APPROVAL SHEET

The complete report of Plant Physiology with title “Osmotic Influence of

Mineral Concentration toward Water Absorption and Plant Growth” created by:

Name : Rissa Megavitry

Reg. Number : 091404177

Class : ICP

Group : IV (Fourth)

After it’s checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, it has

fulfilled requirement.

Makassar, May 2011

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Muh. Nur Qadry S. Shandra Santika Nur

(081404189)

Known as,

Lecturer of Responsibility

Drs. Ismail, M.S

19611231 198603 1 015

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

A. Introduction

Plant will grow normally, fertile, and active if the cells full with water.

When the plant lacking of water, so the water contents will decrease and its

growth rate which determinate by rate of all functions are also decrease. If this

condition taking place in long time so the plant will die. Water is a solute

substance which inside of it exist the molecule which needed by plant.

Although in the plant which active in grow, the lacking of water can be

the divider factor of its growth, but dryness condition still has the positive effect

for endurance live of an organism. Resembling with decrease of cell’s activity,

its sensitivity to physic factors and chemical from its environment also decrease.

On that account, although seeds are dry and won’t germinate, they’ll never die by

high temperature or low which can become lethal for vegetative plant. In reality,

plant adapted in dry condition or low temperature often entangles the low water

condition.

Root will absorb water by osmosis. So, water absorption by plant might

do by controlling the water potential of solution where the plants exist. If osmotic

potential of external solution lower than osmotic potential of root cell, the water

can enter from solution to root system. If water potential of external solution very

low so can impede the water absorption by root can cause the growth plant will

impede. Entered water will push cell wall out, so cell wall can extend become

bigger. So that’s why this observation must did to know the osmotic influence of

mineral concentration through water absorption and plant growth so we can

understand the influence of mineral salt for root plant.

B. Purpose

To know the osmotic potential from mineral salt concentration through

water absorption and plant growth.

C. Benefit

The students know how the concentration of mineral salt can influence

the osmotic potential through water absorption and plant growth.

CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Plant cell has the different characteristic from the animal cell, especially for

the cell wall in plant. Cell wall in high plant is the matrix which inside of it there’s

skeleton that cellulose compound as micro fibril or smooth thread. This matrix

compose from some compounds that hemicelluloses, pectin, biologic plastic, protein

and fat. Generally, the cell wall distinguish become primary cell wall and secondary

cell wall. The difference of both cell walls based on the flexibility, thickness;

compose of micro fibril and its growth. All the activity of plant cell depends on the

existence of cell wall. Cell wall also functions as the way of water exchange, foods

and mineral salt to the cell (Anonymous a, 2011).

Water is the 89-95% of plant weight which lives in the water. Inside of cell,

water needed as the solvent of nutrition, besides that water also as the substrate or

reactant for the various biochemical reactions, and also the cause of enzyme

formation. Plant which experiences water deficiency will wilt even dead. There’re

five main mechanisms which move the water from one place to the other place, that

through: diffusion, osmosis, capillary pressure, hydrostatic pressure, and gravitation

(Anonymous b, 2011).

Root will absorb water by osmosis. So, water absorption by plant might do

by controlling the water potential of solution where the plants exist. If osmotic

potential of external solution lower than osmotic potential of root cell, the water can

enter from solution to root system. With increasingly the concentration of solutes so

by entered the water to root will be slower until the direction of water possible will

flip over. If water potential of external solution very low so can impede the water

absorption by root and can cause the growth plant will impede. The cell expand

during dilation process occur because water potential which entered will push the cell

wall to outside, so cell wall can extend become bigger (Ismail, 2011).

Osmotic potential is the potential which caused by the solute substance. The

sign is always negative. Pressure potential is the potential which caused by

hydrostatic pressure of cell contain to cell wall. The value is positive, zero or can also

negative. Adding of pressure (formation turgor pressure) caused the pressure potential

become more positive. Matrix potential caused by water bond in protoplasm colloid

and surface (cell wall). Matrix potential is negative sign, but in generally the cell

which has vacuole, its value can be ignoring (Ismail, 2011).

Salinity of ground is one of main factor that caused degradation of ground.

Effect of salinity shown really dominant in arid area and semi-arid which caused by

bad water management in irrigation area. Endurance of a plant towards salinity is the

result of osmotic potential and effect of ion strength when difference of every species

of plant. Alleviation of osmotic potential of plant cell with netto solute accumulation,

considered as a main mechanism to tolerance the higher salt level. The alleviation of

osmotic potential can explore as accumulation result from ions activity as: Na+, Cl-,

K+, and fit organic solute (carbohydrate, amino acid, prolin, betain, etc). Osmotic

potential between root and leaf contribution is system of water absorption and turgor

pressure of plant. Be sides, water in plant cell become remittent caused by that solute

accumulation, has direct relation with homeostasis degree from ions, ratio of C/N,

free radical movement, and stabilization of macromolecule and cell organelle

(Anonymous c, 2011).

