penrhos 2010 mock.pdf

7/27/2019 Penrhos 2010 mock.pdf

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1

NAME: __________________________________

PENRHOS COLLEGE

YEAR 12 HUMAN BIOLOGY EXAMINATION

SEMESTER TWO 2010

TIME ALLOWED FOR THIS PAPER

Reading time before commencing work: Ten minutesWorking time for paper: Three hours

MATERIALS REQUIRED/RECOMMENDED FOR THIS PAPER

TO BE PROVIDED BY THE SUPERVISOR TO BE PROVIDED BY THE STUDENT

This question/answer booklet Pens, pencils, eraser, scientific calculator,Separate multiple choice answer sheet rulerTwo separate booklets for answers to Section 3

POSSIBLE MARKS MARKS ACHIEVED

SECTION I 40

SECTION 2 100

SECTION 3 Ist Question 30

SECTION 3 2nd Question30

TOTAL MARKS 200

% =

Important note to candidatesNo other items may be taken into the examination room. It is your responsibility to ensure that you donot have any unauthorised notes or other items of a non-personal nature in the examination room. If youhave any unauthorised material with you, hand it to the supervisor before reading any further.


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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

PAGE 2

STRUCTURE OF THIS PAPER

Section No. of questionsavailable

No. of questions tobe attempted

Marksavailable

I Multiple Choice

II Diagram and short answer

questions

III Extended answer questions

20

11

3

20

11

2

40

100

2 x 30

Total marks 200

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

SECTION I Answer ALLquestions, using a 2B, B or HB pencil, on the Multiple Choice Answer Sheet.Do NOTuse a ball point or ink pen.

SECTION 2 Should be answered in this Question/Answer Booklet. Write your answers in the spaces

provided, using a blue or black ball point or ink pen. Draw any diagrams in pencil.

SECTION 3 Should be answered, using a blue or black ball point or ink pen, in the lined AnswerBooklets provided. Draw any diagrams in pencil.

** At the end of the examination, check you have put your name on each page of your SECTION 3answers AND please clearly indicate the NUMBER of the question being answered.


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PAGE 3

SECTION I: MULTIPLE CHOICE (20 questions = 40 marks = 20 % of paper)

Suggested working time: 30 mins

1 The somatic division of the peripheral nervous system is concerned with carrying nerveimpulses from

A skeletal muscles to the brain via ascending tracts.

B the brain to internal organs via descending tracts.C internal organs to the hypothalamus.D the brain to skeletal muscles of the arms and legs.

2 A function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is to

A conduct some nerve impulses in the brain and spinal cord.B enable synaptic transmission of nervous messages.C carry nutrients and oxygen to cells of the brain and spinal cord.D maintain the cells of the brain and spinal cord at constant temperature.

3. Which of the following is most likely to result from damage caused by a stroke in thecerebellum?

A loss of memoryB impaired motor skillsC reduced intellectD defective vision and hearing

4. A substance was added to a culture dish containing several species of live bacteria. Sometime later the culture dish was examined and very few live bacteria remained. The substancemust have been

A a vaccine.B an antibody.C an antibiotic.D an antigen.

5. T cells mature in

A the thymus and secrete antibodies.B bone marrow and secrete antibodies.C the thymus and do not secrete antibodies.D bone marrow and do not secrete antibodies.


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PAGE 4

Question 6 refers to the graph below, which shows the relationship between the concentration ofantidiuretic hormone in the blood (on the x-axis) and some variable on the y-axis in a normalhealthy individual.

130

120

100

110

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

CONCENTRATION OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) IN BLOOD

(I.U./mL)

6. What variable is represented by the Y-axis?

A Tubular reabsorption of waterB Glomerular filtration rate

C Urine outputD Renal blood flow

7. Which of the following statements about ALL hormones is correct?

A They change the activities of cells.B Their activity is monitored by the pituitary gland.C Their activity is monitored by the hypothalamus.D Each hormone can act on only one specific target organ.

8. Low levels of thyroxine in the blood would result in

A high metabolic rate and involve feedback via the anterior pituitary.B high metabolic rate and involve feedback via the posterior pituitary.C low metablolic rate and involve feedback via the anterior pituitary.D low metabolic rate and involve feedback via the posterior pituitary.


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PAGE 5

Question 9 refers to the following statements about heat loss from the body.

1 The primary means of body heat loss is radiation. The mechanism of heat loss byradiation is similar to heat loss from a light bulb.

2 Heat is lost from the body by conduction into the seat of a chair when a person sitsdown on a chair that is hotter than the person.

3 Heat is lost by conduction to air molecules that contact the body. This heated airmoves away from the body and is replaced by cooler air. This circulation of air overa warm surface is called convection.

9 Which of the statements above accurately describes heat loss from the body?

A 1 only.B 1 and 2 only.C 1 and 3 only.D 1, 2 and 3.

