perception power point ii

8/3/2019 Perception Power Point II

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1

Size-Distance Relationship

The distant monster (below, left) and the top red bar (below, right) appear bigger because of

distance cues.

F r om S h e p a r d ,1 9 9 0

Al a n C h oi s n e t / T h e I m a g e B a nk



2

Size-Distance Relationship

Both girls in the room are of similar height.However, we perceive them to be of differentheights as they stand in the two corners of the

room.

Both photos from S. Schwartzenberg/ The Exploratorium



3

Ames Room

The Ames room is designed to demonstrate the size-distance illusion.



4

Lightness Constancy

The color and brightness of square A and B are the same.



5

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistentcolor even when changing illumination filters

the light reflected by the object.

Color Constancy

Color Constancy



6

Perceptual Interpretation Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) maintained thatknowledge comes from our inborn ways of

organizing sensory experiences.

John Locke (1632-1704) argued that we learn toperceive the world through our experiences.

How important is experience in shaping ourperceptual interpretation?



7

Restored Vision

After cataract surgery, blind adults were ableto regain sight. These

individuals coulddifferentiate figure andground relationships,yet they had difficulty

distinguishing a circleand a triangle

(Von Senden, 1932).



8

Facial Recognition

After blind adultsregained sight, they wereable to recognize distinct

features, but were unableto recognize faces.

Normal observers alsoshow difficulty in facial

recognition when thelower half of the pictures

are changed.

C o ur t e s y of Ri c h a r d L e Gr a n d



9

Kittens raisedwithout exposure tohorizontal lines later

had difficulty

perceiving horizontal bars.

Blakemore & Cooper (1970)

Sensory Deprivation



10

Perceptual Adaptation

Visual ability to adjustto an artificially

displaced visual field,e.g., prism glasses.

C o ur t e s y of H u b e r t D ol e z a l



11

Perceptual Set

A mental predisposition to perceive one thingand not another. What you see in the centerpicture is influenced by flanking pictures.

F r om

S h e p a r d ,1 9 9 0 .



12

(a) Loch ness monster or a tree trunk;(b) Flying saucers or clouds?

Perceptual Set

Other examples of perceptual set.

F r a nk

S e a r l e , ph o t oA d a m s / C or b i s - S

y gm a

Di c k R

uh l



13

Children's schemas represent reality as well as theirabilities to represent what they see.

Schemas

Schemas are concepts that organize andinterpret unfamiliar information.

C o ur t e s y of Ann a E l i z a

b e t h V o s k ui l



14

Students recognized a caricature of ArnoldSchwarzenegger faster than his actual photo.

Features on a Face

Face schemas are accentuated by specificfeatures on the face.

Ki e r a nL e e / F a c e L a b ,D e p a r t m e n t of P s y c h ol o g y ,

Uni v e r s i t y of W e s t e r nA u s t r a l i a



15

Eye & Mouth

Eyes and mouth play a dominant role in facerecognition.

C

o ur t e s y of C h r i s t o ph e r T yl e r



16

Is the “magician cabinet” on the floor or hanging from theceiling?

Context Effects

Context can radically alter perception.



17

To an East African, the woman sitting is balancing a metal box on her head, while the family is sitting under a tree.

Cultural Context

Context instilled by culture also altersperception.



18

Perception Revisited

Is perception innate or acquired?



19

Perception & Human Factors

Human Factor Psychologists design machines thatassist our natural perceptions.

The knobs for the stove burners on the right are easier tounderstand than those on the left.

P h o t o d i s c / P u n c h

s t o c k

C o ur t e s y of G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c



20

Human Factors & Misperceptions

Understanding human factors enables us todesign equipment to prevent disasters.

Two-thirds of airline crashes caused by human error are

largely due to errors of perception.



21

Human Factors in Space

To combat conditions of monotony, stress, andweightlessness when traveling to Mars, NASA

engages Human Factor Psychologists.

Transit Habituation (Transhab), NASA



22

Is There Extrasensory Perception?

Perception without sensory input is calledextrasensory perception (ESP). A large percentage

of scientists do not believe in ESP.



23

Claims of ESP

Paranormal phenomena include astrologicalpredictions, psychic healing, communication withthe dead, and out-of-body experiences, but most

relevant are telepathy, clairvoyance, and

precognition.



24

Claims of ESP

1. Telepathy: Mind-to-mind communication. Oneperson sending thoughts and the otherreceiving them.

2. Clairvoyance: Perception of remote events,such as sensing a friend’s house on fire.

3. Precognition: Perceiving future events, such asa political leader’s death.



25

Premonitions or Pretensions?

Can psychics see the future? Can psychics aidpolice in identifying locations of dead bodies?What about psychic predictions of the famous

Nostradamus?

The answers to these questions are NO!Nostradamus’ predictions are “retrofitted” to

events that took place after his predictions.



26

Putting ESP to Experimental Test

In an experiment with 28,000 individuals,Wiseman attempted to prove whether or not onecan psychically influence or predict a coin toss.

People were able to correctly influence or predict acoin toss 49.8% of the time.

perception power point ii

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