CHAPTER IIIOBSERVATION METHOD

A. Date and Time

Day/Date : Wednesday/May, 18th 2011

Time : 08.00 – 09.30 am WITA

Place : Laboratory Biology FMIPA at 2nd floor, west side

B. Tools and Materials

1. Tools

a. 8 pieces of bottle

b. Ruler

2. Materials

a. Phaseolus radiatus

b. Cotton

c. Vaseline

d. Solution CaCl2 0.01 M, 0.02 M, 0.03 M, 0.04 M, 0.05 M, 0.1 M, 0.2 M

e. Aquades

C. Work Procedures

1. Prepared all of tools and materials.

2. Filled 7 bottles with CaCl2 solution in different concentration and 1 bottle

filled with distillation water as the control. Gave label for each bottle.

3. Took 16 sprouts age + 10 days. Selected the health and good in growth.

4. Entered 2 sprouts for each bottle and spragged with cotton in order the sprout

keeps upright and the root soaked in solution. Keep the cotton didn’t touch

the solution. Did it for all bottles.

5. Measured and recorded the stalk above cotyledon used ruler.

6. Marked the high of solution for each bottles.

7. Watched the condition of solution for 2 days. Monitored the condition of

plant.

8. Did it during 1 week and made a table which showed the relation between

stalk growth and water absorb for each plant.

CHAPTER IVOBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result

Table of sprout growth

Bottles Length of the Plant (cm) Plant Condition Solution

Alteration

(cm)

Initial Final Increase

of length

Day-2 Day-4 Day-6

1

(Aquades)

7.5

7.7

9.5

9.7

9.7

10.1

10.3

10.3

2.0

2.2

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.6

Health

Health

Wilt

Wilt

Die

Die

0.3

0.2

-

0.4

0.2

-

2

(0.01 M)

8.7

7.6

8.8

8.8

8.8

8.1

8.2

8.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.5

0.6

0.6

Wilt

Wilt

Die

Wilt

Die

Die

0.1

-

-

0.2

0.1

-

3

(0.02 M)

7.9

8.5

9.0

9.4

9.4

11.0

11.3

11.3

1.1

1.5

1.5

2.5

2.8

2.8

Health

Health

Wilt

Wilt

Die

Die

0.2

0.1

-

0.6

0.2

-

4

(0.03 M)

10.1 11.5

11.9

1.4

1.8

Health Wilt Die 0.4

0.2

9.2

11.9

11.4

11.4

11.4

1.8

2.2

2.2

2.2

Wilt Die Die

-

0.5

-

-

5

(0.04 M)

7.4

7.6

8.8

9.2

9.2

9.7

9.9

9.9

1.4

1.8

1.8

2.1

2.3

2.3

Health

Wilt

Wilt

Wilt

Die

Die

0.4

0.2

-

0.5

0.2

-

6

(0.05 M)

9.6

9.4

10.4

11.9

11.9

10.1

10.3

10.3

0.8

2.3

2.3

0.7

0.9

0.9

Health

Wilt

Wilt

Wilt

Die

Die

0.3

0.4

-

0.2

0.1

-

7

(0.1 M)

6.3

6.7

7.8

8.4

8.4

9.0

9.0

9.0

1.5

2.1

2.1

2.3

2.3

2.3

Health

Health

Wilt

Die

Die

Die

0.4

0.3

-

0.6

-

-

8

(0.2 M)

7.4

7.6

9.6

10.0

10.0

10.2

10.7

10.7

2.2

2.6

2.6

2.6

3.1

3.1

Wilt

Health

Wilt

Wilt

Die

Die

0.5

0.3

-

0.6

0.4

-

B. Discussion

In this observation, we used CaCl2 0.01 M, 0.02 M, 0.03 M, 0.04 M, 0.05

M, 0.1 M, 0.2 M, and aquadest. Based on observation result, shown that

alteration of sprout from morphology and CaCl2 solution also aquadest for each

bottle. In this observation, we watch for long alteration of plant from cotyledon

until point of its leaf. Biggest long alteration of plant is in bottle of CaCl 2 0.2 M

that 3.1 cm increase of length and the shortest is in bottle of 0.01 M that 0.1 cm

increase of length. The condition of plant until the last of observation is all of

plant was die. In 2nd day just in plant in bottle aquadest, CaCl2 0.02 M, and CaCl2

0.1 M which health, meanwhile the other plants are die and become wilt. The

most plant which used of water is plant in bottle CaCl2 0.02 M, 0.1 M and 0.2 M

and the fewest plant which used of water is plant in bottle CaCl2 0.01 M. Wilted

and death in plants due to potential nutrient salt outside the cell is higher or PA

roots decreased as compared with the water in plant cells. Thus, water will flow

from high potential to low potential so that the plants will lack water, although

the actual available water in significant amounts but the plant is unable to absorb

water and minerals on the bottle, because the potential difference is quite large.