Questions 10 and 11 refer to the information below.

When blood pressure begins to rise, pressure receptors in blood vessels detect the rising pressureand send nerve impulses to the cardiac centre. The cardiac centre sends nerve impulses to the pace-maker in the heart and the heart beats slower and less strongly.

10 Which of the following statements regarding the location of the cardiac centre and the nervepathway that carries impulses to slow down the heart is CORRECT?

A The cardiac centre is in the medulla and the nerve impulses are carried bysympathetic fibres.

B The cardiac centre is in the medulla and the nerve impulses are carried byparasympathetic fibres.

C The cardiac centre is in the hypothalamus and the nerve impulses are carried bysympathetic fibres.

D The cardiac centre is in the hypothalamus and the nerve impulses are carried byparasympathetic fibres.

11 In the reflex described above, feedback would be achieved by nervous messages from the

A heart's pace-maker to the cardiac centre.B cardiac centre to the pressure receptors.C pressure receptors to the heart's pace-maker.D pressure receptors to the cardiac centre.


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PAGE 6

12 A student set up an experiment with a semi-permeable membrane. The membrane was not

permeable to sucrose. At the beginning of the experiment the same amount of water wasadded to both sides of the membrane. The student then added sucrose to the left side of the

membrane, as shown in the following diagram.

After some time you would expect

A the level of water to rise on the left of the membrane.

B the level of water to rise on the right of the membrane.C the level of water to remain unchanged on both sides of the membrane.

D the concentration of sucrose to increase on the right side of the membrane.

13 The currently accepted model of the structure of the cell membrane is called the FLUIDMOSAIC MODEL. In this context, the word fluid means

A water-lovingB water-hating

C movingD composed of different kinds of molecules

14 Following the passage of a nerve impulse, the period of time during which the neuron cannot

be stimulated is the

A action potentialB myelinated periodC threshold stimulus

D refractory period


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PAGE 7

15 The diagram below shows the volume of blood in the left ventricle of the heart over a

period of one second.

15. During which of the following time periods was the ventricle filling fastest?

A 0.1 to 0.2s

B 0.5 to 0.6sC 0.6 to 0.7s

D 0.8 to 0.9s

16 Type 1 Diabetes is best described as

A the failure of the intestinal system to absorb glucoseB the failure of the body to produce glycogenC the destruction of beta cells by the bodys immune system

D the failure of the body to respond to insulin in the normal way

17 If the test scores of Human Biology students over years 11 and 12 are analysed in order to

determine how effectively they have learned over that two-year period, then the dependentvariable would be

A the time over which they studied Human BiologyB their test scores

C the teachers they had over that time period

D the effectiveness of their learning


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PAGE 8

Question 18 refers to the diagram below:

1 2 3 4

18 Which of the above types of neuron would be responsible for the transmission of a nerve

impulse towards the spinal cord, following a sharp blow to your toe?

A 1B 2

C 3D 4

19 When a neutrophil (a type of white blood cell) encounters a bacterium, it sends out

projections of its plasma membrane that surround the bacterium. The two sides of theplasma membrane then fuse together forming a vesicle, which contains the bacterium, insidethe cell. This is an example of

A pinocytosis

B exocytosisC transcytosis

D phagocytosis

20 Protein synthesis involves a number of separate processes. Which of the following lists ofprocesses has them shown in the correct sequence in which they happen?

A DNA transcription, removal of introns, transfer of mRNA, translationB Removal of introns, DNA transcription, transfer of mRNA, translation

C Transfer of mRNA, translation, DNA transcription, removal of intronsA Transfer of mRNA, DNA transcription, removal of introns, translation

End Of Multiple Choice Section


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PAGE 9

SECTION 2: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (100 Marks = 50% of paper)


Write answers to ALLquestions on the ruled lines after each question or in the spaces providedwithin each table. Write your answers in blue or black ballpoint or ink pen.

21. (9 marks)

The table below shows the sequence of six amino acids in the protein haemoglobin, as it occurs inhumans and in each of four other primates (A,B,C and D),

PRIMATE AMINO ACID SEQUENCES IN HAEMOGLOBIN

Human proline serine alanine valine glycine - lysineA lysine - alanine - threonine - valine - leucine - lysineB proline serine alanine valine leucine - lysineC lysine - alanine - alanine - valine - leucine - lysineD lysine serine alanine valine leucine - lysine

(a) Based on the above evidence, list the primates A,B,C and D from the primate which isMOST CLOSELY RELATED to humans (1) to the primate which is MOST DISTANTLYRELATED to humans. [3 marks]

MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO HUMANS 1. ___________________________

2. ___________________________

3. ___________________________

MOST DISTANTLY RELATED TO HUMANS 4. ___________________________

(b) Using an example, explain how the study of DNA in different species has added evidence forthe evolutionary process of speciation. [2 marks]

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

(c) The structure of the vertebrate forelimb provides evidence for an evolutionary relationshipbetween vertebrate groups. Describe this evidence. [2 marks]

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________


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PAGE 10

21. (cont.)

