Your answer : b. The glucose transport rate will increase.

Predict Question 2: What effect do you think adding Na+ Cl- will have on the glucose transport rate?Your answer : c. There will be no change in the glucose transport rate.

Stop & Think Questions:What happened to the glucose transport rate when the glucose concentration was increased from 2 mM to8 mM?You correctly answered: a. The glucose transport rate increased.

Describe the conditions that resulted in the fastest rate of glucose transport.You correctly answered: d. 700 glucose carrier proteins and 8 mM glucose

Why do you think equilibrium wasn't reached?You correctly answered: b. The membrane proteins were saturated.

Experiment Data:

Run Number Solute Start Conc. L Start Conc. R Carriers Rate1 Glucose 2.00 0.00 500 0.00082 Glucose 8.00 0.00 500 0.00233 Glucose 2.00 0.00 700 0.00104 Glucose 8.00 0.00 700 0.00315 Glucose 10.00 0.00 100 0.0017#6 Na+ Cl- 0.00 2.00 700 0.00426 Glucose 2.00 0.00 700 0.0010

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1. What variable(s) increased the rate of facilitated diffusion of glucose?You correctly answered: d. both a and b

2. For facilitated diffusion, increasing the concentration of glucose on one side of the membrane is the same as You correctly answered: b. making the concentration gradient steeper

3. When all of the membrane carriers are engaged, or busy, we say they areYou correctly answered: a. saturated.

4. Na+ Cl- had no effect on glucose transport becauseYou correctly answered: b. sodium is not required for glucose transport in the simulation.

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Review Sheet Results1. Explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion and one way in which it is different fromsimple diffusion.Your answer:la difusion facilitada se diferencia de la difusion simple, porque usa proteinas trasnportadoras que ayudan a las moleculas apasar a traves de la menbranas de manera más rapida, sigueindo la gradiente de concentracion y sin usar ATP.

2. The larger value obtained when more glucose carriers were present corresponds to an increase in the rate of glucosetransport. Explain why the rate increased. How well did the results compare with your prediction?Your answer:a mayor cantidad de transportadores de glucosa, el transporte es más rapido para llegar al equilibrio. este fenomeno puedeobservarse claramente al al comparar los resultados de trasnportadores de glucosa, analizando como aumentó la rapidezdel trasnporte al aumentar el numero de trasnportadores de 500 a700 a una misma concentracion (bajo las mismascondiciones).

3. Explain your prediction for the effect Na+ Cl- might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you pickedthe choice that you did. How well did the results compare with your prediction?Your answer:al agregar cloruro de sodio la velocidad del trasnporte sigue igual; esto se puede observar en los experimentos donde seusó trasnportadores de glucosa a 700 en 2 procesos (bajo las mismas condicones) excpeto que a uno se le agrego clorurode sodio, la velocidad del experimento fue la misma de la que no se agrego claruro de sodio, ambos llegaron al equilibrio almismto tiempo.

Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 3: Simulating Osmotic Pressure Lab Report


1. Which of the following is true of osmosis?You correctly answered: c. It is a type of diffusion.

2. Which of the following occurs when a hypertonic solution is added to cells?You correctly answered: d. The cells shrink.

3. The variable that affects osmotic pressure isYou correctly answered: a. the concentration of nondiffusing solutes.

4. The net movement of water would be into the cell in a You correctly answered: b. hypotonic solution.

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Experiment ResultsPredict Question:Predict Question 1: What effect do you think increasing the Na+ Cl- concentration will have?Your answer : a. increased pressure

Predict Question 2: What do you think will be the pressure result of the current experimental conditions?Your answer : b. pressure above the right beaker

Stop & Think Questions:Why do you think there is no pressure change?You correctly answered: b. Sodium is able to diffuse through the pores.

Why do you think there was no pressure change?You correctly answered: c. There is no net movement of water because the solute concentrations are the same.

Experiment Data:

Run Number Solute MWCO Start Conc. L Pres. L Start Conc. R Pres. R Rate1 Na+ Cl- 20 5.00 170 0.00 0 0.00002 Na+ Cl- 20 10.00 340 0.00 0 0.00003 Na+ Cl- 50 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.01674 Glucose 100 8.00 136 0.00 0 0.00005 Glucose 100 8.00 0 8.00 0 0.00006 Glucose 200 8.00 0 0.00 0 0.00367 Albumin 200 9.00 153 0.00 0 0.0000

Glucose 200 0.00 153 10.00 0 0.0044

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1. If you double the concentration of a nondiffusible solute that is on one side of a membrane, the osmotic pressure willYou correctly answered: c. double.

