GLOBAL CONNECTIONSGLOBAL CONNECTIONSUnit 2: The Roman WorldUnit 2: The Roman World

The Origins of RomeThe Origins of Rome The MythThe Myth

Romulus Romulus and Remusand Remus

The Sabine The Sabine womenwomen

What does What does the myth tell the myth tell us about us about Roman Roman values?values?

The RealityThe Reality The LatinsThe Latins (from North of the Alps) (from North of the Alps)

753 BC founding of the city of Rome753 BC founding of the city of Rome The EtruscansThe Etruscans (from Asia Minor) (from Asia Minor)

Arrived in 800 BC by 625 BC ruled all of Northern Italy Arrived in 800 BC by 625 BC ruled all of Northern Italy (Tuscany)(Tuscany)

Influences on RomeInfluences on Rome Military org (phalanx), Weapons, Chariots, Engineering, Military org (phalanx), Weapons, Chariots, Engineering,

GladiatorsGladiators

Greek InfluencesGreek Influences Greek colonists settled in the South which became Greek colonists settled in the South which became

known as Magna Graecia (Great Greece)known as Magna Graecia (Great Greece) Greek alphabetGreek alphabet Religion (also through the Etruscans)Religion (also through the Etruscans)

Anthropomorphic gods, animal sacrifice, oraclesAnthropomorphic gods, animal sacrifice, oracles

Greek settlements in ItalyGreek settlements in Italy

The Influence of GeographyThe Influence of Geography The AlpsThe Alps

Protection from Protection from invasioninvasion

The ApenninesThe Apennines Not as divisive as the Not as divisive as the

mts. In Greecemts. In Greece The TiberThe Tiber (food/trans) (food/trans)

18 miles from the sea18 miles from the sea The 7 hillsThe 7 hills

pasture land and woodpasture land and wood Fertile plain (good soil)Fertile plain (good soil)

The Birth of the Roman RepublicThe Birth of the Roman Republic

Etruscan Domination of the City of Rome (c. 625 Etruscan Domination of the City of Rome (c. 625 BC – 509 BC)BC – 509 BC)

Etruscan Kings ruled for life after the approval Etruscan Kings ruled for life after the approval of the Senate and the citizensof the Senate and the citizens Etruscans Kings Pushed out by 509 BC due to bad Etruscans Kings Pushed out by 509 BC due to bad

monarchymonarchy In their place the Romans founded a In their place the Romans founded a Republic Republic

(Defn?)(Defn?)

The 7 Hills The 7 Hills of Romeof Rome

Roman SocietyRoman Society Patricians v. PlebeiansPatricians v. Plebeians

Patricians made up about 5-7% of population Patricians made up about 5-7% of population and were socially and legally superiorand were socially and legally superior Only patricians could become Consuls, Judges, Only patricians could become Consuls, Judges,

Priests Priests Three names (praenomen, gens, nomen)Three names (praenomen, gens, nomen)

• Citizenship and votingCitizenship and voting Citizenship required 2 Roman parentsCitizenship required 2 Roman parents

• Adult male landowners (participation in army)Adult male landowners (participation in army)• The Census: every 5 years you needed to registerThe Census: every 5 years you needed to register• Censors made decisions to move people up or down the Censors made decisions to move people up or down the

civic hierarchy (Patricians only)civic hierarchy (Patricians only)

The Struggle of the OrdersThe Struggle of the Orders 451-265 BC 451-265 BC

Plebeians slowly gained more rightsPlebeians slowly gained more rights How?How?

The 12 tables (451 BC)The 12 tables (451 BC) 10 Tribunes10 Tribunes No enslavement for debtNo enslavement for debt Marry PatriciansMarry Patricians Enter PriesthoodEnter Priesthood Eventually won the right to become Consul / Eventually won the right to become Consul /

SenatorSenator

Comparing Republican Govt’sComparing Republican Govt’sRomeRome United StatesUnited States

ExecutiveExecutive 2 consuls elected by the Ass. Once a 2 consuls elected by the Ass. Once a year. Power of year. Power of Imperium Imperium only only outside the cityoutside the city

Led the army, served as judges and Led the army, served as judges and PriestsPriests

President elected by the President elected by the people for four yearspeople for four years

LegislativeLegislative Senate of 300 members, serve for lifeSenate of 300 members, serve for life

Curiate AssemblyCuriate Assembly: oldest, based on : oldest, based on Clan associationsClan associations

Centuriate Ass:Centuriate Ass: all citizen soldiers, all citizen soldiers, members for life. (rubber stamp)members for life. (rubber stamp)

All bodies dominated by the All bodies dominated by the aristocracy (aristocracy (OligarchyOligarchy))

Senate of 100 membersSenate of 100 members

House of Reps 435 House of Reps 435 membersmembers

JudicialJudicial Praetors:Praetors: 8 judges chosen for 1 year 8 judges chosen for 1 year

Responsible for civil lawResponsible for civil law

Supreme court: 9 Supreme court: 9 justices who serve for lifejustices who serve for life

The Roman ArmyThe Roman Army Divided into legions of between five and Divided into legions of between five and

six thousand Roman citizenssix thousand Roman citizens All citizens had to serve (length of All citizens had to serve (length of

service varied)service varied) Century:Century: (80 men under the command of a (80 men under the command of a