(d) The vertebrate forelimb is one of a group of pieces of evidence for evolution collectivelyknown as homologous structures. Give two other examples of structures found invertebrates that illustrate homologous structures. (2 marks)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

22. [5 marks]

(a) What is DNA sequencing? [1]

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

(b) Give an example of the practical application of gene sequencing. [1]

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

(c) Using modern biochemical techniques, it is possible to take genes from oneorganism and place them into the chromosomes of another.

(i) What is this process called? [1]

____________________________________________________________________

(ii) Give one reason why you would want to do this. [1]

____________________________________________________________________

(iii) What is the name given to an organism that possesses genes inserted fromanother organism? [1]

____________________________________________________________________


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PAGE 11

23. [6 marks]

The following table shows the name and function of a number of different kinds of pharmaceuticals.A specific example of each pharmaceutical is also listed. The details however, have been incorrectlyplaced in the table. In the blank table beneath, re-write the details so that each row correctly givesthe name, function and example for each type of pharmaceutical.

Type of Pharmaceutical Function Example

Analgesics Reducing levels of bad cholesterol Cortisol

Anti-inflammatories Pain relief Lipitor

Statins Reduction of redness and sorenessaround an injury

Paracetamol

Answer:

Type of Pharmaceutical Function Example

Analgesics

Anti-inflammatories

Statins


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PAGE 12

24. [13 marks]

Question 24 refers to the diagram below, showing some of the muscles and bones of the upper arm.

(a) Name the structures labelled A, B, C and D. [4 marks]

A ____________________________________

B ____________________________________

C ____________________________________

D ____________________________________

(b) Using appropriate terms, explain how the arrangement of bones and joints in the

forearm allows the hand to rotate through 180 degrees [3 marks]

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(c) With reference to the above diagram, explain the difference between the origin andinsertion of a muscle [4 marks]

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

A

B

A

C

D


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PAGE 13

24. [cont.]

(c) With reference to the above diagram, explain what is meant by antagonistic muscles[2 marks]

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

25. [7 marks]

(a) What is gene expression? [2 marks]

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(b) Give a reason why the control of gene expression is important to cells. [1 mark]

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(c) Human development depends very much on certain genes being expressed at certain

times. Give two phases of development during which the way genes are expressed ischanging. [2 marks]

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(d) Genes contain a code. In what form is this code? [1 mark]

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(e) DNA polymerase depends on a specific sequence bases called a promoter. Why isthis so? [1 mark]

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________


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26. [10 marks]

The diagram below shows some of the bones in the human skeleton.

(a) Name the following bones; [6 marks]

C ______________________ G ______________________

D ______________________ H ______________________

E ______________________ L ______________________

G

H

I

J

A

B

C

D

E

F K

L


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26. [cont.]

(b) What is the appendicular skeleton? [1 mark]

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

(c) Give one function of the axial skeleton. [1 mark]

____________________________________________________________________

(d) What is the function of the pectoral girdle? [1 mark]

____________________________________________________________________

(e) On the diagram on the previous page, using red, colour in all the bones of thepectoral girdle. [1 mark]


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27. [16 marks]

(a) Define the term joint. [1 mark]

____________________________________________________________________

(b) Explain the role played by ligaments at joints. [1 mark]

____________________________________________________________________

The diagram below shows the forelimb movement of a particular primate.

(c) Name the primate: _________________________ [1 mark]

(d) What type of joint is indicated at A? [1 mark]

_______________________________________

(e) Although humans have a similar joint as the primate shown above, the degree ofmovement that it permits is less than that of the primate above. Suggest a reasonwhy the primate has a greater range of movement at joint A. [1 mark]

_____________________________________________________________


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PAGE 17

27. [cont.]

(f) Freely movable (or synovial) joints are classified according to the type of movement

they permit. Three types are shown in the table below. For each, name the type ofjoint, give a specific place in the body where such a joint is found and describe therange of movement permitted by the joint . [9 marks]

JOINT NAME LOCATION TYPE OF MOVEMENT

PERMITTED

(g) Several joints in the body actually do not permit any movement at all. What wouldbe the function of such a joint? [1 mark]

____________________________________________________________________

(h) Give an example of a joint that illustrates the function you gave in the previousquestion. [1 mark]

____________________________________________________________________


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28. [9 marks]

Examine the diagram below, which shows the embryonic development of a number of vertebratespecies.

(a) Briefly explain two ways in which this diagram provides supporting evidence for

evolution. [4 marks]

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

(b) Vestigial organs present in humans are put forward as more anatomical evidence for

evolution.

