fistum osmotik hendra

8/4/2019 Fistum Osmotik hendra

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1.Background

As living beings, human beings can not escape from the events of diffusion and osmosis.

Every day we see the water running when turning on water faucets or flush the toilets. But, in fact,

water is all around us more of "switching" by invisible, by diffusion and osmosis. For example

when we brew tea in hot water. Brown color of tea bags seem to spread from the bag

toward the water. Most people would think that only molecules of tea that is being move. In fact,

water molecules were also being moved due to differences concentration between the bag of tea

bags in the surrounding water. Making pickles is also demonstrated the events of osmosis. Before

soaked in vinegar, pickled vegetables Textured dense and hard. However, once soaked in vinegar,

vegetable- pickled vegetables will be mushy. In this event, the water out of the cell because

vinegar is hypertonic. As well as pickled vegetables, wrapped in plant cells by a thin membrane

called the plasma membrane. This membrane is composed of bi-layer membrane that is able to

selectively regulate the flow of fluid from the environment of a cell.

Plasma membrane will be detached from the cell wall if the concentration of the fluid

outside the cell higher (PA or low water potential) than the concentration of fluid in the cell (PA

high) so there will be movement towards a more condensed molecules (low PA). To make the

solvent does not enter into the solution, the energy required is called osmotic pressure (TO). That

can mean PA = PO. To determine the potential value osmotic fluid cells can be used with one

plasmolisis method. This method pursued by determining the in which concentration of sucrose

that cells undergoing plasmolisis 50%. In these conditions, the concentration of sucrose is

considered the same with the concentration of the cell fluid. In other words, when the

concentration of the solution that causes 50% plasmolisis of cells are known, then the value of the

cell osmotic pressure can also be known.



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1.2.Basic problem

a. How the affect of concentration of sucrose solution in procentage of cells that being

plasmolized?

b. What is the value of cell concentration which causes 50% of total cells do plasmolisis?

c. What is the value of osmotic pressure of the fluid cells are calculated by the plasmolisis method?

1.3.Purpose

a. Explain the affect of sucrose solution concentration in procentage of cells which

plasmolized.

b. Identifying the sucrose solution concentration that causes 50% of total cells do plasmolisis,

c. Calculate the osmotic pressure of cell fluid by plasmolisis method.



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CHAPTER II

BASIC THEORY

2.1 Plant cell structure

Each cell contains a semi-liquid material chemical composition and structure the

inside is extremely complex. Semi-liquid material called protoplasm which is the living

material of cells. Collectively, the entire content of each cell certain so-called

protoplasts. Rock plant cells have cell walls that surround protoplasts. This cell wall is

permeable and is a protective layer. Protoplasm generally consist of a nucleus (the cell

nucleus) and cytoplasm. cytoplasm consists of the basic ingredients that are not

differentiated, together with organelles. Layer outside the cytoplasm called the plasma

membrane, attached to the cell wall and very thin. Plasma membrane surrounding the

living material in cells that controlling the increase and the reduction of materials in the

protoplasm.

Inside the plant cells there are also bubble-like structures called vacuoles.

Vacuole is a region that contains fluid cells and surrounded by vacuole membrane.

Although seen as part of the vacuole, this membrane is actually an inner barrier layer of

cytoplasm. Fluid cells in the vacuole consists of 98% water, proteins, sugars, organic

acids, and other compounds all colloidal dissolved. Most of the color of plants,

yellow and orange, as well as some red color, caused pigment plastids. However,

blue, purple, or violet, and most of the old red or bright red, such that there is a section

abaksial Rhoeo discolor leaves or onion bulbs red, caused by the pigment dissolved in

the fluid cells in a vacuoles. Anthocyanin pigments is a complex compound consisting

of pigments and sugars. Vacuole pigments soluble in water and will diffuse out of the

cell if the cell membrane is damaged due to heating or other means.



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2.2 Substance Transport by membrane

Transport of substances through the cell membrane can occur passively or actively.