Centurion. (Highest ranking non patrician)Centurion. (Highest ranking non patrician) Cohorts:Cohorts: 6 centuries (480) 6 centuries (480) Legions:Legions: 10 cohorts (4,800) Each with its 10 cohorts (4,800) Each with its

own standard and legionary Eaglesown standard and legionary Eagles Auxiliary troopsAuxiliary troops made up of non-citizens made up of non-citizens

were called on to support the regular armywere called on to support the regular army Discipline:Discipline: Decimation Decimation

Roman Expansion in ItalyRoman Expansion in Italy By 265 BC had By 265 BC had

conquered most of Italyconquered most of Italy Defeated the Latin Defeated the Latin

League and the Greeks League and the Greeks in the Southin the South

Life under Roman RuleLife under Roman Rule Citizenship, Municipalities, Citizenship, Municipalities,

Allies by treaty, Allies by treaty, Garrisoned landsGarrisoned lands All had to acknowledge All had to acknowledge

Roman superiority, pay Roman superiority, pay taxes and supply soldierstaxes and supply soldiers

Opportunity to move up and Opportunity to move up and become citizensbecome citizens

Roman Expansion Roman Expansion

Rome and Rome and CarthageCarthage

What and What and where is where is Carthage?Carthage?

The problemThe problem

The 1The 1stst Punic War (264-261BC) Punic War (264-261BC) Mostly a naval conflict brought about by Mostly a naval conflict brought about by

the Roman desire to expel a Carthaginian the Roman desire to expel a Carthaginian garrison from Sicilygarrison from Sicily ResultsResults

Treaty in which both sides promised not to attack Treaty in which both sides promised not to attack each others allies (Carthage paid a tribute for 10 each others allies (Carthage paid a tribute for 10 years)years)

Rome gains its first territory off the Italian Rome gains its first territory off the Italian peninsulapeninsula

Sicily, Corsica, SardiniaSicily, Corsica, Sardinia

Hannibal and the 2Hannibal and the 2ndnd Punic War Punic War Father Hamlicar raised him in the armyFather Hamlicar raised him in the army

At 26 he assumes commandAt 26 he assumes command

Brought about by the Punic Empire in SpainBrought about by the Punic Empire in Spain Carthage seized a town that was a new Roman Carthage seized a town that was a new Roman

ally causing Rome to declare warally causing Rome to declare war

218 BC invades Rome through the Alps with 218 BC invades Rome through the Alps with 50K men 37 elephants (2.5 months)50K men 37 elephants (2.5 months)

Lost 18K and a third of his elephantsLost 18K and a third of his elephants Will need to recruit in ItalyWill need to recruit in Italy

Battles of The Second Punic War Battles of The Second Punic War (218-202 BC)(218-202 BC)

Trebia River (30,000 lost)Trebia River (30,000 lost) Battle of Lake Trasamine (15,000)Battle of Lake Trasamine (15,000) Battle of Cannae: (70,000)Battle of Cannae: (70,000) Publius Cornelius ScipioPublius Cornelius Scipio

204 BC Scipio lands in Africa after conquering the 204 BC Scipio lands in Africa after conquering the Punic Empire in SpainPunic Empire in Spain

202 BC 202 BC Battle of ZamaBattle of Zama (Hannibal’s mercenaries (Hannibal’s mercenaries deserted)deserted) Carthage was made a dependent ally of RomeCarthage was made a dependent ally of Rome

The 3The 3rdrd Punic War 146 BC Punic War 146 BC Rome decided to eliminate Carthage Rome decided to eliminate Carthage

once and for all (Cato the Elder)once and for all (Cato the Elder) They were once again economically They were once again economically

successful and a threatsuccessful and a threat They violated the terms of their treaty by They violated the terms of their treaty by

crossing a Roman imposed frontier?crossing a Roman imposed frontier? After a three year siege they completely After a three year siege they completely

wipe out Carthage in 146 BCwipe out Carthage in 146 BC 133 BC Rome controls the 133 BC Rome controls the

MediterraneanMediterranean Macedonia, Asia Minor, Africa, SpainMacedonia, Asia Minor, Africa, Spain

Hannibal and Scipio Hannibal and Scipio

The Consequences of ExpansionThe Consequences of Expansion PositivePositive

War and conquestWar and conquest slavesslaves

NegativeNegative War and conquestWar and conquest slavesslaves

The consequences of The consequences of expansionexpansion

NegativeNegative Too much new territory would be hard to ruleToo much new territory would be hard to rule Damage to Italian farmland forced small farmers Damage to Italian farmland forced small farmers

to abandon or sell their land (some worked as to abandon or sell their land (some worked as tenant farmers)tenant farmers) Slaves took agricultural jobs, many former farmers went Slaves took agricultural jobs, many former farmers went

to Rome and were underemployed (Irony?)to Rome and were underemployed (Irony?) New foreign grain also drove the price of Italian grain New foreign grain also drove the price of Italian grain

down (Irony)down (Irony) Division between rich and poor became more Division between rich and poor became more

sharp when the wealthy consolidate newly sharp when the wealthy consolidate newly acquired land into acquired land into LatifundiaLatifundia

All of these led to new political, social and All of these led to new political, social and economic problemseconomic problems