Period 1

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Overview

• Period 1 Beginning to 600 B.C.E.+– Paleolithic Age– Neolithic Age • Neolithic Revolution

– River Valley Civilizations • Mesopotamia• Egypt• Indus Valley • Huang He river valley

Question 1

• Early agriculture in the Americas1. Developed as a result of cultural diffusion from

the Eastern Hemisphere2. Featured the domestication of larger animals than

in the Eastern Hemisphere3. Begin Later than in the Eastern Hemispheres4. Did not produce the wide variety of crops than the

Eastern Hemisphere did 5. Saw the rise of urbanization earlier than did the

Eastern Hemisphere

Question 2

• The Agricultural Revolutiona. Began with an extensive pattern of cultural

diffusionb. Occurred about the same time throughout the

worldc. Was confined to nonwestern civilizationd. Was an abrupt process beginning in 8000 B.C.E.e. Saw the use of agricultural methods that

encouraged migrations

Question 3

• During the Agricultural Revolution, womena. Were confined to childbearing dutiesb. Participated in hunting activities with menc. Experienced a decrease in statusd. Were not represented in Neolithic arte. Observed and studied the agricultural

environment

Question 4

• The Neolithic Agea. Saw the beginnings of urbanization b. Saw the process of agriculture carried out

without the use of metal tools c. Produced societies without class distinctions d. Saw a decline in global populationse. Witnessed the end of nomadic societies

Question 5

• Early urban dwellersa. Were dominated by people in agriculture

settlementsb. Left the pursuit of religious practices to

agricultural peoplesc. Saw the need for a governmentd. Were exempt from taxation e. Were offered few opportunities to carry out

specialized tasks

Question 6

• The Egyptian civilization was similar to the Sumerian civilizationa. In its reliance on natural defense barriersb. In its system of social stratification c. In its political structured. In the extent to which its culture was diffusede. In the nature of the flood pattern of its major

rivers

Question 7

• The earliest civilization in both the Eastern and Western hemispheres were similar in a. Their location at similar latitudesb. Their technological knowledgec. Their reliance on the flooding of major rivers in

their midst d. Their practice of polytheisme. The extent of their trade contacts with

neighboring people

Question 8

• The Indus valley civilizationa. Relied heavily on communal planningb. Is best studied through its written recordsc. Was isolated from other river valley civilizations

because of surrounding mountainsd. Declined after the arrival of Aryan invaderse. Shared similar flood control concerns with the

Egyptians

Question 9

• The Early civilization with the least developed technology was a. Mesoamericanb. Harappanc. Egyptiand. Sumeriane. Shang

Question 10

• The roots of classical India includeda. The Aryan written language, or Sanskritb. The egalitarian Aryan society c. Aryan agricultural knowledged. A society united by jatie. Vedic traditional literature

Question 11

• Shang Chinaa. Developed numerous artistic work even though

they did not know the use of metals b. Left no decipherable written recordsc. Was prevented by natural barriers from trading

with other early civilizationsd. Contributed to the development of central

government in China e. Was less urbanized than the Nile river civilization

Question 12

• Early societies of South Americaa. Were unified under a central governmentb. Were challenged by geographic limitationsc. Developed societies that had no knowledge of

metalsd. Traded widely with regions to their northe. Built upon Mesoamerican cultural traditions

Question 13

• Results of cultural diffusion among early civilization included a. The invention of the wheelb. The legend of Quetzakcoatlc. The cultivation of potatoesd. Harappan sewage systemse. None of the above

LETS SEE HOW YOU DID!

Answers(explanations will be on the next slides)

1. C2. E3. E4. A5. C6. B7. D

8. A9. A10.E11.D12.B13.B

Question 1

• C• Agriculture in the Americas began around 5000 BCE,

whereas that in the Eastern Hemisphere had began at least 3000 years earlier. Agriculture in the Americas developed independently (A). Animals in the Americas were smaller than those in the Eastern Hemisphere (B). Although food crops n the Americas differed from those in Eastern Hemisphere, a wide variety, including maize, squash, beans, and cacao, was produced (D). Urban areas such as those of Sumer predated urban areas in the Americas (E).