Active transport processes require energy from the metabolism of such ATP (adenine

triphosphate) as the process against a concentration gradient direction. While passively

transport would occur if the following or the direction of the which means that the

concentration gradient direction from the solution of high concentration toward low

concentration solution. This process occurs without the need for energy results metabolism.

As an example of passive transport processes, among others:

2.2.1 Diffusion

Diffusion is the spread or migration of a molecular particle of high

concentration to low concentration. By the concentration difference , the diffusion

process can take place, where the concentration is the number of substances or

particles per unit volume. And a difference will arise when there differences in the

concentration of one state to another. more and more large concentration difference

between the two regions in the diffusion events, the sharp gradient of concentration,

will cause the speed of diffusion is greater. Diffusion can also occur due to random

motion continuous characteristic of all molecules are not bound in a solids. Each

molecule moves in a straight line until it collides with other molecules. If the balance

has been reached, the particles will remain move as freely as the original, but it will

not happen again diffusion, because the substance entering certain areas and leave

substance contained in the same amount, or it can be said of dynamic equilibrium

occurs. The essential nature of the diffusion process is that the particles as a

substance diffuses freely with each other. In addition to differences in concentration

and the random movement of particles, diffusion can also occur because of

differences in the nature.



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2.2.2 Osmosiss

Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a permeable membrane in the differential

from a place of high concentration to a concentration low. The purpose of the

'concentration' here is the solvent concentration is water, and not the concentration

of solute (atu molecular ion) in water them. Therefore, osmosis is also commonly

defined as berpindahya water molecules from the high water concentration to low

concentration of water through semi-permeable membrane. Membrane is a

membrane semi permaeble which only allows passage of water and inhibits the

passage of substances dissolved. Osmosis is largely determined by the chemical

potential of water or water potential. Water potential is the same thing with the

chemical potential of water or chemical system, compared with kimai potential of

pure water at atmospheric pressure sama.potensial water and temperature will be

negative if the chemical potential of water the system is lower than pure water will

be positive and potentially apbila water chemistry in the system is greater than pure

water. Pressure exerted on the water or solution, will enhance the ability of osmosis

in a solution them. Pressure exerted or arising in this system is called pressure

potential, which in plants can potentially arise in form of turgor pressure. The

potential value of pressure can be positive, zero, or negative. In addition to potential

water (PA) in a potential pressure (PT) osmosis also influenced by osmotic pressure

(PO). Osmotic potential of a solution more declared as a status solution. Status of

our ordinary state solution in the form of concentration units, pressure units, or units

of energy. The relationship between potential water (PA) and pressure potential

(PT), and osmotic potential (PO) can be expressed by the following relationship:

PA = PO + PT

From formula above we can see that if there is no additional pressure (PT), so,

value of PA = PO.



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2.3 OsmotiC Pressure

To determine the potential value of osmotic fluid cells, one of which can be used

plasmolisis method. If the water potential in a cell is higher than the potential water around

the cell or outside the cell, then the water will leave the cell until potential water present in

the cell or outside the cell at large. Protoplasts which It shrinks the volume of water loss

and ultimately can be detached from the cell wall, regular events we are familiar with the

term plasmolisis. Methods plasmolisis can be reached by way of determining at what

concentration of sucrose that resulted in the number of cells that terplasmolisis reach 50%.

In these conditions concentration is considered equal to the concentration of which is

owned by the fluid cell. If solution concentration that causes 50% cell terplasmolisis

known, then cell osmotic pressure can be determined using the following formula:

With :

TO = Osmotic pressure (atm)

M = Concentration of solution which make 50% plasmolized cells (mol/liter)

T = Absolute temperature (273 + t°C)

If the cell pressure value is positive, potential osmotic will negative,

so :

Although the osmotic potential is not affected by pressure, but there are other factors

which may influence it,:

a. Increasing the concentration of a solution will decrease the potential value

osmotic. When the solute is not an electrolyte and hydration water molecules

are not binding, then the osmotic potential solution will be proportional to

the concentration of its molal.