2. Which membrane did not allow Na+ Cl- to pass through?You correctly answered: a. 20 MWCO

3. When a solute is able to diffuse through a membraneYou correctly answered: b. equilibrium is reached.

4. Water diffusesYou correctly answered: c. toward solutes.

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Review Sheet Results1. Explain the effect that increasing the Na+ Cl- concentration had on osmotic pressure and why it has this effect. How welldid the results compare with your prediction?Your answer:la concentracion de cloruro de sodio no influye en la presion osmotica, al menos cuando interactua con los poros de 20MWCO, porque en poros de 50 MWCO si logro traspasar la menbrana hasta encontrar el equilibrio, tal como se puedeobservar en los experimentos 1, 2 y 3; por lo tanto el cloruro de sodio si influye en la presion osmotica pero en poros de 50MWCO o más.

2. Describe one way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and one way in which it is different.Your answer:la osmosis se diferencia de la difusion simple,en que se da siempre que hay una difrencia de concentracion de agua entrelos dos lados de una menbrana, a la vez esta concentracion de agua depende de los solutos que estan presentes a sualrededor.

3. Solutes are sometimes measured in milliosmoles. Explain the statement, “Water chases milliosmoles.”Your answer:la concentracion de agua esta relacionada con la oncentracion de solutos que estan presentes; es decir los milimoles deagua siempre se mueveran hacia la solución con la mayor concentración de solutos (en milimoles).

4. The conditions were 9 mM albumin in the left beaker and 10 mM glucose in the right beaker with the 200 MWCOmembrane in place. Explain the results. How well did the results compare with your prediction?Your answer:como podemos obeservar en el experimento 7 la concentracion de glucosa es mayor dentro de la celula; mientras que laalbumina tiene mayor concentracion fuera de la celula; como lo mencionamos anteriormente la osmosis buscara elequilibrio, la presion osmotica aumento en la celula porque hay mayor concentracion dentro de ella; la presion aumentohasta que la glucosa estuvo en equilibrio y luego se detuvo; por otro lado la albumina no pudo ingresar debido al tamaño desus moleculas.

Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 4: Simulating Filtration Lab Report


1. Filtration is a process that You correctly answered: c. is passive.

2. Filtration is dependent upon aYou correctly answered: b. hydrostatic pressure gradient.

3. The filtrateYou correctly answered: d. All of these answers are correct.

4. An important place that filtration takes place in the body is inYou correctly answered: d. the kidneys.

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Experiment ResultsPredict Question:Predict Question 1: What effect will increasing the pore size of the filter have on the filtration rate?Your answer : c. The filtration rate will increase.

Predict Question 2: What will happen if you increase the pressure above the beaker (the driving pressure)?Your answer : a. The filtration rate will increase.

Stop & Think Questions:The reason none of the solutes were present in the filtrate was thatYou correctly answered: b. the solutes were all too large to pass through.

What does an increase in the driving pressure correspond to in the body?You correctly answered: d. an increase in blood pressure

Experiment Data:

Run Number Solute MWCO Pressure Filter Rate Residue Start Conc. Filter Conc.1 Na+ Cl- 20 50 1.00 present 5.00 0.001 Urea 20 50 1.00 present 5.00 0.001 Glucose 20 50 1.00 present 5.00 0.001 Powdered Charcoal 20 50 1.00 present 5.00 0.002 Na+ Cl- 50 50 2.50 present 5.00 4.812 Urea 50 50 2.50 present 5.00 0.002 Glucose 50 50 2.50 present 5.00 0.002 Powdered Charcoal 50 50 2.50 present 5.00 0.003 Na+ Cl- 200 50 10.00 present 5.00 4.813 Urea 200 50 10.00 present 5.00 4.743 Glucose 200 50 10.00 present 5.00 4.343 Powdered Charcoal 200 50 10.00 present 5.00 0.004 Na+ Cl- 200 100 20.00 present 5.00 4.814 Urea 200 100 20.00 present 5.00 4.744 Glucose 200 100 20.00 present 5.00 4.344 Powdered Charcoal 200 100 20.00 present 5.00 0.00

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1. After filtration, substances that pass through the filter are called the filtrate, which includesYou correctly answered: d. all of the above.

2. The top beaker in the simulation corresponds toYou correctly answered: a. the blood capillary.

3. Why was there not 100% recovery of the Na+ Cl- solute with any of the membranes?You correctly answered: c. Some of the solute remained on the membrane filter.

4. An increase in blood pressure would probably initially __________ filtration in the kidneys.You correctly answered: b. increase the rate of

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Review Sheet Results1. Explain in your own words why increasing the pore size increased the filtration rate. Use an analogy to support yourstatement. How well did the results compare with your prediction?Your answer:es sencillo, porque a mayor tamaño de poros, hay mas posibilidades de que moleculas menores al tamaño del poro sefiltren.una analogia que nos haga entender esta situacion es ; imaginemos una canasta de baloncesto, esa canasta esta hechaespecialmente para que entre la pelota de basket u otras pelotas de un tamaño igual o neor a la de basket; si hubiese unapelota más grande no entraria a la canasta por más esfuerzo que hagamos.y la gradiente de presion seria el jugadorprofesional que tira la pelota, no todas las pelotas entraran a la canasta y quedaran en la cancha, la cancha seria lamenbrana que atrapa los solutos que no lograron ingresar.

