PERCEPTION & IT’SLAWSAND

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

(PNS)

PERCEPTION

• The process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

• Psychologists typically make a distinction between sensation and perception. Sensations are uninterpreted sensory impressions created by the detection of environmental stimuli, whereas perception refers to the set of processes whereby we make sense of these sensations. Perception enables us to literally navigate through the world, avoiding danger, making decisions, and preparing for action. Visual perception has received the most attention from researchers, and then speech.

VISUAL PERCEPTION

• Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment by processing information that is contained in visible light. The resulting perception is also known as eyesight, sight, or vision.

WEBER’S LAW OF PERCEPTION

• Computes the Just Noticeable Difference.

• The change needed is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus.

• The more intense the stimulus the more change is needed to notice the difference.

• 8% for vision.

GESTALT’S LAW OF PERCEPTION

• Gestalt law of Perception was founded in 1910 by three German psychologists, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler.

• There are five kind of Gestalt law of Perception.1. Law of Similarity 2. Law of Simplicity 3. Law of Proximity 4. Law of Continuity 5. Law of Closure

LAW OF SIMILARITY• Law of Similarity states that thing

which normally look same are tend to be group together.

• OR• parts of a stimulus field that are

similar to each other tend to be perceived as belonging together as a unit

• In the two image object similar are group together.

LAW OF SIMPLICITYLaw of Simplicity states that person see’s an object in it’s simples form possible.Look at the image below.

LAW OF PROXIMITYIt’s states that object near each other are grouped together.Look at the example below

LAW OF CLOSURElaw of closure a Gestalt principle of organization holding that there is an innate tendency to perceive incomplete objects as complete and to close or fill gaps and to perceive asymmetric stimuli as symmetric.

LAW OF CONTINUITYIt’s states that person tends to see image in continuous form rather than seeing it separately.Look at the example below.

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

• The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the nerves and ganglia on the outside of the brain and spinal cord.[1] The main function of the PNS is to connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a communication relay going back and forth between the brain and spinal cord with the rest of the body.Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the bone of spine and skull, or by the blood–brain barrier, which leaves it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is mainly divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM• The somatic nervous system (SoNS or voluntary nervous system) is the

part of the peripheral nervous system associated with skeletal muscle voluntary control of body movements. The SoNS consists of afferent nerves and efferent nerves. Afferent nerves are responsible for relaying sensation from the body to the central nervous system (CNS); efferent nerves are responsible for sending out commands from the CNS to the body, stimulating muscle contraction; they include all the non-sensory neurons connected with skeletal muscles and skin. The a- of afferent and the e- of efferent correspond to the prefixes ad- (to, toward) and ex- (out of).

• The somatic nervous system controls all voluntary muscular systems within the body, and the process of involuntary reflex arcs.

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

• The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the peripheral nervous system that influences the function of internal organs. The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion , respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response and the freeze-and-dissociate response

• Within the brain, the autonomic nervous system is regulated by the hypothalamus. Autonomic functions include control of respiration, cardiac regulation (the cardiac control center) , vasomotor activity (the vasomotor center)and certain reflex actions such as coughing , sneezing, swallowing and vomiting. Those are then subdivided into other areas and are also linked to ANS subsystems and nervous systems external to the brain. The hypothalamus, just above the brain stem, acts as an integrator for autonomic functions, receiving ANS regulatory input from the limbic system to do so.

MADE BY:-• BURHANUDDIN SHABBIR

101• UMAIR ABDUL RAHAM 77