period b. society the roman romulus and · d. roman civil war 1. dependence on conquered...
TRANSCRIPT
Slide 1 The Roman
Period
Slide 2 I. The Etruscans
A. 6th Century B.C.B. Society
1. militaristic2. practical3. anthropomorphic
deities
Slide 3 4. Legend of Romulus and Remus
5. probably from Asia
6. advanced culturea. metallurgy
Slide 4 b. Alphabetc. Organized
city-statesd. Defeated by
Rome (c. 509 B.C.)
Slide 5 II. Roman Republic
A. Motto—”Senatus Populusque Romanus” (the Roman Senate and People
Slide 6 B. Democracy for
male citizens1. assemblies2. Senate—self-
renewing oligarchy
Slide 7 Roman Senate
Slide 8 a. Patres—old families
b. Plebs—wealthy
familiesc. Consuls—
elected for one year-terms
Slide 9 3. Elected
magistratesC. Military Expansion
1. service requirement of all
male citizens (up to 16 years)
Slide 10 2. legion—5,000 men3. Punic Wars
a. With Carthageb. Hannibal's
march over the Alps in 218 B.C. (2ND
Punic War)
Slide 11
Slide 12 Hannibal’s March over the Alps
Slide 13 D. Roman Civil War1. dependence on
conquered territories
2. corruption of officials
3. abuse of poor
Slide 14 4. violent
excesses of generals
5. fall of the Republic (133-131 B.C.)
6. leaders:
Slide 15 a. Maruisb. Sullac. Pompeyd. Caesar
1) crossing of the Rubicon (49 B.C.)
Slide 16 2) acceptance of
dictatorship (44 B.C.)
3) assassination (March 44 B.C.)
4) Julian calendar (in use since 1/1/45B.C.!)
Slide 17 E.Visual Arts1. Fresco (painting on
wet plaster which becomes permanent part of wall)
a. Bright colorsb. Copies of Greek art
& mythology
Slide 18
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Slide 23 c. Naturalistic figures
d. Everyday subject matter
e. Trompe l’oeil (trick of the eye) combination of architectural detail & landscapes
Slide 24
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Slide 26 f. Imitation of
scenery1) tragic—columns, statues, palace
decor
Slide 27 2) comic scenery—private homes with balconies
Slide 28
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Slide 32 3) satiric—rustic
&
pastoral2. Sculpture
a. Portraits—household & ancestor worship
Slide 33 b. Busts from death
masks (Portrait of the
Unknown Roman)
Slide 34
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Slide 36 3. Architecture
a. Corinthianb. Smaller temples
(more private worship)
Slide 37 c. Engaged
columns—partly embedded
Slide 38
Slide 39 F. Theatre1. Style
a. Wild, unrestrained ,
lewdb. Grotesque
masks & costumes
Slide 40
Slide 41 2. Types
a. Phylakes(gossips)—parody of mythology
Slide 42 Roman Theatre masks
Slide 43 c. Comedy—
Terrence & Plautus
d. Mime—lewd, satiric, of Christianity
Slide 44 G. Religion & Philosophy
1. Stoicisma. Tenets
appealing to Romans
Slide 45 1) world governed by
reason, logos, the Great
Intelligence2) fate;
submission to greater will
Slide 46 3) duty4) justice for
everyone (chief contribution
to western
civilization)
Slide 47 b. Periods1) Old Stoa—
made a religion by
Chrysippus (280 BC)
Slide 48 2) Middle Stoa—brought to Rome by Diogenes of Babylon (156-155 BC); adopted Aristotle’s “golden mean”
Slide 49 3) Late Stoa—worldly, urbane, tolerant
2. Religiona. Early nature
spirit divinities
Slide 50 III. Roman Empire
A. Augustus1. defeat of
conspirators at Battle of Phillipi
(42 BC)
Slide 51 2. defeat of former
ally, Mark Antony at naval battle at
Actium (31 BC)3. named Caesar
(new honorific title) by Horace
Slide 52 4. autocratic powers (At one point he gave up all power, only to have it thrust back upon him by the people who named him Augustus, the Fortunate and Blessed)
Slide 53 a. Militaryb. Tribunician
(spokesperson for the people)
c. Religious (chief priest)
5. contributions
Slide 54 a. Aesthetic
revolution—however, art’s
purpose became propaganda based on symbolism
Slide 55
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Slide 60 b. Rebuilding of temples,
roads & aqueducts
c. Sound currencyd. peace
Slide 61 Pax Romana
Slide 62 B. Pax Romana
1. Good Emperors—Claudius, Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius
Slide 63 2. advancesa. Citizenship to
all peoples of Italy
b. Expansion to size of U.S.
