performance and field applications of leadcap wma...

Performance and Field Applications of LEADCAP WMA Technology

2013. 10. 31.

Cheolmin Baek, Ph.D. Senior Researcher

Korea Institute of Construction TechnologySOC Research Institute

Highway Pavement Research Division

In Korea, typically, hot-mix asphalt (HMA) industries consume large amount of fuel and discharge much green-house gas emission.

30 million tons of HMA are produced at 160℃every year.

260 million liter bunker C oil is consumed.

0.8 million tons of CO2 are emitted.

Therefore, asphalt industry needs alternative technology to replace hot-mix asphalt in order to reduce fuel consumption and gas emission.

Warm-Mix Asphalt (WMA) is considered as an alternative green road technology to be replaced with HMA.

Warm-Mix Asphalt PavementHot-Mix Asphalt Pavement

180°C (356°F)

160°C (320°F)

140°C (284°F)

120°C (248°F)

100°C (212°F)

80°C (176°F)

Production

Temperature

Construction

Temperature

Production

Temperature

Construction

Temperature

180°C (356°F)

160°C (320°F)

140°C (284°F)

120°C (248°F)

100°C (212°F)

80°C (176°F)

From 2009, the Korea Institute of Construction Technology (KICT) developed a new warm-mix asphalt technology.

Named “Low Energy and Low Carbon-Dioxide Asphalt Pavement (LEADCAP)”

LEADCAP is an additive of a wax-based composition including a crystal controller and an adhesion promoter.

LEADCAP-B (Base)

LEADCAP-M (Modified)

LEADCAP-A(Advanced)

LEADCAP FamilyLEADCAP

To evaluate rutting potential of LEADCAP WMA mixtures at wet condition, the mobile moving load simulator (MMLS3) test was conducted at wet condition at 50˚C.

LEADCAP WMA mixture would be more resistance to rutting than HMA mixture.

MMLS3 Test Rut Depth

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

0 40,000 80,000

HMA

LEADCAP-AP

No. of Loading Cycles

Ru

t D

ep

th

HMA WMA

WMA-LEADCAP

WMA-S Additive

HMA

Dynamic Immersion Test Stripping

0

20

40

60

80

100

% W

eig

ht

Lo

ss o

f

Asp

halt

(%

)

Mix Type

Before After

In order to evaluate moisture sensitivity of LEADCAP WMA mixtures, AAHTO T 283 test was conducted and tensile strength ratio (TSR) was computed.

LEADCAP WMA mixture would be less sensitive to moisture damage than HMA mixture.

010

DryITS

WetITS

TSR(%)

AASHTO T 283 Test Tensile Strength Ratio

Dry Conditioned Specimen

Wet Conditioned Specimen

Accelerated Pavement Test

Test Conditions

Mix : 19mm NMAS + PG64-22

Wheel Load : 3.4 ~ 12ton

Speed : 10km/h

Temp. : 40±2°C

100

200

400

800

1600

3200

6400

12800

25600

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04

|E*|

(M

Pa)

Reduced Frequency (Hz)

HMA (4.9)

KW3 (4.4)

KW6 (4.5)

KW6-5 (4.3)

KW6-5 (4.5)

KW6-8 (4.3)

KW6-8 (4.9)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.E+00 5.E+04 1.E+05 2.E+05 2.E+05 3.E+05 3.E+05S

C

HMA (4.9)

KW3 (4.4)

KW6 (4.5)

KW6-5 (4.3)

KW6-8 (4.9)

KW6-5 (4.5)

KW6-8 (4.3)

HMA (4.9)

KW6 (4.5)

(4.5)

KW6-5 (4.3)

KW6-5 (4.5)

KW3 (4.4)

KW6-8 (4.9)

KW6-8 (4.3)

Performed Dynamic Modulus, Direct Tension Fatigue, TRLPD Tests

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000

Number of Cycles

ε p/ε

r

HMA (4.9)

KW6-8 (4.9)

KW3 (4.4)

KW6-8 (4.3)

KW6-5 (4.3)

KW6 (4.5)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.E+00 5.E+04 1.E+05 2.E+05 2.E+05 3.E+05 3.E+05

S

C

HMA (4.9)

M-HMA

KW6-8 (4.9)

M-KW6-8

KW6-8 (4.3)

M-KW6-8

HMA (4.9)

M-HMAM-KW6-8 (4.3)

KW6-8 (4.9)

M-KW6-8 (4.9)

KW6-8 (4.3)

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

HMA (4.9)

M-HMA

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

KW6 (4.5)

M-KW610

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

KW6-5 (4.3)

M-KW6-5

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

KW6-5 (4.5)

M-KW6-510

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

KW6-8 (4.3)

M-KW6-810

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

KW6-8 (4.9)

M-KW6-8

HMA (4.9)

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

HMA (4.9)

M-HMA

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

KW6 (4.5)

M-KW610

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

KW6-5 (4.3)

M-KW6-5

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

KW6-5 (4.5)

M-KW6-510

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

KW6-8 (4.3)

M-KW6-810

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

KW6-8 (4.9)

M-KW6-8

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

HMA (4.9)

M-HMA

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

KW6 (4.5)

M-KW610

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

KW6-5 (4.3)

M-KW6-5

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

KW6-5 (4.5)

M-KW6-510

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

KW6-8 (4.3)

M-KW6-810

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04


|E*|

(M

Pa

)

KW6-8 (4.9)

M-KW6-8

KW6-8 (4.9)KW6-8 (4.3)

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

KW6-5

(4.3)

KW6-8

(4.3)