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b. Ionization of solute molecules

Osmotic potential of a solution is not determined by the kind of substance, but

determined by the amount of particles (ions, molecules, and colloidal particles)

which contained in the solution. PO is more dependent on the ratio between the

number of solvent with the particles they contain.

c. Hydration of solute molecules.

Berionisasi water with the solute particles are usually called the hydration water.

Water of hydration can berionisasi with ions, molecules or colloidal particles. The

impact of water of hydration is the solution to be concentrated.

2.4 Plasmolisis

Fluid cells are usually hipertonis (high water potential), and the fluid outside

the cell hipotonis nature (low water potential) so that water will flow into the

between the two cells to isotonic fluids. When a cell is placed in solution hipertonis

to the cytoplasm so that the water inside the cells will diffuse out so that the

cytoplasm shrank and detached from the wall of his cell, this event is plasmolisis

called. If the cells is then inserted into the fluid hipotonis then the water will get into

the cell cytoplasm and re-expands, the event is called the deplasmolisis. There are

two important stages in the process of plasmolisis, are:

a. Insipien Plasmolisis

At this stage cell shrinkage or contraction of fluid from the cell wall can be

detected easily by the eye of the observer.

b. Eviden Plasmolisis

At this stage, the cells have reached the limit of contraction, so that the

cytoplasm regardless of the cell wall and reach spherik form.



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In this experiment, plasmolisis method can be used to determine the value of osmotic

pressure of the fluid cell, ie by identifying the occurrence of plasmolisis insipien

(resulting in 50% of plasmolized cells).



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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Type of research

This type of research is carried out experimental research, because the investigation is the

influence of sucrose solution concentration on the percentage of cells that be plasmolisis.

3.2 Research Variable

a. Control Variable : time, kind of cells, volume of sucrose solution, magnification of

microscope

b. Manipulation Variable: concentration f sucrose solution.

c. Respon variable : procentageof plasmolized cells

3.3 Tools and Material

a. Leave of Rhoe discolor that the epidermal tissue contain cell fluid which have

purple color. It purpose to help us observe cells which have plasmolized.

b. Sucrose solution with molarity 0,28 M, 0.26M, 0.24M, 0.22M, 0.20M, 0,18M,

0.16M, and 0.14M.

c. Microscope

d. Watch glass

e. Sterile razor blade

f. Beaker Glass 100mL

g. Pippete



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3.4 Working Steps

1. Make a solutionby concentrated 0,28 M,by weigh 95,76 g crystal ofsucrose and

dissolving it into aquades so the volume become 1 liter.

2. Setting up 8 pieces of watch glass, then filled each with 5 ml sucrose solution

that has been provided and labeled on each cup Petri based on the concentration

of the solution.

3. Taking the red onion, then cut the epidermal layer of colored purple with a layer

of cells silet.dengan wrenching effort alone.

4. Submerge epidermal incisions in a Petri dish that already contains a solution of

sucrose with a predefined concentration or concentration concentration

ertentu.Setiap filled with the same number of incisions and then record the start

time of immersion.

5. Observing the changes that occurred after immersion for 30 minutes with

using a microscope.

6. Calculates all cells in one visual field, then calculate also how the number and

percentage of cells to total cells terplasmolisis wholly.



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CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND EXPLANATION

4.1 Result

Table 1. The affect of sucrose solution concentration in the number of cells that undergo the plasmoisis.