Based on theory, calcium are absorbed in form ion Ca+ to support the

good growth. Calcium not translocation to phloem so occur deficiency, caused

famine in young tissue, so tissue become shrink and change in shape because

lack in calcium, and also meristem area become die earlier. Also in chlorine

which absorb in form ion Cl-, commonly Cl absorb more of what plant need, so

its excessive used. Function of Cl is in cell fission and active in control osmosis.

CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Water is a very essential substance for plant live in support all of its

physiology processes. The amount of mineral concentration which dissolved in

grows media of plant can influence the water absorption of root so cause

physiology dryness. It caused by the difference of medium osmotic potential with

root that too big, and root can’t absorb water. Excelsior the concentration of salt

dissolved, so the risk of physiology dryness wills also excelsior.

B. Suggestion

1. Assistant must be on time when attend in practicum and must lead the

apprentice when the practicum goes on.

2. The tools in the laboratory must be complete in order the practicum can goes

on good.

3. Apprentice must be on time and more carefully when does observation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonymous a. 2011. Fisiologi Tumbuhan Potensial Osmosis. iqbalali.com. Accessed on 21st May 2011

Anonymous b. 2011. Air Dalam Tumbuhan. klimatologi.wordpress.com. Accessed on 21st May 2011

Anonymous c. 2011. Pengaruh Osmotik Konsentrasi Garam Hara Terhadap Absobsi

Air Dan Untuk Pertumbuhan Tanaman. arcturusarancione.wordpress.com.

Accessed on 21st May 2011

Ismail. 2011. Penuntun Praktikum Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM: Makassar

Anonymous a

Sel tumbuhan memiliki ciri fisiologi yang berbeda dengan sel hewan khususnya

dengan keberadaan dinding sel pada sel tumbuhan. Dinding sel pada tumbuhan tinggi

merupakan matriks yang di dalamnya terdapat rangka, yaitu senyawa selulosa yang

berwujud mikrofibril atau benang halus. Matriks pada dinding sel ini tersusun dari

beberapa senyawa yaitu hemiselulosa, pektin, plastik biologik, protein dan lemak.

Dinding sel secara umum dibedakan menjadi dinding sel primer dan dinding sel

sekunder. Perbedaan antara kedua macam dinding ini terletak pada fleksibilitas,

ketebalan, susunan mikrofibril dan pertumbuhannya. Seluruh aktivitas sel tumbuhan

sangat tergantung dengan keberadaan dinding sel ini. Dinding sel selain berfungsi

untuk proteksi isi sel juga berperan sebagai jalan keluar masuknya air, makanan dan

garam-garam mineral ke dalam sel.

Anonymous b

Air merupakan 85 – 95 % berat tumbuhan herba yang hidup di air. Dalam sel, air

diperlukan sebagai pelarut unsur hara sehingga dapat digunakan untuk

mengangkutnya; selain itu air diperlukan juga sebagai substrat atau reaktan untuk

berbagai reaksi biokimia misalnya proses fotosintesis; dan air dapat menyebabkan

terbentuknya enzim dalam tiga dimensi sehingga dapat digunakan untuk aktivitas

katalisnya. Tanaman yang kekurangan air akan menjadi layu, dan apabila tidak

diberikan air secepatnya akan terjadi layu permanen yang dapat menyebabkan

kematian. Terdapat lima mekanisme utama yang menggerakkan air dari suatu tempat

ke tempat lain, yaitu melalui proses: difusi, osmosis, tekanan kapiler, tekanan

hidrostatik, dan gravitasi.

Anonymous c

Salinitas tanah merupakan salah satu faktor utama yang menyebabkan degradasi

tanah. Efek salinitas terlihat sangat dominan pada daerah arid dan semi-arid, yang

disebabkan oleh manajemen air yang buruk di dalam daerah irigasi.

Ketahanan suatu tanaman terhadap salinitas merupakan hasil dari potensial osmotik

dan efek kekuatan ion, yang besarnya berbeda untuk setiap spesies tumbuhan.

Pengurangan potensial osmotik sel tumbuhan dengan akumulasi solut netto, dianggap

sebagai suatu mekanisme utama untuk mentoleransi kandungan garam yang lebih

tinggi. Pengurangan potensial osmotik ini dapat ditelusuri sebagai hasil akumulasi

dari aktivitas ion-ion anorganik seperti: Na+, Cl-, dan K+ dan solut organik yang cocok

(karbohidrat, asam amino, prolin, betain, dll).

Potensial osmotic antara akar dan daun berkontribusi dalam sistem penyerapan air

dan tekanan turgor sel tumbuhan. Selain itu, air di dalam sel tumbuhan yang menjadi

berkurang akibat akumulasi solut tersebut, memiliki hubungan langsung dengan

derajat homeostatis dari ion-ion, nisbah C/N, pemindahan radikal bebas, serta

stabilisasi makromolekul dan organel sel