KW6

(4.5)

KW6-5

(4.5)

HMA

(4.9)

KW6-8

(4.9)

Pre

dic

ted

Nf

Mixtures

Moisture Conditioned

0

0.00005

0.0001

0.00015

0.0002

0.00025

0.0003

0.00035

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

Reduced Time

Tra

ns

ve

rse

Str

ain

HMA (4.9)

KW3 (4.4)

KW6 (4.5)

KW6-5 (4.3)

KW6-5 (4.5)

KW6-8 (4.3)

KW6-8 (4.9)

5

4

5

8

9

6

3

2

110

Locations

No. Date Classification

1 2009. 11 Interstate Highway



4 2010. 10 City Road

5 2010. 10 APT Test Bed

6 2010. 11 Expressway

7 2010. 11 Expressway


Production Temperature of HMA: 160℃

Production Temperature of WMA: 130℃

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

HMA LEADCAP

Mix Type

Fu

el U

se (

lite

r/

ton

)

Fuel Reduction: 32%

Measurement Fuel Consumption

0

50

100

150

200

250

HMA LEADCAP

Su

lfu

r D

ioxid

e (

SO

x)

,pp

m

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

HMA LEADCAP

Carb

on

Dio

xid

e

(C

O2)

,kg

/to

n

0

10

20

30

40

HMA LEADCAP

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

HMA LEADCAPC

arb

on

Mo

no

xid

e(C

O)

,pp

m

Nit

ric

D

ioxid

e (

NO

x)

,pp

m

Reduction: 32% Reduction: 18%

Reduction: 24% Reduction: 33%

CO2, Co, NOx, SOx

0

2

4

6

HMA LEADCAP WMA

(Section A)

LEADCAP WMA

(Section B)

Air

Vo

id (

%)

Air

Vo

id (

%) 2nd Field Trial

0

2

4

6

HMA LEADCAP WMA

(Section A)

LEADCAP WMA

(Section B)

Air

Vo

id (

%)

Air

Vo

id (

%) 1st Field Trial

LEADCAP WMA pavement achieved a comparable air void as the control HMA pavement section

Air Void

• Four test sections (surface layers, total 11.7 km)• Performed between 1 ~ 5 years• Both show good condition, but WMA is generally

better.

2010.9 2010.11

2011.9

2011.92010.12

2011.82012.72012.9

2012.8

2012.9

Portugal Italy Japan USA Thailand China USA

Weather Condition

2010.9.

(fall)

2010. 11.

(late fall)

2010.12.

(winter)

2011. 8.

(summer)

2011. 9.

(summer)

2011. 9.

(fall)

2012.7

(summer)

Mix Type

Dense-

Graded

Asphalt

Dense-

Graded

Asphalt

Porous

Asphalt

Dense-

Graded

Asphalt

Dense-

Graded

Asphalt

Polymer-

Modified

SMA

Dense-

Graded

Asphalt

LEADCAP Type

LEADCAP 70 LEADCAP 70 LEADCAP64 LEADCAP64 LEADCAP64 LEADCAP64 LEADCAP64

RAP Use 0% 0% 0% 10% 0% 0% 25%

Plant Type Batch 500T Batch 50T Batch 500T

(30,000T)Drum 350T Batch 130T Batch 400T Drum 700T

Mixing Type with

LEADCAPPre-mixed Plant-mixed Pre-mixed Pre-mixed Pre-mixed Plant-mixed Pre-mixed

Mixing Temp.

125±5℃ 135±5℃ 145±5℃ 130±2℃ 130±5℃ 145±5℃ 135±3℃

Compaction Temp.

120±5℃ 120±5℃ 140±5℃ 120±5℃ 120±5℃ 140±5℃ 125±3℃

Heavy Traffic

No QA/QC

Cold Weather

Early Failure after1 year Service Life

21

Surface Layer

Base Layer

Crushed Aggregate

Intermediate Layer

Base Layer

Crushed Aggregate

Surface Layer

18cm

4cm

3cm

5cm

6cm

15cm

30cm

Mongolia Korea

Too thin asphalt layer leads to create crack faster and other distress

Condition Information

Location Ulaanbaatar City Gobi Desert

Weather

Condition2012.09 (Fall) 2012.09 (Fall)

Mix Type13mm Dense-Graded

Asphalt

19mm Dense-Graded

Asphalt

Additive Type-1 LEADCAP-B PM WMA-1

Additive Type-2PM(Polymer Modified)

WMA-1PM WMA-2

RAP Use 0% 0%

Plant Type Batch Batch

Dosing Method Plant-mixed Plant-mixed

Mixing Temp.140±5℃ (LEADCAP-B)

150±5℃ (PM WMA-1)

150±5℃ (PM WMA-1)

155±5℃ (PM WMA-2)

Compaction

Temp.

130±5℃ (LEADCAP-B)

140±5℃ (PM WMA-1)

140±5℃ (PM WMA-1)

145±5℃ (PM WMA-2)

Solid Type WMA Additive (SBS Modifer + LEADCAP)

Condition Information

Location Ulaanbaatar City

Weather Condition 2013.10 (Fall)

Mix TypeSurface - 9.5mm DGA

Base - 19mm DGA

Additive Liquid PWMA

Dosage Rate 4% of AC

OACSurface – 6.3%

Base – 5.4%

Plant Type Batch

Dosing Method Plant-mixed

Mixing Temp. 130±5℃

Compaction Temp. 115±5℃

Liquid PWMA Additive (Liquid SBS Modifer + LEADCAP)

performance and field applications of leadcap wma...

Documents