Question 2

• E• Slash-and- burn cultivation resulted in the

migration of early agriculture people as the soil lost its fertility. The Agriculture Revolution developed independently throughout the world (A) and at different times (B). The beginnings of agriculture was a gradual process (D) that occurred in both Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although at different times ©.

Question 3

• E• Women studied the growth of plants and

became the first farmers. As such, they were not confined merely to childbearing duties (A). Men handled the more strenuous duties of hunting (B). Women’s role as farmers and childbearing gave them an important in Neolithic society ©. A role that was represented in the fertility status of the Neolithic Age (D).

Question 4

• A• Te first cities arose in Sumer. Some Neolithic

societies used tolls of copper, bronze and later Iron (B). Societies were often stratified, with elite classes, peasants and slaves ©. Because of the success of early agriculture , population rose rapidly worldwide during the Neolithic age (D). Although many nomadic people changed to a settled lifestyle in the Neolithic Age, nomadism continues to the present (E)

Question 5

• C• Government arose from a need to cooperate

in major projects such as irrigation and flood control. Early cities trended to embrace and extend their governments to nearby agricultural settlements (A). Religious leaders played a role in early cities (B). Residents were required to pay taxes or tribute (D), and specialization of labor was commonplace

Question 6

• B• Both Egypt and Sumer had societies comprising various

social classes of the elite, peasants, and slaves. Whereas Egypt enjoyed natural defense barriers, Sumer did not (A). Sumer was governed by kings of local city-states,whereas the Egyptian pharoahs was the supreme ruler © Although the Egyptians largely developed themselves culturally, Sumerian culture was widly diffused by later conquerors (D). The Nile River flooding was predictable, whereas that of the Tigris and Euphrates was not (E).

Question 7

• D• All the earliest agricultural civilization

worshipped many gods . They were located in different latitudes (A) and enjoyed different levels of technology (B). The civilization of the Western hemisphere did not rely on the flooding of rivers ©. Trade in China and Andean civilization and societies was limited

Question 8

• A• Te presence of granaries and well planned street grids

in the cities of the Harappan civilization of the Indus valley is evidence of considerable community planning. The writing of the Harappan civilization is so far undecipherable (B). Indus valley people bypassed mountain barriers and traded by sea © Their civilization had already declined markedly before the arrival of the Aryans (D). Flood patterns of the Indus were unpredictable, whereas those of Egypt were predictable

Question 9

• A• Early Mesoamerican civilization did not even

have the knowledge of the wheel, whereas the other civilization mentioned did not have to rely on human muscle for contraction of irrigation projects

Question 10

• E• The tradition of the Vedas became an integral part of

Indian society. Sanskrit, the language of the Aryans, was originally an oral language only (A). Aryan society consisted of a number of classes based on skin color, which would become the foundation of the Hindus caste system (B) Aryans were nomadic people who learned of agriculture from the Dravidian people of India ©. The society of classical India was divided by jati, or sub castes of the Hindu caste system (D).

Question 11

• D• The Shang brought the settlements of

northern china under the control of a centralized government. Shang dynasty to leave written records (B. Although natural barriers lessened trade, the Shang carried out some trade with south Asia and Southwest Asia © A number of cities arose in China under the Shang (E)

Question 12

• B• The rugged Andean terrain hindered political

unity. Early south American societies were organized into local governments (A) and knew the use of copper ©. Trade with the north was limited because of geographical barriers (D) preventing South American societies from building upon the traditions of Mesoamerica (B).

Question 13

• B• The legend of Quetzalcoatl diffused

throughout early Mesoamerican cultures and civilization. The invention of the wheel (A) was an independent contribution of the Sumerians. The cultivation of potatoes © was limited to the early Andean societies and civilization. Harappan sewage systems (D) were unique to the people of the Indus valley civilization