Concentration of Procentage of Number of cells Plasmolized cells

sucrose (mol/L) plasmolized cells (%)

0,28 182 142 78,02

0,26 162 131 80,86

0,24 162 82 50,62

0,22 154 75 48,70

0,20 147 68 46,26

0,18 178 53 29,78

0,16 138 41 29,70

0,14 126 28 22,22

4.2 Graphic



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Concentration at 50% cells do plasmolisis (plasmolisis insipien): 0,24 M

Room Temperature: 300C + 273 = 303 K

Calculate of Osmotic pressure (TO) sel:

4.3 Analysis

Tables and graphs based on observations, it is known that the concentration

sucrose solution affect the number of cells and the percentage of cells undergoing

plasmolisis. At sucrose concentrations of the most concentrated solution, ie 0.28M,

78.02% cell onion experienced plasmolisis. In contrast, at the concentrations The most

dilute sucrose solution, ie 0.14M, the number of cells that only a 22:22%. Thus, the

concentration of sucrose solution is proportional to the number of cells undergoing

plasmolisis.

Concentration that causes 50% of onion leaf cells that have plasmolisis is at a

concentration of 0.24 M. These results are obtained by drawing a line straight on the Y

axis (percentage of cells terplasmolisis) is the percentage of 50% with X-axis

concentration of sucrose solution) that is causing terplasmolisis cell so that it will meet at

a point through which the graph. In this study, ie at a temperature of 300C or 303K,

obtained the value of osmotic pressure (TO) cells of 5.967 atm.

4.4 Explanation

From the analysis of data obtained that by putting a slice of onion epidermal layer of

the color purple in a small concentration of sucrose solution (0.14 M) then the amount or



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percentage of cells undergoing plasmolisis slightly, while the slice of onion epidermal layer

of color on the concentration of sucrose solution higher (0.28) then the amount or

percentage of cells undergoing plasmolisis very much. The cause of differences in the

number or percentage of cells undergoing plasmolisis is the difference in the concentration

of sucrose. When the plant cells (onion) placed in a solution that hipertonis the solution of

higher concentration than the concentration of cell contents, then there eksosmosis the

discharge of water from the cell contents into the outer membrane. Because it decreases the

volume of the cell contents and because of its cell walls permeable, then the space between

the plasma membrane of the cell walls will be filled by a solution from outside. Release of

plasma membrane of the cell wall because of plasma cells shrink, so there is plasmolisis on

onion cells, so the greater the concentration of sucrose, the greater the percentage of cells

undergoing plasmolisis in onion cells.

4.4 Discussion

- Explain why the incident occurred plasmolisis. Support with data you get!

Answer :

Plasmolisis is the release of the cell membrane of the cell wall due to the discharge cell.

This is because the concentration in the cell is greater than the concentration outside the

cell, as well as the potential of the liquid in the cell is greater than the potential of the fluid

outside the cell. We can conclude from the data that the higher concentration make the

procentage of plasmolized cells more high to.



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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

1. Plant cells are included in the solution will experience plasmolisis hipertonis

2. The higher the concentration of the solution, the more cells undergoing plasmolisis.

That is, the concentration of the solution is directly proportional to the number of cells

plasmolisis experience.

3. Plasmolisis insipien, or which causes 50% cell terplasmolisis, occurring in

concentration of 0.24 M

4. Osmotic pressure of the fluid cell at a temperature of 300C red onion is about 5.967

atm



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REFFERENCES

Rahayu, Yuni Sri, dkk. 2008. Petunjuk Praktikum Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Surabaya:

Laboratorium Fisiologi Tumbuhan Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Unesa.

Kimball, J. W. 1983. Biologi. Erlangga, Jakarta.

Tjitrosomo.1987. Botani Umum 2. Penerbit Angkasa, Bandung.

Salisbury, B. Frank. 1995. Fisiologi Tumbuhan Jilid 2. Bandung : ITB Press.



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UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA

PRACTICAL REPORT

PLANT PHYSIOLOGYDetermination of Osmotic Pressure of the cell fluid

HENDRA

ROSADI

093204027

BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES

2011



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Determination of Osmotic Pressure of the cell fluid



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UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA

PRACTICAL REPORT

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Determination of Water Potential on Plant Tissue

HENDRA

ROSADI

093204027

BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES

2011



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Determination of Water Potential on Plant Tissue



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ENCLOSURE

Pict 1. Picture of Onion cells which undergo lasmoisis

fistum osmotik hendra

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