(i) What is a vestigial organ? [1 mark]

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Give two examples of such vestigial organs. [2 marks]

______________________________________________________________


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28. [cont.]

(c) What is it about the forelimb of vertebrates such as humans, bats, birds and whalesthat suggests that the species share a common ancestor? [2 marks]

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

29. [11 marks]

The graph below shows the decay curve for the radioactive isotope carbon-14.

(a) A piece of charcoal was retrieved from an ancient Homo sapiens camp site andsubjected to radiocarbon dating. The ratio of C-14 to C-12 was found to be

0.125 in 1012. How old was the charcoal? [2 marks]

________________________________________

(b) A stone tool was also recovered at the same site in the same layer of rock. Thisartefact could not be dated using radiocarbon dating. Why? [1 mark]

______________________________________________________________

(c) Another piece of charcoal found at the same site was also radiocarbon dated andfound to have a much larger C-14 to C-12 ratio. What does this tell us? [2 marks]

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________


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29. [cont.]

(d) Is radiocarbon dating an absolute or relative dating technique? Explain your answer.

[2 marks]

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(e) Where does C-14 come from? [2 marks]

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(f) If C-14 is continually decaying to N-14, why does the amount of C-14 in a personsbody stay constant while they are alive?

[1 mark]

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(g) Would fluorine analysis have been of any value in dating the two charcoal samples, if

carbon dating was not available? Explain. [1 mark]

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

30. [14 marks]

(a) Which major primate characteristic is illustrated in the diagram below? [1 mark]

______________________________________________________________

A B C D


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30. [cont.]

(b) Which of the primates shown in the previous diagram would be best suited tobrachiation? Explain your answer. [3 marks]

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(c) Give a clear definition for the following terms. [6 marks]

(i) Opposability

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(i) Diastema

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(i) Precision grip

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(d) There are several aspects to reproduction in which we see a clear evolutionary trend withinthe primates. Give two of these aspects and describe what the trend is. [4 marks]

Aspect 1: ____________________________

Describe: ____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

Aspect 2: ____________________________

Describe: ____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

End Of Short Answer section


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PAGE 22

SECTION 3 - EXTENDED ANSWERS (60 Marks = 30% of paper)


This section contains 3 questions, numbered 31, 32 & 33. You must attempt TWOof them.

In your answer, you may include clearly labelled diagrams with explanatory notes; lists of points withlinking sentences; clearly labelled tables and graphs and annotated flow diagrams with introductory

notes.

DO NOT WRITE ANSWERS IN PENCIL. Write your answers on the lined pages in youranswer booklets. One booklet for each question.

Put a line through any planning work that you do, to indicate that it is planning only.

31.

(a) Describe and explain the difference between genetic drift and natural selection as processesthat result in evolution. Explain carefully how you might determine whether observations ofevolution were due to selection or to genetic drift. (12)

(b) Hospital patients who are in a coma experience a loss of function in many parts of theircerebrum and yet their heart continues to function normally. Give an explanation for howthe body is able to regulate heart activity in the absence of a fully functional cerebrum. (8)

(c) An analysis of the skulls of fossil hominins shows that the selection pressures between 4 and1 million years ago were consistent, favouring traits that have led to the uniquecharacteristics of modern humans.

Using your knowledge of the skulls of three different fossil hominins, describe theevolutionary trends that are evident in hominin evolution. Use specific examples and giveapproximate dates for each hominin. (10)


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32.

There is a hypothesis that children today are developing health problems such as allergies and aremore susceptible to diseases because they live in an increasingly sterile environment. It ishypothesised that in previous generations, children were more dirty and therefore did not sufferthese illnesses to the same extent. It has become known as the hygiene hypothesis.

(a) Explain what is required for the development of the primary immune response. (10)

(b) Apply your understanding of the primary immune response to explain the logic of thehygiene hypothesis (6).

(c) In 2003, the remains of partial skeletons of nine small, primate individuals, including onecomplete skull, were discovered on the island of Flores in Indonesia. Many scientists believethese remains to be a previously unknown extinct species of hominin, since named Homofloresiensis (and nicknamed "hobbits"). Other scientists refute the suggestion that this ahominin, pointing to similarities between the fossilised bones and those of apes, such aschimpanzees.

What sorts of evidence amongst the fossilised bones would suggest that hobbits were

human and not ancient relatives of modern chimpanzees? (14)

33.

(a) A skull is discovered embedded in a rock layer on a mountain side in eastern Tanzania.Describe four techniques that could be used to assign a date to the skull. For each techniquequoted, also give a key advantage or disadvantage. (12)

(b) Describe the role of the various parts of the kidney tubule in the formation of urine. (12)

(c) Hormones bring about changes to the way in which cells function. Explain how protein andsteroid hormones bring about such changes. [6]

End Of Examination

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