2. Which solute did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes? Explain why.Your answer:el soluto que no logro aaparecer en el filtrado son las cenizas de carbón; posiblemente por el tamaño de sus moleculas ygradiente de presion; ya que la filtracion no es un proceso selectivo.

3. Why did increasing the pressure increase the filtration rate but not the concentration of solutes? How well did the resultscompare with your prediction?Your answer:porque parte de los solutos que van a filtrarse quedan atrapados en la menbrana, debido a que solo siguen su gradiente depresion, por más que se aumente la presion no podrian pasar por la menbrana puesto que ya quedaron atrapadas; enconclusion el aumento de presion no aumenta la filtracion, sólo la acelera.

Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 5: Simulating Active Transport Lab Report


1. The movement of sodium and potassium maintained by the Na+ -K+ pumpYou correctly answered: e. requires energy and is against a concentration gradient.

2. The sodium-potassium pump is classified as a(n)You correctly answered: a. antiporter.

3. The sodium-potassium pump moves _____ sodium ions and _____ potassium ions simultaneously.You correctly answered: b. 3, 2

4. Solutes that require active transport for movement might be too large to pass or might beYou correctly answered: a. lipid insoluble.

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Experiment ResultsPredict Question:Predict Question 1: What do you think will result from these experimental conditions?Your answer : c. No Na+ will be transported.

Predict Question 2: Do you think the addition of glucose carriers will affect the transport of sodium or potassium?Your answer : d. No, it will not affect the transport of either ion.

Stop & Think Questions:Why did the sodium transport stop before the transport was completed?You correctly answered: c. The ATP was depleted.

Why was the equilibrium for the solutes reached earlier?You correctly answered: c. There were more pumps for transport.

Experiment Data:

Run Number Solute ATP Start Conc. L Start Conc.R

Pumps Carriers Rate

1 Na+ Cl- 1.00 9.00 0.00 500 --- 0.02701 K+ Cl- 1.00 0.00 6.00 500 --- 0.01802 Na+ Cl- 3.00 9.00 0.00 500 --- 0.00002 K+ Cl- 3.00 0.00 6.00 500 --- 0.00003 Na+ Cl- 3.00 9.00 0.00 500 --- 0.00004 Na+ Cl- 3.00 9.00 0.00 800 --- 0.00834 K+ Cl- 3.00 0.00 6.00 800 --- 0.00565 Na+ Cl- 3.00 9.00 0.00 500 --- 0.00835 K+ Cl- 3.00 0.00 6.00 800 --- 0.00565 Glucose --- 0.00 10.00 --- 400 0.0046#

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1. What happened when you increased the amount of ATP dispensed with the same concentration of sodium andpotassium on either side of the membrane?You correctly answered: b. More ions were transported.

2. At what concentration of ATP were the sodium and potassium maximally transported?You correctly answered: d. 3 mM ATP

3. What was the effect of adding more Na+ -K+ pumps to the simulated cell?You correctly answered: a. Transport of the ions was faster.

4. Describe the effect of adding glucose carriers to the sodium and potassium transport.You correctly answered: c. There was no change in the transport rate because glucose is transported independently.

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Review Sheet Results1. Describe the significance of using 9 mM sodium chloride inside the cell and 6 mM potassium chloride outside the cell,instead of other concentration ratios.Your answer:En el experimento se uso 9mM de cloruro de sodio (dentro de la celula) y y 6 mM de cloruro de potasio fuera de la celulaporque esas son las razones de proporcion para que funciones la bomba sodio-potasio, ya que esta expulsa tres iones dede sodio hacia el exterior de la celula por cada dos iones de potasio que ingresan a la celula.

2. Explain why there was no sodium transport even though ATP was present. How well did the results compare with yourprediction?Your answer:no hubo trasnporte de sodio porque habia un numero deficiente de bombas sodio-potasio,tal como lo vemos en elexperimento 1, 2 y 3; mientras que en los otros experimentos (5 y 6) cuando se aumento el numero de bombas, eltransporte de sodio aumento.

3. Explain why the addition of glucose carriers had no effect on sodium or potassium transport. How well did the resultscompare with your prediction?Your answer:el movimiento de sodio y potasio son independientes de la glucosa porque tienen ya una bomba (bomba sodio-potasio)adaptada para ellos especialmente.

4. Do you think glucose is being actively transported or transported by facilitated diffusion in this experiment? Explain youranswer.Your answer:porque aumentaron los co-trasnportadores de proteinas a 400 (experimento 5), acompañado de una energia disponible (3ATP) hiso que se pueda facilitar su trasnporte.

permeabilidad y mecanismos de trasnporte celular codigo 20120353.pdf

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