Slide 64 4. decline (180 AD)
a. Army control through weak
emperorsb. Fall in the
standards of living
Slide 65 c. Higher taxesd. Decline of the
middle classe. Border problems
C. Roman Law1. Judge system—
justice from independents
Slide 66 2. legal knowledge
requirements3. establishment of
precedent system to ensure equality in application of the law
Slide 67 D. Philosophy
1. Seneca (8 BC-AD 65)
a. Rejected human weakness
Slide 68 b. Defended
“righteousness of great wealth”
c. Stoic2. Marcus Aurelius
and Epictetus--Stoicism
Slide 69 a. Marcus Aurelius
(AD 121-180)1) Stoic emperor
(after period of suppression of free inquiry under Nero)
Slide 70 2) shifted
Stoicism to a
moral sense rather than an
intellectual practice
Slide 71 3) tenets
a) austerity
b) faith in “an
assurance that all is for the best”
Slide 72 c) all people
are “children
of one father”
d) Meditation
Slide 73 b. Epictetus 1) slave Stoic2) Discourses
and Manuel
3) death reunites us
with logos
Slide 74 4) world is rationally
ordered3. Plotinus (205-270)
a. Individual beauty is reflection of harmony in the universe and “higher reality
Slide 75 b. “Good” is the
source of all
“Beauty”c. Art is the
bridge to the higher
realm
Slide 76 d. Art is
symbolic of:1) the
perfected natural world
Slide 77 2) the ultimate reality as humans can conceive of it
Slide 78 E. Religion—Mithra
1. Persian mystery cult
Slide 79 2. appealed to the military
a. Self disciplineb. Abstinencec. Control of
passiond. brotherhood
Slide 80 3. tenetsa. Mithra as
mediator with unknowableunreachable
god
Slide 81 b. Engaged in struggle with evil
c. Judge over the souls after death
d. God of light
Slide 82 e. Initiates
allowed to partake of sacred bread and wine which gave power to fight evil and offer eternal life
Slide 83 F. Visual Arts1. Wall painting
a. Brightly colored frescoes
b. Pompeiic. architectural
Slide 84 Pompeii
Slide 85
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Slide 87 2. Sculpture
a. Greek “perfect body”
b. Romanized with a toga
c. Emperors as gods
Slide 88
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Slide 90 d. Trajan’s
Column1) story of accomplishment2) 128 ft high in
Emperor’s Forum
Slide 91 3) interior
winding staircase
4) spiral relief sculpture
5) reliance on symbolism
Slide 92 e. Sarcophagi1) cremation
out of favor2) art reflective
of home life3) three-sided;
fourth against
wall
Slide 93
Slide 94
Slide 95 3. Architecture
a. Greek styleb. “Roman style”
offering arcades & tunnel and groin vaults
Slide 96
Slide 97 c. The Pantheon
1) domed temple of
unprecedented scale—143 ft
high
Slide 98 2) interior
gilded to suggest “golden dome of heaven”—light entered through oculus
Slide 99 3) use of concrete to
hold incredible weight (1st
time ever used)
Slide 100
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Slide 102 4) mysterious rings
around dome which
may be the secret to the weight
bearingtechnology
Slide 103
Slide 104 d. Colosseum—
representative of Roman style
1) seating for 50,000
2) vaulted corridors
Slide 105
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Slide 107 3) engaged columns4) columns of
different orders progressing upwards (Doric, Ionic,
Corinthian)
Slide 108
Slide 109 5) oval arena6) awnings to
shade spectators
Slide 110 G. Music
1. Very popular2. hydraulos—water
organ in Colosseum to provide background
music
Slide 111 3. pursuit of
professionalism4. invention of brass
instruments for military use
H. Literature
Slide 112 1. imitation of Greek2. Vergil’s Aeneid
commanded by Augustusa. 12 booksb. Story of Rome
Slide 113 c. Consummate skill
in diction, rhythm, & word
musicd. Understanding of
the human condition
Slide 114
Slide 115 e. Tried to burn it
because of imperfections but was forbidden by Augustus
Slide 116 3. Latin considered a
peasant language
4. influence of Virgil, Horace, and Livvy on western culture is tremendous
Slide 117
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